Cystic echinococcosis, a zoonotic disease that poses a significant threat to human health and animal husbandry development, is prevalent across the world and predominantly occurs in agricultural and pastoral regions. However, cystic echinococcosis cases are rare in non-endemic areas, which is likely to cause misdiagnosis or missing diagnosis, resulting in delay in treatment. This report presents an overseas imported cystic echinococcosis case misdiagnosed as pulmonary and hepatic cysts, so as to provide insights into diagnosis and treatment of cystic echinococcosis in non-endemic areas.

Interleukin-6(IL-6)is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by monocytes, macrophages, T lymphocytes and other cell types. It is significantly up-regulated in the process of infection and inflammation, and is the core cytokine of the host's defense against environmental stresses(such as injury and infection). Abnormal and persistent IL-6 production is closely associated with the development of various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. A growing number of studies have shown that IL-6 plays a critical role in ocular inflammation and angiogenesis in the conjunctiva, cornea, uvea and retina. Blockade of IL-6 ameliorates chronic and refractory intraocular inflammation. This article aims to review the role as well as the mechanism of IL-6 in ocular inflammatory diseases, attempting to have a deep and systematic understanding of the role of IL-6 in ocular inflammatory diseases.

Objective:Clamping bilateral renal arteries with refined surgical methods to establish the rat renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) model, and study the protective mechanism of ischemic preconditioning renal (IPC) tubular cell-derived exosomes in RIRI.Methods:25 female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into sham group, model group, inactivated group, normoxic group, IPC group. In the sham operation group, after bilateral renal arteries were dissociated, the back incision was disinfected and closed. The model group established RIRI model; RIRI models were established in inactivated group, normoxia group and IPC group, and then 200 μg of inactivated exosomes, normal exosomes and IPC exosomes were injected into the caudal vein 24 hours after operation. Serum creatinine (Scr) and urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were detected. The pathological changes of renal tissue were observed under light microscope. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe the shape and size of renal tubular exosomes. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA)was used to detect the concentration and size of renal tubular exosomes.Results:Compared with the sham group, the Scr and BUN levels in the model group were significantly elevated ( P<0.01). Renal pathological changes in the model group showed damaged of the tubular structure, necrosis and shedding of tubular epithelial cells, and a large number of inflammatory cells accumulated in the renal interstitial tissue with varying degrees of edema. Compared with the inactivated group, the Scr and BUN levels significantly decreased in the normoxic group and IPC group ( P<0.01). Renal pathological changes in the normoxic group and IPC group showed that the renal tubular cell necrosis alleviated, inflammatory was reduced, the improved edema. Compared with the normoxic group, the Scr and BUN levels in the IPC group were further reduced ( P<0.01). Renal pathological changes in the IPC group showed that the inflammatory cells were significantly reduced, the cell edema was significantly improved, and the cell apoptosis was significantly reduced. Conclusions:Clamping bilateral renal arteries with refined surgical methods is the main and optimal way to build a rat model of RIRI. IPC tubular cell-derived exosomes have protective and repair effects on RIRI.

Objective: To report 3 cases of multiple myeloma (MM) with lung cancer.Combined with literature review to improve the understanding of MM with lung cancer. Methods: The clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of 3 cases of MM with lung cancer in Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University from January 2017 to December 2018 and the relevant literature were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Among the 3 patients, 2 cases were male and 1 case was female, with an average age of 69.7 years.The pathological type of lung cancer patients was adenocarcinoma, of which 2 cases were positive for EGFR gene mutation and 1 case was positive for ALK fusion gene.Three cases of multiple myeloma were all IgG-kappa light chain type, with stage Ⅲ A. The chemotherapy regimens used in MM patients were all PD regimen 4-6 cycles; one patient died of pulmonary infection, one patient had MM CR, but lung cancer progressed, one patient had MM very good partial remission (VGPR), and there was no recurrence of lung cancer. Conclusion The pathogenesis of second primary malignancy in MM is not clear, which needs further study.

AIM: To investigate the changes of ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer and retina thickness in myopic eyes after intraocular collamer lens(ICL)implantation using quantitative optical coherence tomography(OCT).

METHODS:A prospective study enrolled 41 myopic eyes of 26 patients which underwent ICL implantation(average age: 28.19±6.28 years). Aaxial length(AL), uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), refractive diopter(RD), best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), intraocular pressure(IOP)and OCT were measured and compared in all patients before and after surgery. Optical coherence tomography(OCT)was used to image central retinal thickness(CRT)and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness(GCT). The changes between pre-and postoperative were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance(ANOVA). Least significant difference test was used to compare the specific time points after operation with those before operation.

RESULTS: Compared with the preoperative data, all the patients showed significant improvements in the postoperative UCVA and BCVA(P<0.05). However, there was no statistical significance in IOP. CRT were 273.20 ±25.48, 274.07±27.64, 277.85 ±25.49, and 275.99 ±24.68μm before and after surgery, respectively, while GCT were 85.31 ±5.19, 88.95±6.87, 87.73±4.23, and 87.45±4.59μm, respectively, with statistically significant changes(all P <0.05). Among them, CRT increased in one month after operation, with statistical significance(P<0.01). GCT increased in 1wk, 1mo and 3mo after operation, with statistical significance(P<0.05). The changes of GCT in 1wk after operation was positively correlated with AL(rs=0.529, P=0.001).

CONCLUSION:ICL implantation for myopic eyes has good efficacy and safety, but macular area changes will occur after surgery, which need to be paid attention to.

Objective To analyze the joint lesions of synovial thickening after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction,and to explore the differences of MRI findings between joint infection and adhesion.Methods Clinical and MRI data of 25 patients with synovial thickening (11 with infections and 14 with adhesion) confirmed by arthroscopy were retrospectively analyzed.The time interval from first ACL reconstruction to the arthroscopy after ACL was 0.3-2.5 (mean[1.1±0.6]) months and 6.0-19.0 (mean[11.0±4.9]) months,respectively.Results The lesions caused synovial thickening on MRI included joint infection and joint adhesion.MRI findings of joint infection included synovial thickening,moderate to massive joint effusion,different degrees of soft tissue swelling,bone marrow edema of distal femur and proximal tibia,ACL graft continuous fiber (high signals in 5 patients) and bone tunnel pseudo widened in 5 patients,while of joint adhesion included synovial thickening,striped short T2 signals in part of the thickened synovium on suprapatellar bursa,medial and lateral recess,the infrapatellar fat pad and the intercondylar fossa,without or only a small amount of joint effusion,ACL graft continuous,as well as high signals and rough edge in 3 patients,while bone tunnel was not significantly widened.Statistical differences of joint effusion,soft tissue swelling,edema of bone marrow and bone tunnel pseudo widened were found between joint infection and joint adhesion (all P＜0.05).Conclusion MRI findings of joint infection mainly included synovial thickening,joint effusion and high signal of joint cavity,while of joint adhesion were synovial thickening,equal or slightly high signal of joint cavity.Joint infections mainly occurred in the early stage after operation,while joint adhesions mainly occurred in the middle and late stage after operation.

Objective To explore the value of T1ρin the diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis(OA),and to compare the diagnostic ability of T1ρ, MR and arthroscopy for early patellar cartilage injury.Methods 28 patients underwent T1ρMR imaging.We processed the images and measured T1ρvalues of the normal and damage cartilage.All cases were recorded results of MR and arthroscopy.Results T1ρ sequence could show cartilage clearly,and performed different colour levels,T1ρvalues of normal cartilage were less than 50 ms,and increased with aggravation of cartilage injury.The differences ofⅠ-ⅡandⅢ-Ⅳhad statistically significant.9 cases in grade 0 under MR and arthroscopy performed high values in T1ρ,which similar to gradeⅠ-Ⅱinjury,the diagnosis sensitivity of T1ρfor early cartilage injury was higher than MR and arthroscopy.In addition,arthroscopy and MR had high consistency in the diagnosis of cartilage.Conclusion T1ρcan effectively predict early cartilage injury and knee OA non-invasively,and can detect early cartilageinjury before MR and arthroscopy.

After WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control coming into force for 11 years,the tobacco control has made progress in the world and China.Development and implementation of tobacco control policy are fundamental for tobacco control.This paper introduces the effects of different tobacco control policies in different countries,summarizes the progress and challenges in prohibiting smoking in public place in China.In China,the goal of health for all can be only met by achieving smoke-free.

Objective To understand tobacco use rate and explore the factors associated with tobacco use in middle school students in China.Methods A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 155 117 eligible middle students selected through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling from 31 provinces of China.The questionnaire consists of the following topics:tobacco use and cessation,passive smoking,access to tobacco products,tobacco control and tobacco advertisement,and knowledge about and attitudes to tobacco.Software SAS 9.3 was used for sample weighting and data analysis.Results Current tobacco use rate was 6.9％ in middle school students in China.The rate was higher in boys (11.2％) than in girls (2.2％),and in rural area (7.8％) than in urban area (4.8％).Students in western area had the highest tobacco use rate (10.3％),followed by the students in middle area (6.4％),and the rate in students in eastern area was lowest (4.5％).Parent smoking (especially mother smoking),friend smoking,teacher smoking,pocket money for a week ＞ 20 yuan,tobacco advertisement or promotion,passive smoking,misconception of tobacco addiction,active attitude to smoking behavior were the risk factors for tobacco use.Conclusions Smoking rate in boys in China was higher than the average global level.A comprehensive intervention strategy by Framework Convention on Tobacco Control should be used to reduce tobacco use in adolescents,including health education,increasing cigarette price,banning tobacco advertisement and promotion,and smoke-free legislation.

and indexes of the ROI which had significant difference between the groups. Results In the white matter regions, MD, D∥and D⊥in many regions of AD group were increased significantly than the control group, and the differences were statistically significant. MD and D ⊥ showed more abnormalities, including the SCC, PCB, and FWM. Meanwhile, MK, K∥and K⊥in many regions of AD were decreased, and the differences were statistically significant. K ⊥ showed more abnormalities, including the SCC, FWM and TWM. In the gray matter regions, MD, D∥and D⊥of hippocampal of the AD group were all increased than the control group. However, it showed that MK and K⊥of the thalamus in AD group were 0.99 ± 0.10, 1.00 ± 0.11, respectively, and both increased than the control group (the value of MK and K⊥were 0.90±0.06, 0.90±0.07, respectively), and the differences were statistically significant (t values was 3.31, 3.57 respectively, and both P values were<0.01). The indexes of different ROI had correlations with the MMSE scores. There were more regions in kurtosis indexes correlated with the MMSE scores than the diffusion indexes. The strongest correlation among the analyses was MK of the SCC (r=0.73, P<0.05). Conclusions This study based on DKI found the complex alterations aroused by microstructural changes were not only in the white matter but also the gray matter of the AD patients, especially the increased kurtosis of the thalamus, and this suggested that the microstructural complexity of it was increased. Moreover, it also suggested that indexes of DKI had varied sensitivity in detecting different diffusion alterations.