OBJECTIVE To explore the effects and potential mechanism of evodiamine on inflammatory response and apoptosis of epithelial cells in asthma model rats. METHODS SD rats were separated into control group， model group， evodiamine low-dose group （10 mg/kg）， evodiamine high-dose group （20 mg/kg）， dexamethasone group （positive control， 0.5 mg/kg）， epidermal growth factor （EGF） group [mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） activator， 10 μg]， evodiamine high-dose+EGF group （20 mg/kg evodiamine+10 μg EGF）， with 10 rats in each group. Except for the control group， the other groups were sensitized by 3-point injection of 10% ovalbumin（OVA）-aluminium hydroxide mixture and stimulated by inhalation of 2%OVA nebulized liquid to establish an asthma model. The count of inflammatory cells （macrophages and lymphocytes） in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） was detected in each group； pathological changes of lung tissue in rats were observed； the apoptosis of airway epithelial cells， the levels of serum inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor-α， interleukin-6 （IL-6） and IL-4]， the expressions of pathway-related proteins p38 MAPK， phosphorylated p38 MAPK （p-p38 MAPK）， signal transduction and transcription activating factor 1 （STAT1）] and apoptosis-related proteins [B cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2） and Bcl-2 associated X protein （Bax）] were all detected in lung tissue. RESULTS Compared with the control group， bronchial mucosal edema， thickening of alveolar septa and extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed in the lung tissue of rats in the model group； the number of inflammatory cells， apoptosis rate of airway epithelial cells， the levels of inflammatory factors， p-38 MAPK/p-38 MAPK， and the protein expressions of Bax and STAT1 were increased significantly； the expressions of Bcl-2 protein and Bcl-2/Bax were reduced significantly （P＜0.05）. Compared with the model group， the pathological changes in lung tissues were alleviated to varying degrees in evodiamine low-dose and high-dose groups， and dexamethasone groups， and the above indicators were significantly reversed. However， the change trends of corresponding indicators in the EGF group were opposite to the above （P＜0.05）. EGF could significantly attenuate the effect of high-dose evodiamine on inflammatory response in asthmatic rats （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Evodiamine can relieve inflammatory reactions and inhibit the apoptosis of airway epithelial cells in asthmatic rats， the mechanism of which may be associated with inhibiting p38 MAPK/STAT1 signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVE To explore the effects and potential mechanism of evodiamine on inflammatory response and apoptosis of epithelial cells in asthma model rats. METHODS SD rats were separated into control group， model group， evodiamine low-dose group （10 mg/kg）， evodiamine high-dose group （20 mg/kg）， dexamethasone group （positive control， 0.5 mg/kg）， epidermal growth factor （EGF） group [mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） activator， 10 μg]， evodiamine high-dose+EGF group （20 mg/kg evodiamine+10 μg EGF）， with 10 rats in each group. Except for the control group， the other groups were sensitized by 3-point injection of 10% ovalbumin（OVA）-aluminium hydroxide mixture and stimulated by inhalation of 2%OVA nebulized liquid to establish an asthma model. The count of inflammatory cells （macrophages and lymphocytes） in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） was detected in each group； pathological changes of lung tissue in rats were observed； the apoptosis of airway epithelial cells， the levels of serum inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor-α， interleukin-6 （IL-6） and IL-4]， the expressions of pathway-related proteins p38 MAPK， phosphorylated p38 MAPK （p-p38 MAPK）， signal transduction and transcription activating factor 1 （STAT1）] and apoptosis-related proteins [B cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2） and Bcl-2 associated X protein （Bax）] were all detected in lung tissue. RESULTS Compared with the control group， bronchial mucosal edema， thickening of alveolar septa and extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed in the lung tissue of rats in the model group； the number of inflammatory cells， apoptosis rate of airway epithelial cells， the levels of inflammatory factors， p-38 MAPK/p-38 MAPK， and the protein expressions of Bax and STAT1 were increased significantly； the expressions of Bcl-2 protein and Bcl-2/Bax were reduced significantly （P＜0.05）. Compared with the model group， the pathological changes in lung tissues were alleviated to varying degrees in evodiamine low-dose and high-dose groups， and dexamethasone groups， and the above indicators were significantly reversed. However， the change trends of corresponding indicators in the EGF group were opposite to the above （P＜0.05）. EGF could significantly attenuate the effect of high-dose evodiamine on inflammatory response in asthmatic rats （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Evodiamine can relieve inflammatory reactions and inhibit the apoptosis of airway epithelial cells in asthmatic rats， the mechanism of which may be associated with inhibiting p38 MAPK/STAT1 signaling pathway.

Objective:To elucidate the cytopathological characteristics,molecular subtypes,and clinical prognoses of metastatic breast car-cinoma with serosal effusions.Methods:Seventeen cases that included effusion cytology and clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.Two patients were diagnosed between April 2016 and September 2023 at the Suzhou Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University,and 15 patients were diagnosed at The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University.Cytopathological characteristics,molecular subtypes,and prognoses were analyzed.Results:The cytopathological features of metastatic breast carcinoma in serosal effusions were as follows:1)In-vasive ductal carcinoma:one cell type was relatively densely arranged in nests or colored spheres,which displayed an elevated nuclear/cyto-plasmic ratio,irregular nuclear membrane,and cytoplasmic mucin vacuoles.The other cell type was tiled,single scattered,and varied in size and shape,with enlarged nuclei and elevated nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio.2)Invasive lobular carcinoma:cells were scattered and uniform in size and shape.The nuclei had a relatively regular shape,but displayed an elevated nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio.Among the 17 breast can-cer cases,6 had transitioned in molecular subtyping,including 1 case from Luminal A to triple-negative type,1 case from Luminal B to hu-man epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER-2)-overexpressing type,and 4 cases from Luminal B to triple-negative type.Conclusions:The cytopathological characteristics of serous effusion cells combined with immunocytochemical staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)suggest that it is important to determine the origin and molecular typing of tumor cells.This provides an important basis for precise clinical treatment and prognosis.

Worldwide, the incidence of cancer is greatest in China. Tumor screening is effective to achieve early diagnosis, improve prognosis, increase the quality of life, and reduce mortality among cancer patients. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging provides metabolic data to support initial staging, treatment planning, and response evaluation in tumor screening, as well as tumor follow-up. The progressive integration of PET/CT imaging in radiotherapy has its basic principle in the biological heterogeneity of inter- and intra-tumor malignant lesions, and the radiation dose is required to be adjusted to achieve effective local tumor control among cancer patients. In addition, PET/CT imaging provides data on the biological features of tumor lesions, such as metabolism, hypoxia, and proliferation, which is useful to identify radiation-resistant regions and optimize treatment plans. These data are effective to reduce the uncertainty and variability in the anatomic description of tumor sites. This review summarizes the application of PET/CT imaging in common tumors.

The combination of conventional single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and computed tomography (CT) may display the morphological changes of lesions and distribution of imaging agents, which is effective to improve the imaging sensitivity and specificity of tumors and non-tumor diseases. SPECT/CT is feasible to analyze the anatomical structure and metabolic status through displaying multi-site lesions with single imaging, thereby improving differential diagnosis and diagnostic accuracy of diseases. In addition, the novel mixed SPECT/CT device shortens the duration of image acquisition and provides precise attenuation correction and fusion imaging, which provides a scientific basis for rational selection of treatment regimens in clinical practice. This review describes the advances in clinical application of SPECT/CT.

H 1-antihistamines are widely used in the treatment of various allergic diseases, but there are still many challenges in the safe and rational use of H 1-antihistamines in pediatrics, and there is a lack of guidance on the prescription review of H 1-antihistamines for children.In this paper, suggestions are put forward from the indications, dosage, route of administration, pathophysiological characteristics of children with individual difference and drug interactions, so as to provide reference for clinicians and pharmacists.

Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) are the main therapy for epilepsy.There are many kinds of ASMs with complex mechanism of action, so it is difficult for pharmacists to examine prescriptions.This paper put forward some suggestions on the indications, dosage forms/routes of administration, appropriateness of usage and dosage, combined medication and drug interaction, long-term prescription review, individual differences in pathophysiology of children, and drug selection when complicated with common epilepsy, for the reference of doctors and pharmacists.

Objective:To investigate the effects of selegiline phosphate combined with liraglutide and osteopontin on glucolipid metabolism, bone mineral density and bone metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with osteoporosis (OP) .Methods:A prospective randomized controlled trial was designed.130 patients with T2DM combined with OP admitted to the outpatient clinic of Yantai Yantaishan Hospital from Jan.2020 to Aug. 2021 were selected as study subjects and pregrouped according to the pre-visit serial number according to the random number table method, 65 cases each. The control group weregiven liraglutide and osteopontin combination therapy, and the observation group were treated with sitagliptin phosphate combined with liraglutide and osteopontin, and both groups were treated continuously for 3 months. The tests compared the glycolipid metabolism [glycosylated hemoglobin (HAb1c) , triacylglycerol (TG) , fasting blood glucose (FBG) , total cholesterol (TC) , 2h postprandial glucose (2hPG) , high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, LDL-C) ], bone density [4 sites of femoral trochanter, lumbar orthostyle, femoral neck, forearm], before and after 3 months of treatment in the 2 groups. Changes in bone metabolism (osteocalcin (OC) , type I collagen C-terminal peptide (S-CTX) , 25-hydroxyvitamin [25 (OH) D], type I procollagen amino-terminal peptidogen (PINP) , and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (b-ALP) ] levels were detected, and the adverse effects and efficacy of drug administration in the 2 groups were compared.Results:After 3 months of treatment, FBG (7.48±1.02) mmol/L, TG (2.01±0.31) mmol/L, PINP (43.72±4.86) ng/ml, HAb1c (7.43±0.65) %, S-CTX (0.27±0.09) ng/ml, 2hPG (9.08±1.34) mmol/L in the observation group, LDL-C (2.58±0.27) mmol/L were lower than those in the control group (7.86±0.97) mmol/L, (2.29±0.34) mmol/L, (46.55±4.19) ng/ml, (7.81±0.62) %, (0.32±0.10) ng/ml, (10.52±1.41) mmol/L, (2.89±0.31) mmol/L ( t=2.177, 5.968, 3.556, 3.481, 2.996, 5.968, 6.080, P<0.05) ; after 3 months of treatment, the bone density of each site in the observation group was (0.76±0.09) g/cm 3, (0.75±0.10) g/cm 3, (0.76±0.11) g/cm 3, (0.75±0.09) g/cm 3 and OC (20.87±2.33) μg/L, b-ALP (19.70±2.35) U/L were higher than those of the control group (0.70±0.10) g/cm 3, (0.68±0.09) g/cm 3, (0.69±0.10) g/cm 3, (0.70±0.10) g/cm 3, (18.45±3.66) μg/L, (18.09±2.14) U/L ( t=3.596, 4.195, 3.796, 2.996, 4.497, 4.084, P<0.05) ; the overall efficiency of the observation group was 96.92%, higher than that of the control group 84.61% ( χ2=5.876, P<0.05) . The difference was not statistically significant when comparing the incidence of adverse reactions in the 2 groups ( χ2=0.000, P>0.05) . Conclusion:Sitagliptin phosphate combined with liraglutide and osteopontin can further improve clinical efficacy and regulate glucolipid metabolism in patients with T2DM combined with OP, and it also has an important role in improving bone density and regulating bone metabolism level in patients.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a scale to measure nursing students' competence in managing violence from patients and relatives in the hospital where nursing students perform clinical practicum. Methods: Literature review and Delphi expert consultation were utilized to develop the content of the management of workplace violence competence scale (MWVCS). A convenience sample of 797 nursing students responded to the questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis of the scale was performed. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were examined. Results: The MWVCS consisted of 40 items with a five-point scale. Seven factors explained 63.2% of the total explained variance. The content validity index for the scale was .99. Cronbach's α of the scale was .96, and test–retest correlations were found to be ≥ .76. Conclusion The MWVCS is a reliable and valid scale for nursing educators to assess the level of students' competence in violence management and to evaluate the effectiveness of education to enhance their ability to manage workplace violence.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a scale to measure nursing students' competence in managing violence from patients and relatives in the hospital where nursing students perform clinical practicum. Methods: Literature review and Delphi expert consultation were utilized to develop the content of the management of workplace violence competence scale (MWVCS). A convenience sample of 797 nursing students responded to the questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis of the scale was performed. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were examined. Results: The MWVCS consisted of 40 items with a five-point scale. Seven factors explained 63.2% of the total explained variance. The content validity index for the scale was .99. Cronbach's α of the scale was .96, and test–retest correlations were found to be ≥ .76. Conclusion The MWVCS is a reliable and valid scale for nursing educators to assess the level of students' competence in violence management and to evaluate the effectiveness of education to enhance their ability to manage workplace violence.