Objective:To explore the trend of Out-of-Pocket as a proportion of total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province from 2013 to 2022,assessing the medical economic burden on residents and the equitable distribution of health resources.Methods:It employs statistical description and comparative research methods,collecting data on total health expenditure and Out-of-Pocketfor medical care in Heilongjiang Province from 2013 to 2022.A horizontal comparative analysis is conducted,comparing these trends with other provinces in the Northeast region and at the national level.Results:The Out-of-Pocket proportion in total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province decreased from 41.56％in 2013 to 28.88％in 2022,indicating a downward trend;however,it remains higher than the national average during the same period.Additionally,the proportion of government health expenditure and social health expenditure has gradually increased,reflecting greater investment in the health sector by both the government and society.Conclusion:Although the Out-of-Pocket proportion in total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province has decreased,the medical economic pressure on residents remains significant.It is recommended that the government continue to enhance health investment,optimize the health financing model,improve the efficiency of health services,reduce the burden of personal health expenditure,and achieve a more equitable distribution of health resources.

Objective:To establish HPLC fingerprints of Aristolochia contorta and honey-processed Aristolochia contorta; To analyze the changes of chemical components before and after honey processing with multivariate statistics; To provide a reference for the study on the toxicity reduction of Aristolochia contorta.Methods:The fingerprints of 11 batches of Aristolochia contorta and honey-processed Aristolochia contorta were established through HPLC. Clustering analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and independent sample t-test were used to compare the changes of chemical components of Aristolochia contorta before and after honey processing.Results:The results showed that there were 14 common peaks in the fingerprints of Aristolochia contorta and Aristolochia contorta. 7 common peaks were identified. Both HCA and PCA could clearly distinguish the samples of Aristolochia contorta before and after honey processing. OPLS-DA found and screened 7 differential markers, and the order of difference significance was peak 3 > peak 7 (7-hydroxy aristolochic acid A) > peak 5 (aristolochic acid C)> peak 8 (aristolochic acid D) > peak 6 > peak 2 (Magnolia alkaloid) > peak 14 (aristolochic acid Ⅰ). After honey processing, the content of chemical components represented by peaks 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 14 decreased ( P<0.05). Conclusion:This method is simple and specific, which can be used for the fingerprint analysis of Aristolochia contorta and honey-processed Aristolochia contorta, and can effectively distinguish Aristolochia contorta and honey-processed Aristolochia contorta, and provide a reference for the processing research of toxicity reduction of Aristolochia contorta honey processing.

Objective:To explore the trend of Out-of-Pocket as a proportion of total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province from 2013 to 2022,assessing the medical economic burden on residents and the equitable distribution of health resources.Methods:It employs statistical description and comparative research methods,collecting data on total health expenditure and Out-of-Pocketfor medical care in Heilongjiang Province from 2013 to 2022.A horizontal comparative analysis is conducted,comparing these trends with other provinces in the Northeast region and at the national level.Results:The Out-of-Pocket proportion in total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province decreased from 41.56％in 2013 to 28.88％in 2022,indicating a downward trend;however,it remains higher than the national average during the same period.Additionally,the proportion of government health expenditure and social health expenditure has gradually increased,reflecting greater investment in the health sector by both the government and society.Conclusion:Although the Out-of-Pocket proportion in total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province has decreased,the medical economic pressure on residents remains significant.It is recommended that the government continue to enhance health investment,optimize the health financing model,improve the efficiency of health services,reduce the burden of personal health expenditure,and achieve a more equitable distribution of health resources.

Objective:To explore the trend of Out-of-Pocket as a proportion of total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province from 2013 to 2022,assessing the medical economic burden on residents and the equitable distribution of health resources.Methods:It employs statistical description and comparative research methods,collecting data on total health expenditure and Out-of-Pocketfor medical care in Heilongjiang Province from 2013 to 2022.A horizontal comparative analysis is conducted,comparing these trends with other provinces in the Northeast region and at the national level.Results:The Out-of-Pocket proportion in total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province decreased from 41.56％in 2013 to 28.88％in 2022,indicating a downward trend;however,it remains higher than the national average during the same period.Additionally,the proportion of government health expenditure and social health expenditure has gradually increased,reflecting greater investment in the health sector by both the government and society.Conclusion:Although the Out-of-Pocket proportion in total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province has decreased,the medical economic pressure on residents remains significant.It is recommended that the government continue to enhance health investment,optimize the health financing model,improve the efficiency of health services,reduce the burden of personal health expenditure,and achieve a more equitable distribution of health resources.

Objective:To explore the trend of Out-of-Pocket as a proportion of total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province from 2013 to 2022,assessing the medical economic burden on residents and the equitable distribution of health resources.Methods:It employs statistical description and comparative research methods,collecting data on total health expenditure and Out-of-Pocketfor medical care in Heilongjiang Province from 2013 to 2022.A horizontal comparative analysis is conducted,comparing these trends with other provinces in the Northeast region and at the national level.Results:The Out-of-Pocket proportion in total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province decreased from 41.56％in 2013 to 28.88％in 2022,indicating a downward trend;however,it remains higher than the national average during the same period.Additionally,the proportion of government health expenditure and social health expenditure has gradually increased,reflecting greater investment in the health sector by both the government and society.Conclusion:Although the Out-of-Pocket proportion in total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province has decreased,the medical economic pressure on residents remains significant.It is recommended that the government continue to enhance health investment,optimize the health financing model,improve the efficiency of health services,reduce the burden of personal health expenditure,and achieve a more equitable distribution of health resources.

Objective:To explore the trend of Out-of-Pocket as a proportion of total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province from 2013 to 2022,assessing the medical economic burden on residents and the equitable distribution of health resources.Methods:It employs statistical description and comparative research methods,collecting data on total health expenditure and Out-of-Pocketfor medical care in Heilongjiang Province from 2013 to 2022.A horizontal comparative analysis is conducted,comparing these trends with other provinces in the Northeast region and at the national level.Results:The Out-of-Pocket proportion in total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province decreased from 41.56％in 2013 to 28.88％in 2022,indicating a downward trend;however,it remains higher than the national average during the same period.Additionally,the proportion of government health expenditure and social health expenditure has gradually increased,reflecting greater investment in the health sector by both the government and society.Conclusion:Although the Out-of-Pocket proportion in total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province has decreased,the medical economic pressure on residents remains significant.It is recommended that the government continue to enhance health investment,optimize the health financing model,improve the efficiency of health services,reduce the burden of personal health expenditure,and achieve a more equitable distribution of health resources.

Objective:To explore the trend of Out-of-Pocket as a proportion of total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province from 2013 to 2022,assessing the medical economic burden on residents and the equitable distribution of health resources.Methods:It employs statistical description and comparative research methods,collecting data on total health expenditure and Out-of-Pocketfor medical care in Heilongjiang Province from 2013 to 2022.A horizontal comparative analysis is conducted,comparing these trends with other provinces in the Northeast region and at the national level.Results:The Out-of-Pocket proportion in total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province decreased from 41.56％in 2013 to 28.88％in 2022,indicating a downward trend;however,it remains higher than the national average during the same period.Additionally,the proportion of government health expenditure and social health expenditure has gradually increased,reflecting greater investment in the health sector by both the government and society.Conclusion:Although the Out-of-Pocket proportion in total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province has decreased,the medical economic pressure on residents remains significant.It is recommended that the government continue to enhance health investment,optimize the health financing model,improve the efficiency of health services,reduce the burden of personal health expenditure,and achieve a more equitable distribution of health resources.

Objective:To explore the trend of Out-of-Pocket as a proportion of total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province from 2013 to 2022,assessing the medical economic burden on residents and the equitable distribution of health resources.Methods:It employs statistical description and comparative research methods,collecting data on total health expenditure and Out-of-Pocketfor medical care in Heilongjiang Province from 2013 to 2022.A horizontal comparative analysis is conducted,comparing these trends with other provinces in the Northeast region and at the national level.Results:The Out-of-Pocket proportion in total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province decreased from 41.56％in 2013 to 28.88％in 2022,indicating a downward trend;however,it remains higher than the national average during the same period.Additionally,the proportion of government health expenditure and social health expenditure has gradually increased,reflecting greater investment in the health sector by both the government and society.Conclusion:Although the Out-of-Pocket proportion in total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province has decreased,the medical economic pressure on residents remains significant.It is recommended that the government continue to enhance health investment,optimize the health financing model,improve the efficiency of health services,reduce the burden of personal health expenditure,and achieve a more equitable distribution of health resources.

Objective:To explore the trend of Out-of-Pocket as a proportion of total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province from 2013 to 2022,assessing the medical economic burden on residents and the equitable distribution of health resources.Methods:It employs statistical description and comparative research methods,collecting data on total health expenditure and Out-of-Pocketfor medical care in Heilongjiang Province from 2013 to 2022.A horizontal comparative analysis is conducted,comparing these trends with other provinces in the Northeast region and at the national level.Results:The Out-of-Pocket proportion in total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province decreased from 41.56％in 2013 to 28.88％in 2022,indicating a downward trend;however,it remains higher than the national average during the same period.Additionally,the proportion of government health expenditure and social health expenditure has gradually increased,reflecting greater investment in the health sector by both the government and society.Conclusion:Although the Out-of-Pocket proportion in total health expenditure in Heilongjiang Province has decreased,the medical economic pressure on residents remains significant.It is recommended that the government continue to enhance health investment,optimize the health financing model,improve the efficiency of health services,reduce the burden of personal health expenditure,and achieve a more equitable distribution of health resources.

Objective:Clot waveform analysis (CWA) of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was used to rapidly identify patients with hemophilia A (HA) and lupus anticoagulant (LA) positive, and to explore the diagnostic efficacy of APTT-CWA in HA and LA-positive patients.Methods:From July 25, 2022, to December 28, 2023, 145 patients with APTT prolongation were admitted to the First Hospital of Jilin University. This group comprised 106 males and 39 females, with an average age of (29.3±15.8) years, among whom there were 94 clinically confirmed HA cases and 51 LA-positive cases. The retrospective analysis employed the Mann-Whitney U test to compare APTT results and CWA parameters between HA patients and LA-positive individuals.CWA parameters including the first derivative of maximum reaction velocity (|min1|), the second derivative of maximum acceleration (|min2|), and maximum deceleration (|max2|) were investigated. Patients were classified based on the duration of APTT prolongation into mild (33 s53 s) groups. A comparison of APTT seconds and CWA parameters |min1|, |min2|, and |max2| was conducted for HA and LA-positive patients between each group. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC) were utilized to assess the diagnostic efficacy of CWA parameters and determine cut-off values. Results:The APTT results for HA and LA-positive patients were 70.2 s and 41.5 s, respectively, exhibiting a statistically significant difference ( P<0.001). CWA parameters |min1| were 1.459 %/s vs 3.868 %/s, |min2| were 0.124 %/s2 vs 0.502 %/s2, and |max2| were 0.054 %/s2 vs 0.388 %/s2in HA and LA patients, respectively ( P<0.001). In all APTT prolongation groups, the CWA parameters |min1|, |min2|and |max2| for HA were significantly lower than those for LA-positive patients ( P<0.05). CWA graph analysis revealed that the peak heights of |min1|, |min2|, and |max2| in HA were lower compared to LA patients. In the severe extension group, HA displayed significantly decreased peak values and a flatter, incomplete curve. ROC curve analysis indicated AUC values were greater than 0.8 ( P<0.01) for |min1|, |min2|, and |max2| in all APTT prolongation groups. Cut-off values for |min1|, |min2|, and |max2| were established for each prolongation group: mild (3.205 %/s, 0.423 %/s2, and 0.300 %/s2), moderate (2.884 %/s, 0.340 %/s2, 0.231 %/s2), and severe (2.209 %/s, 0.190 %/s2, 0.095 %/s2). Conclusion:When APTT was extended within the same range, there were significant differences in CWA parameters between HA patients and LA patients, ROC curve analysis demonstrated the effectiveness of CWA parameters in distinguishing HA from LA-positive patients,APTT-CWA can serve as a low-cost, efficient, and specific method for the rapid identification of hemophilia and lupus anticoagulant-positive patients.