Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; complications ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Fatal Outcome ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; complications ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Male ; Skin Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; secondary

The liver is the most common anatomical site for hematogenous metastases of colorectal cancer, and colorectal liver metastases is one of the most difficult and challenging points in the treatment of colorectal cancer. In order to improve the diagnosis and comprehensive treatment in China, the Guidelines have been edited and revised for several times since 2008, including the overall evaluation, personalized treatment goals and comprehensive treatments, to prevent the occurrence of liver metastases, improve the resection rate of liver metastases and survival. The revised Guideline includes the diagnosis and follow-up, prevention, MDT effect, surgery and local ablative treatment, neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy, and comprehensive treatment, and with advanced experience, latest results, detailed content, and strong operability.
Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; China ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Hepatectomy ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; secondary ; therapy ; Neoadjuvant Therapy ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive cancer arising from epithelial cells of the bile duct. Most patients with CCA have an unresectable tumor at the time of diagnosis. In Western countries, the risk of CCA increases in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, whereas liver fluke infection appears to be the major risk factor for CCA in Asian countries. A diagnosis of liver fluke infection often relies on stool samples, including microscopic examination, polymerase chain reaction-based assays, and fluke antigen detection. Tests of serum, saliva and urine samples are also potentially diagnostic. The presence of liver fluke along with exogenous carcinogens magnifies the risk of CCA in people living in endemic areas. The “liver fluke-cholangiocarcinoma” carcinogenesis pathways consist of mechanical damage to the bile duct epithelium, immunopathologic and cellular reactions to the liver fluke's antigens and excretory/secretory products, liver fluke-induced changes in the biliary tract microbiome and the effects of repeated treatment for liver fluke. A vaccine and novel biomarkers are needed for the primary and secondary prevention of CCA in endemic areas. Importantly, climate change exerts an effect on vector-borne parasitic diseases, and awareness of liver fluke should be enhanced in potentially migrated habitat areas.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bile Ducts ; Biliary Tract Neoplasms* ; Biliary Tract* ; Biomarkers ; Carcinogenesis ; Carcinogens ; Cholangiocarcinoma ; Cholangitis, Sclerosing ; Climate Change ; Clonorchiasis ; Diagnosis ; Ecosystem ; Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium ; Fasciola hepatica ; Humans ; Liver* ; Microbiota ; Opisthorchiasis ; Parasitic Diseases ; Risk Factors ; Saliva ; Secondary Prevention ; Trematoda

OBJECTIVE: To explore the prognostic factors of patients with unresectable liver metastasis colorectal cancer after failed conversion chemotherapy. METHODS: A retrospective, case-controlled study was performed. Study subjects were 105 patients who were diagnosed with synchronous liver metastasis colorectal cancer after failed chemotherapy (metastasis evaluated as unresectable after the conversion chemotherapy) at Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University from January 2012 to December 2015. Overall survival(OS) was retrospectively analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method. Log-rank test was used to compare survival among groups. Univariate and multivariate analysis was conducted for prognosis using Cox regression model. RESULTS: Of 105 cases,70 were male and 35 were female with median age of 60 years old. Twenty-one patients had right colon cancer, 41 had left colon cancer, 42 had rectal cancer and 1 had synchronous cancers(sigmoid colon and rectum). One hundred and two (97.1%) patients were cT3-4 and 90 patients were cN+ (imaging diagnosis). Eighty-nine (84.8%) patients were loaded with 2 or more liver metastases with the median maximum diameter of 48.3 mm. The patients were followed up for 3 to 43 months from the day of diagnosis. The median OS was 11 months (interquartile range, 8-18). The median OS of patients with cN0, cN1 and cN2 stage was 17, 13 and 10 months, respectively(P=0.026). The median OS of patients with single lesion, 2-3 lesions, 4-10 lesions and more than 10 lesions was 15, 15, 17 and 9 months, respectively (P=0.002). OS of patients with maximum diameter of liver metastatic lesion ≤ 50 mm, 51-100 mm and >100 mm was 15, 10 and 8 months, respectively(P=0.003). The median OS of patients with chemotherapy response of partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD) was 17, 14 and 8 months, respectively(P<0.001). OS was 17 months in patients receiving second line chemotherapy and was 10 months in those without second line chemotherapy (P<0.001). OS in patients undergoing primary tumor resection was 13 month and in those without primary tumor resection was 9 months; the difference was not significant (P=0.060). Multivariate analysis showed that cN2(HR=2.115, 95%CI:1.089-4.109, P=0.027), the maximum diameter of liver metastatic lesion more than 100 mm (HR=3.112, 95%CI:1.455-6.657, P=0.003), chemotherapy response of PD (HR=4.435, 95%CI:2.506-7.533,P<0.001) and without second line chemotherapy(HR=4.432,95%CI:2.186-8.986, P=0.010) were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS For patients with unresectable liver metastasis from colorectal cancer after failed conversion chemotherapy, prognostic factors include cN2, the maximum diameter of liver metastatic lesion, chemotherapy response and second line chemotherapy. Whether the resection of primary tumor can prolong OS further study.
Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; China ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; secondary ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Failure

Precision medicine is becoming the goal of translational research on colorectal cancer. Accurate molecular subtyping contributes to better guidance of clinical practice. The current TNM staging system of colorectal cancer is inadequate in terms of guiding clinical practice, such as the underestimation of prognosis of with stage II( and III( colorectal cancer TNM staging, and identification of high-risk and low-risk patients with stage II( colorectal cancer. Researchers from Europe and US have proposed a number of molecular subtypings with clinicopathological phenotypes and molecular phenotypes, which has certain practical significance and is beneficial to the choice of treatment regimen and targeted drugs. But the current results of subtyping research require further validations by clinical large scale multi-center trials. Based on precision medicine, molecular subtyping gradually reveals its clinical significance and is optimized through combining genomics with various clinical phenotypes, indicating its guidance for clinical practice, which is the inevitable course of precision medicine accomplishment. In recent years, there have been many new advances in colorectal cancer liver metastasis treatment. The prognosis of colorectal cancer patients undergoing resection of liver metastasis lesion is similar to those with stage III(. Early recurrence within 6 months after translational treatment and resection occurred in about one third of the patients with initially unresectable liver metastasis, and the overall survival was poor. Thus, an evaluation system should be established in order to avoid the strong therapy and strive for better quality of life in some patients. Individualized treatment for colorectal cancer is emphasized increasingly. Body fluid (peripheral blood and urine) marker detection is a recent research hotspot, including serum protein(polypeptide), plasma miRNA, circulating tumor cells and circulating nucleic acid.
Biomarkers, Tumor ; blood ; urine ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; secondary ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Neoplasm Staging ; Precision Medicine ; Prognosis ; Quality of Life ; Translational Medical Research

OBJECTIVETo elucidate the historic and current diagnosis and treatment status of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in the Chinese population based on four high volume databases.

METHODSClinicopathological data of GIST patients with follow-up information between January 1998 and December 2015 from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Union Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital and Guangdong General Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meire method was used to draw survival curve. The accumulative survival rate was calculated by life table method. Comparison of survival rate among groups was examined by Log-rank test.

RESULTSA total of 2 610 cases were enrolled into the study, including 667(25.6%) cases from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 754(28.9%) cases from Union Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 692(26.5%) cases from Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital and 497 (19.0%) cases from Guangdong General Hospital. There were 1 394 male and 1 216 female cases with the ratio of 1.15 to 1.00. The age of patients was from 18 to 95 (median 58.0) years old. Three-year was used as a time stage, then 18 years were divided into 6 stages. New GIST patients increased gradually year by year. There were 13(0.5%) cases during 1998 to 2000, 68(2.6%) cases during 2001 to 2003, 256(9.8%) cases during 2004 to 2006, 517 (19.8%) cases during 2007 to 2009, 814(31.2%) cases during 2010 to 2012, and 942 (36.1%) cases during 2013 to 2015. Primary GIST sites were esophagus in 50(1.9%) cases, stomach in 1 686(64.6%) cases, duodenum in 206 (7.9%) cases, jejunum and ileum in 446 (17.1%) cases, colon and rectum in 133 (5.1%) cases, and non-gastrointestinal tract in 89 (3.4%) cases. GIST lesions of 2 404(92.1%) cases located in the primary sites and relapse/metastasis occurred in 206 cases when consulting. Among 206 relapse/metastasis cases, liver metastasis was found in 126 (61.2%) cases, abdominal cavity/pelvic cavity metastasis in 64 (31.1%) cases, liver plus abdominal cavity/pelvic cavity metastasis in 12 (5.8%) cases, and other site metastasis in 4 (1.9%) cases. Among all the patients, 352 received gene detection, including 1 (0.4%) during 2004 to 2006, 7 (1.4%) during 2007 to 2009, 150 (18.4%) during 2010 to 2012, and 194 (20.6%) during 2013 to 2015. Most of the primary oncogenic mutational site occurred in c-Kit, including 30 (8.5%) cases in exon 9, 242 (68.8%) cases in exon 11, 4 (1.1%) cases in exon 13, 2 (0.6%) cases in exon 17, while 3 (0.9%) cases in PDGFRA exon 12 and 20 (5.7%) cases in PDGFRA 18, besides, no mutations of KIT and PDGFRA were detected in 51 (14.5%) cases. A total of 2 202 cases underwent operation, including 2 038 (92.6%) of radical resection and 164 (7.4%) of palliative resection. Among 2 038 patients undergoing radical resection, 450 (22.1%) cases were very low risk, 593 (29.1%) cases were low risk, 283 (13.9%) cases were moderate risk and 712 (34.9%) cases were high risk according to NIH risk classification. Of 995 patients with moderate and high risk, 550(55.3%) cases received postoperative imatinib adjuvant therapy, whose ratio in above 6 time stages was as follows: 0, 42.8%(12/28), 19.8%(20/101), 9.8% (21/215), 65.7% (176/268) and 85.6% (321/375). Of 206 relapse/metastasis patients, 200 (97.1%) cases received imatinib as the first-line therapy, and 22 (10.7%) received sunitinib as the second-line therapy. A total of 1 743 patients had complete follow-up data and median follow-up time was 35.9 (0.1 to 173.8) months. The 5-year overall survival rates in very low, low, moderate and high risk patients were 100%, 97%, 95% and 78% respectively.

CONCLUSIONThis retrospective study provides the largest data of GIST and indicates the historic changes of clinicopathological characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of GIST for further domestic GIST research.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; China ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Exons ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate ; therapeutic use ; Indoles ; therapeutic use ; Liver Neoplasms ; secondary ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit ; Pyrroles ; therapeutic use ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Young Adult

No abstract available.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use ; Bevacizumab/administration & dosage ; Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Colonic Neoplasms/*diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology ; Colonoscopy ; Female ; Fluorouracil/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Leucovorin/therapeutic use ; Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy/pathology/secondary ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy/pathology/secondary ; Middle Aged ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVEThe objective was to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate hepatic metastases using computed tomography (CT) virtual noncontrast (VNC) spectral imaging in a retrospective analysis.

METHODSForty hepatic metastases patients underwent CT scans including the conventional true noncontrast (TNC) and the tri-phasic contrast-enhanced dual energy spectral scans in the hepatic arterial, portal venous, and equilibrium phases. The tri-phasic spectral CT images were used to obtain three groups of VNC images including in the arterial (VNCa), venous (VNCv), and equilibrium (VNCe) phase by the material decomposition process using water and iodine as a base material pair. The image quality and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of metastasis of the four groups were compared with ANOVA analysis. The metastasis detection rates with the four nonenhanced image groups were calculated and compared using the Chi-square test.

RESULTSThere were no significant differences in image quality among TNC, VNCa and VNCv images (P > 0.05). The quality of VNCe images was significantly worse than that of other three groups (P < 0.05). The mean CNR of metastasis in the TNC and VNCs images was 1.86, 2.42, 1.92, and 1.94, respectively; the mean CNR of metastasis in VNCa images was significantly higher than that in other three groups (P < 0.05), while no statistically significant difference was observed among VNCv, VNCe and TNC images (P > 0.05). The metastasis detection rate of the four nonenhanced groups with no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe quality of VNCa and VNCv images is identical to that of TNC images, and the metastasis detection rate in VNC images is similar to that in TNC images. VNC images obtained from arterial phase show metastases more clearly. Thus, VNCa imaging may be a surrogate to TNC imaging in hepatic metastasis diagnosis.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Contrast Media ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; secondary ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; methods

OBJECTIVETo investigate the prognostic factors of colorectal cancer patients with liver metastasis in order to provide reference for clinical practice.

METHODSClinicopathological and follow-up data of 264 cases of colorectal liver metastasis in our department from January 1997 to January 2012 were analyzed retrospectively. Among these 264 patients, 217 underwent primary colorectal cancer resection, 33 underwent combined resection of primary colorectal lesion plus liver metastasis, and 14 received stoma creation alone. Besides, 197 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy, 14 received adjuvant radiotherapy, and 42 underwent interventional treatment. Clinicopathological features and treatment scheme affecting prognosis were analyzed and prognostic stratification analysis was performed according to emergence time of liver metastasis (synchronous or metachronous).

RESULTSOf 264 patients, 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates were 77.0%, 31.7%, and 14.0%; median survival time was 25 months; 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of synchronous colorectal liver metastasis were 68.8%, 22.3%, and 7.7%; 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of metochronous colorectal liver metastasis were 95.8%, 49.0%, and 21.3%, whose difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that primary tumor differentiation, CEA level, adjuvant chemotherapy, and radical resection were independent prognostic factors of colorectal cancer patients with liver metastasis (all P<0.05), while primary tumor differentiation, CEA level, and radical resection were independent prognostic factors of synchronous liver metastasis (all P<0.05), and primary tumor location and CEA level were independent prognostic factors of metachronous liver metastasis (all P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSRadical operation and adjuvant chemotherapy should be emphasized for colorectal liver metastasis, especially for synchronous colorectal liver metastasis. Simple resection of primary tumor can not improve the overall survival of patients with colorectal liver metastasis.

Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Hepatectomy ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; secondary ; therapy ; Multivariate Analysis ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

The occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is closely associated with viral hepatitis or alcoholic hepatitis. Although active surveillance is ongoing in Korea, advanced or metastatic HCC is found at initial presentation in many patients. Metastatic HCC presents with a hypervascular intrahepatic tumor and extrahepatic lesions such as lung or lymph node metastases. Cases of HCC presenting as carcinoma of unknown primary have been rarely reported. The authors experienced a case of metastatic HCC in a patient who presented with a metastatic bone lesion but no primary intrahepatic tumor. This case suggests that HCC should be considered as a differential diagnosis when evaluating the primary origin of metastatic carcinoma.
Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Bone Neoplasms/*diagnosis/diagnostic imaging/secondary ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/*diagnosis/drug therapy ; Cervical Cord/pathology ; Chemoembolization, Therapeutic ; Gamma Rays ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/*diagnosis/drug therapy ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms, Unknown Primary/pathology ; Niacinamide/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Pelvic Bones/pathology ; Phenylurea Compounds/therapeutic use ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed