AIM: To investigate the global research status, hotspots, and trends of exosome studies in ophthalmology, providing a theoretical foundation and constructive references for future research, and promoting in-depth development in this field.METHODS: Relevant literature on exosomes in ophthalmology published up to May 20, 2024, was retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), Web of Science Core Collection, and PubMed databases. Visual analyses of publication countries, institutions, authors, high-frequency keywords, burst keywords, and timelines were performed using CiteSpace 6.3.R1 and VOSviewer software.RESULTS: A total of 37 Chinese articles and 548 English articles were included. The top five countries in terms of publication volume were the United States(130 articles), China(80 articles), South Korea(24 articles), the United Kingdom(20 articles), and Japan(19 articles). The leading foreign institutions were the University of California System, Duke University, and Harvard University, while the top domestic institutions were Qingdao University, the Department of Ophthalmology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, and the School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Beijing Normal University. Analysis of Chinese and English high-frequency and burst keywords indicated that global research hotspots on exosomes in ophthalmology primarily focus on dry eye, extracellular vesicles, mesenchymal stem cells and their derived exosomes, ocular surface diseases, ocular surface inflammation, biomarkers, retinal protection, immune eye diseases, uveitis, degenerative eye diseases, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, neovascularization, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, and glaucoma, while English high-frequency words mainly were dry eye, dry eye disease, delivery, regenerative medicine, uveal melanoma, protein, and transplantation. Research has evolved from initial basic biological studies to exploring the pathogenesis of ocular diseases and advancing toward novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.CONCLUSION: Over the past 5 a, research on exosomes in ophthalmology has grown rapidly. Exosomes, as novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets, have become central to studies on the pathogenesis and clinical applications of ophthalmic diseases. Their roles in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these diseases represent promising directions for future research.

OBJECTIVE To re-evaluate the use of systematic evaluation/meta-analysis of anti-VEGF drugs in the treatment of diabetic macular oedema （DME）， aiming to provide evidence-based support for the clinical application of this medication. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted across a range of databases， including CNKI， Wanfang data， VIP， CBM， PubMed， Web of Science， Embase， and Cochrane Library. The objective was to identify systematic evaluation/meta-analysis of anti- VEGF drugs for DME， with search time from the inception of the databases to March 2024. The report quality， methodological quality， and evidence quality were assessed by using PRISMA2020 statement， AMSTAR2 scale and GRADE tool. A comprehensive analysis of systematic evaluation/meta-analysis results was also conducted. RESULTS A total of 22 articles were included. According to the PRISMA2020 statement evaluation， 13 studies provided relatively complete information （≥21 points）， while 9 studies had information deficiencies （18-＜21 points）. The AMSTAR 2 scale evaluation revealed that 21 studies had very low methodological quality， and one study had low methodological quality. The GRADE tool evaluation showed that out of 89 outcome indicators， 28（ 31.46%） were classified as high-quality evidence， 34（ 38.20%） as moderate-quality evidence， 24（ 26.97%） as low- quality evidence， and 3 （3.37%） as very low-quality evidence. The comprehensive quality analysis results demonstrated that， compared with laser photocoagulation， anti-VEGF drugs significantly enhanced the improvement in best-corrected visual acuity （BCVA）， as well as significant change in retinal thickness at 1 and 6 months， and 1 and 2 years post-treatment， and also in BCVA and retinal thickness at 1， 3， and 6 months post-treatment （P＜0.05）. Compared with placebo， patients treated with anti-VEGF drugs showed significant improvement in BCVA after 1 year of treatment （P＜0.05）. However， when compared with corticosteroid drugs， patients treated with anti-VEGF drugs exhibited a significant increase in retinal thickness after 6 months of treatment （P＜0.05）. Compared with corticosteroid drugs， the incidence of adverse events related to the eyes， cataract formation and intraocular pressure were significantly decreased in patients treated with anti-VEGF drugs （P＜0.05）. Compared with laser photocoagulation， the incidence of ocular adverse events was significantly decreased in patients treated with anti-VEGF drugs， while the incidence of fatal adverse events was significantly increased （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Anti-VEGF therapy for DME may possess certain advantages in terms of efficacy and safety， but it is associated with a higher risk of fatal adverse events； the evidence included in systematic reviews/meta-analyses is of moderate to high quality.

Aim To screen and study the expression of long non-coding RNA (IncRNA) in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with MCAO treated with Tao Hong Si Wu decoction (THSWD) and determine the possible molecular mechanism of THSWD in treating MCAO rats. Methods Three cerebral hemisphere tissue were obtained from the control group, MCAO group and MCAO + THSWD group. RNA sequencing technology was used to identify IncRNA gene expression in the three groups. THSWD-regulated IncRNA genes were identified, and then a THSWD-regu-lated IncRNA-mRNA network was constructed. MCODE plug-in units were used to identify the modules of IncRNA-mRNA networks. Gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) were used to analyze the enriched biological functions and signaling pathways. Cis- and trans-regulatory genes for THSWD-regulated IncRNAs were identified. Reverse transcription real-time quantitative pol-ymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to verify IncRNAs. Molecular docking was used to identify IncRNA-mRNA network targets and pathway-associated proteins. Results In MCAO rats, THSWD regulated a total of 302 IncRNAs. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that some core IncRNAs might play an important role in the treatment of MCAO rats with THSWD, and we further found that THSWD might also treat MCAO rats through multiple pathways such as IncRNA-mRNA network and network-enriched complement and coagulation cascades. The results of molecular docking showed that the active compounds gallic acid and a-mygdalin of THSWD had a certain binding ability to protein targets. Conclusions THSWD can protect the brain injury of MCAO rats through IncRNA, which may provide new insights for the treatment of ischemic stroke with THSWD.

AIM: To explore the current status, research hotspots, and trends of global uveitis research to provide a theoretical basis and references for researchers in the field of uveitis, and promote further development in this area.METHODS: Relevant literatures on uveitis were retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)database, Wanfang database, and Web of Science core collection database since their establishment until 24 August 2023. The country/publishing institutions, research authors, high-frequency keywords, and burst keywords were visual analyzed by using software such as GraphPad Prism 9, CiteSpace 6.2. R2, and VOSviewer.RESULTS: Research teams for uveitis have been formed in various countries globally. The top three countries in terms of publications are the United States of America(7 585 papers), the United Kingdom(2 412 papers)and Germany(1 679 papers). The top three foreign institutions in terms of publications are Harvard University, Oregon Health & Science University, and Moorfields Eye Hospital, while the top three domestic institutions are Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, and Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University. The analysis of high-frequency keywords and burst keywords in Chinese and English shows that research hotspots mainly focus on exploring pathogenesis and different treatment methods for uveitis. The research hotspots related to uveitis treatment are transitioning to molecular biology-related research topics, such as molecular biological signaling pathways(NF-κB signaling pathway with a strength value of 22.89), biological agents(adalimumab with a strength value of 32.21), and tumor necrosis factor(with a strength value of 48.44). Related research is also expanding to basic experiments on relevant rats.CONCLUSIONS: In recent years, the research hotspots and trends of global uveitis mainly focus on precise diagnosis, pathogenesis, and more effective treatment methods. It is important for more scholars to dedicate themselves to uveitis-related research in the future to make breakthroughs and progress in the field. More large-scale and multicenter clinical studies on uveitis can provide high-quality research evidence.

OBJECTIVE To explore the potential geographic distribution of Pinellia Ternata (Thunb.) Breit. in Gansu province, clarify its habitat requirements, and provide a theoretical basis for rational cultivation. METHODS Based on 100 geographic distribution points of Pinellia Ternata (Thunb.) Breit. and 39 environmental variables (including 19 bioclimatic variables, 17 soil variables and 3 topographic variables), the maximum entropy model(MaxEnt) and ArcGIS geographic information system software were used to make the habitat suitable for its evaluation and classification of suitable areas, the result of Jackknife test was used to evaluate the environmental variables that affect the habitat of Pinellia Ternata (Thunb.) Breit., the area under the ROC curve(AUC) was used to evaluate the degree of reliability of the prediction results. RESULTS The AUC was 0.993, indicating that the prediction results of the MaxEnt model were reliable. Monthly average daily temperature difference, isotherm, standard deviation of seasonal variation of temperature, annual precipitation, the wettest month precipitation, the driest month precipitation, the driest season precipitation, the coldest season precipitation and altitude were the main environmental variables affecting the growth of Pinellia Ternata (Thunb.) Breit.. The suitable areas for Pinellia Ternata (Thunb.) Breit. in Gansu were mainly concentrated in Longnan, Tianshui and Pingliang, where the areas of high, medium and low suitable areas were 16 180.4, 15 413.96, 21 204.84 km2, respectively. CONCLUSION The research results can provide a theoretical reference for the protection and standardized cultivation of Pinellia Ternata (Thunb.) Breit. resources.

Objective To investigate the effects of climate change on the geographical distribution of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao in Gansu Province,and predict its potential habitat;To provide a theoretical basis for resource conservation of cultivation of A.membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao.Methods Based on the distribution data of A.membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao from field surveys,the maximum entropy model and geographic information system were used to simulate its potential habitat in Gansu Province for the current(1970-2000)and future(2041-2060)periods,and the contribution of environmental factors and the results of the knife-cut test were integrated to assess the important factors governing the distribution of A.membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao.Results The dominant environmental variables governing the geographical distribution of A.membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao were precipitation in the wettest month,average temperature in the wettest season,and elevation.The potential suitable area of A.membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao in Gansu Province under current climatic conditions was 65 902.66 km2,and the high suitable area was mainly concentrated in Dingxi District.In the future period,the suitable areas of A.membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao under the scenarios of SSP126,SSP370 and SSP585 all showed a decreasing trend,especially the area of the high suitable areas decreased significantly.Conclusion Future climate change will lead to a significant reduction in the suitable habitat for A.membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao in Gansu Province.The suitable habitat will mainly move towards high-altitude mountainous areas,and the continuity of A.membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao resources can be maintained by establishing ecological protection zones.

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of toosendanin on the growth of lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo by regulating the expression of cell division cycle associated protein 5(CDCA5).Methods The expression of CDCA5 in different lung tissues was analyzed in TCGA database.The expression level of CDCA5 in BEAS-2B cells and A549 cells was detected by Western blot.The effect of different concentrations of toosendanin on the viability of A549 cells was determined by cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)assay.The A549 cells were randomly divided into 4 groups:control group(normal cells cultured normally),toosendanin group(normal cells cultured with 40 μmol·L-1 toosendanin),toosendanin+pcDNA group(cells transfected with pcDNA empty vector and cultured with 40 μmol·L-1 toosendanin),and toosendanin+CDCA5 group(cells transfected with CDCA5 overexpression vector and cultured with 40 μmol·L-1 toosendanin).After 48 h of cultivation,the proliferation and apoptosis of each group of cells were detected by CCK-8 and flow cytometry,and the expression of proliferation and apoptosis related proteins in each group of cells was detected by Western blot.The BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into sh-NC and sh-CDCA5 stable transfected cell lines with nude mouse xenograft models.Daily intraperitoneal injection of 0.9％NaCl and 40μmol·L-1 toosendanin solution was given to observe and record the changes in tumor tissue volume and body mass.Results The results of CCK-8 showed that after 48 hours,the survival rates of A549 cells treated with 10,20,30,40,50,60 and 70 μmol·L-1 toosendanin were(80.74±8.71)％,(72.96±6.53)％,(61.01±4.86)％,(51.20±3.13)％,(42.10±5.94)％,(38.93±3.18)％and(33.48±2.94)％,respectively.Toosendanin significantly inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells.The proliferation rates of cells in the control group,toosendanin group,toosendanin+pcDNA group,and toosendanin+CDCA5 group were(100.00±4.19)％,(49.18±6.70)％,(55.75±5.74)％,and(77.66±7.48)％,respectively;the expression levels of CDCA5 protein were 1.08±0.11,0.44±0.04,0.43±0.05 and 0.99±0.10,respectively.The expression levels of CDCA5 protein in tumor tissues of nude mice in the sh-NC group,sh-CDCA5 group,toosendanin+sh-NC group,and toosendanin+sh-CDCA5 group were 1.04±0.14,0.42±0.04,0.56±0.08 and 0.32±0.04,respectively.Compared with the sh-NC group,the tumor blocks formed by nude mice in other groups were significantly smaller,and the tumor volume and weight were significantly lower(all P＜0.05).Compared with the toosendanin+sh-NC group,the toosendanin+sh-CDCA5 group had more significant inhibitory effect on tumor formation,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion Toosendanin can inhibit the growth of lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo,which is mainly related to the inhibition of CDCA5 expression.

Pafolacianine is a fluorescent agent that specifically targets folate receptors,employed in the treatment of adult ovarian cancer patients to support the detection of malignant growths during surgical interventions.Pafolacianine binds to cancer cells expressing folate receptors,accumulating within folate-receptor-positive tumor tissue through receptor-mediated endocytosis.It can be excited by near-infrared fluorescence imaging,facilitating the surgical removal of tumors during procedures.This article gives an introduction to the mechanism of action,pharmacokinetics,clinical studies,and safety aspects of Pafolacianine.

On May 27,2021,the U.S.Food and Drug Administration(FDA)officially approved Lantheus'PYLARIFY?(Piflufolastat F 18,18 F-labeled imaging agent),which can be used for positron emission computed tomography(PET)of prostate-specific membrane antigen(PSMA)-positive lesions in prostate cancer patients to accurately identify prostate cancer with suspected metastasis or recurrence.Piflufolastat F 18 is approved by FDA for two indications.The first is the initial staging for suspected metastatic lesions in men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer.The second is restaging,with the goal of identifying lesions in the setting of biochem ical recurrence.

This experiment aims to study the taste-masking effects of different kinds of corrigent used individually and in combination on ibuprofen oral solution, in order to optimize the taste-masking formulation. Firstly, a wide range of corrigent and the mass fractions were extensively screened using electronic tongue technology. Subsequently, a combination of sensory evaluation, analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-fuzzy mathematics evaluation, and Box-Behnken experimental design were employed to comprehensively assess the taste-masking effects of different combinations of corrigent on ibuprofen oral solution, optimize the taste-masking formulation, and validate the results. The study received ethical approval from the Review Committee of the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (ethical code: 2024BZYLL0102). The results showed that corrigent fractions and types were screened separately through single-factor experiments. Subsequently, a Box-Behnken response surface design combined with AHP and fuzzy mathematics evaluation was used to fit a functional model: Z = 688.310 11 - 3 023.722 22X₁ - 11.477 00X₂ + 62.721 67X₃ + 14.600 00X₁X₂ - 179.666 67X₁X₃ - 3.152 00X₂X₃ + 4 031.111 11X₁² + 0.525 28X₂² + 9.772 00X₃². This model is stable and reliable, determining the optimal taste-masking formulation to be 3.9 g·L^-1 of stevioside, 100 g L^-1 of xylitol, and 30 g L^-1 of methyl-β-cyclodextrin. The comprehensive score of the verification test is 88.14, with a relative RSD of 0.39%, indicating the feasibility of this model. This study achieved the improvement of the taste of ibuprofen oral solution through a combination of objective and subjective methods. Three types of corrigent were identified for enhancing drug taste, leading to the selection of the optimal taste-masking formulation for ibuprofen oral solution. This significantly enhanced the taste of the original formulation, improved patient compliance, and offered a new approach to mitigating the undesirable taste of formulations.