Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and trends of other infectious diarrhea among children under 18 years old in Guangzhou City from 2014 to 2020, and to explore the correlation between climatic factors and the incidence of the disease, so as to provide reference for the early prevention of infectious diseases. Methods: The data of cases of other infectious diarrhea and meteorological data of children under 18 years old in Guangzhou City from 2014 to 2020 were collected through the Chinese Infectious Disease Reporting System and the Guangzhou Meteorological Bureau. The correlation between meteorological factors and the incidence of other infectious diarrhea was analyzed using negative binomial regression. Results: A total of 104 566 cases of other infectious diarrhea among children under 18 years old were reported in Guangzhou City from 2014 to 2020, with a male to female ratio of 1.48∶1. The incidence rate was the highest in 2017 (980.83 per 100 000) and the lowest in 2020 (388.22 per 100 000). The peak of incidence occurred from October to March of the following year. Children under 5 years old accounted for 87.95% of all cases. The number of cases of other infectious diarrhea was negatively correlated with the temperature of the previous 6 days ( IRR = -0.07 ), and positively correlated with the temperature difference on the day of onset ( IRR =0.02) (both P <0.05). It was also positively correlated with the wind speed of the previous 7 days ( IRR=0.07, P <0.05), but there was no statistically significant correlation with the relative humidity on the day of onset ( IRR=-0.00, P >0.05). Conclusions Low temperature, large temperature difference, and high wind speed can increase the risk of other infectious diarrhea. It is necessary to strengthen the prediction and early warning in conjunction with meteorological changes, and warn kindergartens and schools to enhance preventive measures against the clustering of other infectious diarrhea cases.

Objective To understand the individual radiation dose levels and changes of occupational external exposure among radiation workers in a steel group from 2020 to 2023, and to provide a basis for strengthening radiation protection in the group. Methods According to the Specifications for individual monitoring of occupational external exposure (GBZ 128-2019), individual monitoring was conducted using a thermoluminescent dosimeter, with each monitoring cycle lasting 90 days, totaling four cycles per year. Individual monitoring data of occupational external exposure among radiation workers in the steel group from 2020 to 2023 were collected for statistical analysis. Results A total of 5889 monitoring records were collected from radiation workers across 37 affiliated units of the steel group during the period of 2020-2023. The average annual effective dose was 0.150 mSv, the maximum annual effective dose was 3.84 mSv, and 0.3% monitored workers showed annual effective doses exceeding 1 mSv. The average annual effective dose in 2023 was 0.146 mSv, which was lower than in 2020 but higher than in 2021 and 2022 (Z = −6.657 to 14.129, P < 0.001). The number of monitored workers in industrial and medical sectors accounted for 86.9% and 13.1%, respectively. Their average annual effective doses were 0.152 mSv and 0.140 mSv, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (Z = −7.969, P < 0.001). In the industrial sector, the average annual effective dose for the monitored workers in industrial radiography was significantly higher than other occupations (Z = −8.094, P < 0.001). There was a significant difference in average annual effective dose among workers of different occupational categories in the medical sector (H = 67.040, P < 0.001). The average annual effective doses were relatively high for diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine. Additionally, the average annual effective doses for male and female radiation workers were 0.150 mSv and 0.152 mSv, respectively (P > 0.05). Conclusion The average annual effective dose of radiation workers in the steel group was at low levels for four consecutive years, which meet the requirements of the national standard. However, to maintain the individual radiation dose levels of radiation workers as low as reasonably achievable, it remains necessary to strengthen radiation protection management in the steel group.

Apical microsurgery is accurate and minimally invasive, produces few complications, and has a success rate of more than 90%. However, due to the lack of awareness and understanding of apical microsurgery by dental general practitioners and even endodontists, many clinical problems remain to be overcome. The consensus has gathered well-known domestic experts to hold a series of special discussions and reached the consensus. This document specifies the indications, contraindications, preoperative preparations, operational procedures, complication prevention measures, and efficacy evaluation of apical microsurgery and is applicable to dentists who perform apical microsurgery after systematic training.
Microsurgery/standards* ; Humans ; Apicoectomy ; Contraindications, Procedure ; Tooth Apex/diagnostic imaging* ; Postoperative Complications/prevention & control* ; Consensus ; Treatment Outcome

Pulpotomy, which belongs to vital pulp therapy, has become a strategy for managing pulpitis in recent decades. This minimally invasive treatment reflects the recognition of preserving healthy dental pulp and optimizing long-term patient-centered outcomes. Pulpotomy is categorized into partial pulpotomy (PP), the removal of a partial segment of the coronal pulp tissue, and full pulpotomy (FP), the removal of whole coronal pulp, which is followed by applying the biomaterials onto the remaining pulp tissue and ultimately restoring the tooth. Procedural decisions for the amount of pulp tissue removal or retention depend on the diagnostic of pulp vitality, the overall treatment plan, the patient's general health status, and pulp inflammation reassessment during operation. This statement represents the consensus of an expert committee convened by the Society of Cariology and Endodontics, Chinese Stomatological Association. It addresses the current evidence to support the application of pulpotomy as a potential alternative to root canal treatment (RCT) on mature permanent teeth with pulpitis from a biological basis, the development of capping biomaterial, and the diagnostic considerations to evidence-based medicine. This expert statement intends to provide a clinical protocol of pulpotomy, which facilitates practitioners in choosing the optimal procedure and increasing their confidence in this rapidly evolving field.
Humans ; Calcium Compounds/therapeutic use* ; Consensus ; Dental Pulp ; Dentition, Permanent ; Oxides/therapeutic use* ; Pulpitis/therapy* ; Pulpotomy/standards*

Intentional tooth replantation (ITR) is an advanced treatment modality and the procedure of last resort for preserving teeth with inaccessible endodontic or resorptive lesions. ITR is defined as the deliberate extraction of a tooth; evaluation of the root surface, endodontic manipulation, and repair; and placement of the tooth back into its original socket. Case reports, case series, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy of ITR in the retention of natural teeth that are untreatable or difficult to manage with root canal treatment or endodontic microsurgery. However, variations in clinical protocols for ITR exist due to the empirical nature of the original protocols and rapid advancements in the field of oral biology and dental materials. This heterogeneity in protocols may cause confusion among dental practitioners; therefore, guidelines and considerations for ITR should be explicated. This expert consensus discusses the biological foundation of ITR, the available clinical protocols and current status of ITR in treating teeth with refractory apical periodontitis or anatomical aberration, and the main complications of this treatment, aiming to refine the clinical management of ITR in accordance with the progress of basic research and clinical studies; the findings suggest that ITR may become a more consistent evidence-based option in dental treatment.
Humans ; Tooth Replantation/methods* ; Consensus ; Periapical Periodontitis/surgery*

Background::Renal ischemia-reperfusion (R-I/R) injury is the most prevalent cause of acute kidney injury, with high mortality and poor prognosis. However, the underlying pathological mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 ( Ndrg2) in R-I/R injury. Methods::We examined the expression of Ndrg2 in the kidney under normal physiological conditions and after R-I/R injury by immunofluorescence staining, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. We then detected R-I/R injury in Ndrg2-deficient ( Ndrg2-/-) mice and wild type ( Ndrg2+/+) littermates in vivo, and detected oxygen and glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD-R) injury in HK-2 cells. We further conducted transcriptomic sequencing to investigate the role of Ndrg2 in R-I/R injury and detected levels of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage by dihydroethidium staining, biochemical assays, and western blot. Finally, we measured the levels of mitophagy in Ndrg2+/+ and Ndrg2-/- mice after R-I/R injury or HK-2 cells in OGD-R injury. Results::Ndrg2 was primarily expressed in renal proximal tubules and its expression was significantly decreased 24 h after R-I/R injury. Ndrg2-/- mice exhibited significantly attenuated R-I/R injury compared to Ndrg2+/+ mice. Transcriptomics profiling showed that Ndrg2 deficiency induced perturbations of multiple signaling pathways, downregulated inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, and increased autophagy following R-I/R injury. Further studies revealed that Ndrg2 deficiency reduced oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Notably, Ndrg2 deficiency significantly activated phosphatase and tensin homologue on chromosome ten-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. The downregulation of NDRG2 expression significantly increased cell viability after OGD-R injury, increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1, decreased the expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4, and increased the expression of the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Conclusion::Ndrg2 deficiency might become a therapy target for R-I/R injury by decreasing oxidative stress, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, and activating PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy.

Objective:To investigate the effect of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) sodium butyrate (NaB) on the polarization of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) induced M1 type alveolar macrophages and the mechanism of action.Methods:Mouse alveolar macrophages (MH-S) were randomly(random number) divided into control group (Control group), sodium butyrate group (NaB group), LPS group, LPS+NaB group (LB group), and LPS+NaB+adenylate activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor (Compound C) group (LC group).The mRNA expression levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β(IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α), cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86), inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) in MH-S cells, and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), tight junction protein 4(Claudin-4), and closed protein(Occludin) in mouse lung epithelial cells (MLE-12) were detected by qRT-PCR;Protein levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the supernatant of MH-S cell medium were measured by ELISA;Western blot determed the protein expression of AMPK, P-AMPK, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in MH-S cells;Expression of M1 type macrophage-associated markers CD86 and iNOS were determined by flow cytometry.Results:(1) qRT-PCR and ELISA results were consistent, M1 type macrophage-associated proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α significantly reduced in the LB group after NaB addition compared with the LPS ground (all P <0.05); (2)The results of qRT-PCR and flow cytometry were consistent,compared with the LPS group, the LB group showed a significant decrease in M1 type macrophage-related polarization indicators CD86 and iNOS after NaB addition(all P<0.05); (3) Western blot was used to detect the expression of the AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway,compared with LPS,the addition of NaB in the LB group enhanced the expression of P-AMPK/AMPK, Nrf2 (nucleus), and HO-1 (all P<0.05); compared with the LB group, the LC group decreased the expression of P-AMPK/AMPK, Nrf2 (nucleus), and HO-1 (all P<0.05);the results of flow cytometry showed that compared with the LPS group, the addition of NaB significantly decreased the expression level of iNOS + in the LB group ( P<0.05); compared with the LB group, the addition of Compound C in the LC group reversed the inhibitory effect of NaB on iNOS + ( P <0.05);(4) The qRT-PCR results of MLE-12 cells showed that compared with the LPS group, the LB group showed a significant increase in Z0-1, Claudin-4, and Occludin after the addition of NaB(all P<0.05). Conclusions:SCFA inhibits LPS-induced polarization of M1-type alveolar macrophages and ameliorates the inflammatory response by activating the AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effects of magnesium citrate(MgCit)on oxidative stress in chronic renal failure(CRF).Methods SD rats were divided into CRF model group,MgCit groups(375 and 750 mg/kg),normal control group,and MgCit control group(750 mg/kg).The morphology of mitochondria in thoracic artery vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs)was observed by transmission electron microscopy.The content of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and malonaldehyde(MDA)in rat aorta and plasma was detected by the kit.The VSMCs were divided into normal control group,CRF model group,and MgCit groups(1.5 and 3 mmol/L).The levels of superoxide anion(DHE)and apoptosis were quantitatively detected by flow cytometry.Results Compared with the control groups,the mitochondria were swollen and the cristae fractured or disappeared in the model group;MgCit intervention could reduce mitochondrial swelling,but not cristae fracture.In the model group,SOD level in aorta and plasma decreased(P＜0.05)while MDA level increased(P＜0.05).MgCit intervention could increase SOD in aorta and plasma,but decrease MDA level(P＜0.05).In the CRF environment,the DHE content of VSMCs and apoptosis in CRF model group increased(P＜0.05).MgCit intervention could decrease DHE content and inhibit apoptosis(P＜0.05).Conclusion MgCit inhibits oxidative stress levels in vivo and in vitro in CRF.

Objective To explore the association between visceral adiposity index(VAI)and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)in lean population and the predictive value of VAI.Methods A total of 2 576 healthy subjects,body mass index(BMI)＜24 kg/m2,from The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from June 2020 to May 2021 were randomly included and divided into lean NAFLD(n=213)and healthy control group(n=2 363).According to the VAI quartiles,they were divided into Q1-Q4 groups from low to high.The differences in biochemical parameters and the prevalence of NAFLD were compared among groups.The correlation between VAI and lean NAFLD was analyzed with restricted cubic spline(RCS),and the predictive value of VAI was explored by Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.Results A total of 2 576 participants were included,and the prevalence of lean NAFLD was 8.3％(213 cases).The mean age,male ratio,BMI and waist circumference(WC)from group Q1 to group Q4 were significantly increased in a dose-response relationship(all P＜0.001).Compared with those in group Q1,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,white blood cell count,hemoglobin concentration,alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,γ-glutamyl transpeptidase,alkaline phosphatase,total cholesterol,triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,blood uric acid,and fasting blood glucose levels in groups Q2 to Q4 were significantly increased,while direct bilirubin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were gradually decreased(both P＜0.001).The prevalence rate of NAFLD in groups Q1-Q4 was 0.6％,3.3％,7.0％and 22.2％,respectively(P＜0.001).RCS showed that the risk of NAFLD in lean population rose significantly with the increase of VAI(P＜0.001),and there was a nonlinear relationship between them(P for nonlinear＜0.001).Logistic regression showed that after adjusting other confounding factors,the risk of lean NAFLD in groups Q2,Q3 and Q4 was still 2.926 times(95％CI:0.971-8.811),3.435 times(95％CI:1.154-10.230),and 5.920 times(95％CI:1.873-18.719)that Q1 group.ROC curve showed that VAI had a good predictive value for lean NAFLD,with area under the curve of 0.815,critical value of 1.532,diagnostic sensitivity of 77.9％and specificity of 72.8％,which were better than BMI and WC.Conclusion VAI is significantly associated with the risk of NAFLD in lean population,and thus has a good predictive value.It can be used for early screening and diagnosis of lean NAFLD.