Liver cancer is a prevalent and highly malignant cancer worldwide,with 90％of cases being hepatocellular carcinoma,presenting a significant risk to human health.As early-stage liver cancer often lacks specific manifestations,most patients with liver cancer are already in the middle and late stage of the disease when liver cancer is diagnosed,thus,missing the opportunity for optimal radical treatment.However,the exploration of the treatment for middle and advanced primary hepatocellular carcinoma has never ceased.In recent years,transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)has been included in the standard treatment regimens for primary hepatocellular carcinoma.With the advancement of multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment,various treatment options to reduce the burden of liver cancer lesion with satisfactory therapeutic results have been reported and have been widely used in clinical practice,e.g.hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy(HAIC),targeted therapy,and immunotherapy in combination with TACE,which have significantly improved the overall survival of patients with liver cancer.This paper aims to make a comprehensive review about the latest progress of combination use of TACE and other therapies in reducing tumor burden and improving patient survival in the treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma,and to summarize the key issues in combination therapy that require more in-depth research.(J Intervent Radiol,2024,33:688-692)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and outcomes of percutaneous ablation guided by ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) in colorectal liver oligometastases (CLOM). Methods: This study included patients with CLOM treated with percutaneous ablation from January 2008 to January 2021 in this observational study. Only lesions visualized on both CT and US images were further analyzed according to whether patients’ initial ablation treatments utilized US guidance or CT guidance. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate local tumor progression (LTP)–free survival after propensity score matching (PSM). The LTP-free survival and treatment-related outcomes were compared between these two groups. Results: PSM identified 116 patients from each group, with 269 and 238 lesions in the USguided and CT-guided groups, respectively. US-guided ablation had a shorter average procedure time and lower cost than CT-guided ablation (27.54±12.06 minutes vs. 32.70±13.88 minutes, P=0.003; $2,175.13±618.17 vs. $2,455.49±710.25, P=0.002). For patients >60 years of age, the cumulative LTP rate at 1 year was lower in the US-guided group than in the CT-guided group (17.8% vs. 25.1%, P=0.038). For patients with perivascular liver lesions, the cumulative LTP rate at 1 year was lower in the US-guided group (14.4% vs. 28.2%, P=0.040). Conclusion For patients whose age is >60 years or who have perivascular liver lesions, USguided ablation is better than CT-guided ablation, with a shorter treatment time and lower costs when both ablation methods are feasible for patients.

With the continuously increasing demands of plastic products in the current society, the challenge of disposing plastic waste is constantly increasing, leading to the urgent need of mitigating plastic pollution. As a consequence, much attention has been paid to biodegradable plastics due to their degradability in a bio-active environment under certain conditions. Biodegradable plastics herald vast development potentials and considerable market prospects. The degradation of numerous types of biodegradable plastics will be affected by many factors. A thorough understanding of degradation mechanisms as well as functional microbial strains and enzymes is the key to comprehensive utilization and efficient treatment and disposal of biodegradable plastics. The article summarized the types, properties, advantages and disadvantages, and main applications of common biodegradable plastics. The degradation mechanisms, functional microbial strains and enzymes, as well as the degradation degree and duration under different environmental conditions, were also summarized. This review may help better understand the degradation of biodegradable plastics wastes.
Biodegradable Plastics ; Biodegradation, Environmental

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is the most common form of acute leukaemia in adults, with increasing incidence with age and a generally poor prognosis. Almost 20% of AML patients express mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (mIDH2), which leads to the accumulation of the carcinogenic metabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), resulting in poor prognosis. Thus, global institutions have been working to develop mIDH2 inhibitors. SH1573 is a novel mIDH2 inhibitor that we independently designed and synthesised. We have conducted a comprehensive study on its pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety. First, SH1573 exhibited a strong selective inhibition of mIDH2 R140Q protein, which could effectively reduce the production of 2-HG in cell lines, serum and tumors of an animal model. It could also promote the differentiation of mutant AML cell lines and granulocytes in PDX models. Then, it was confirmed that SH1573 possessed characteristics of high bioavailability, good metabolic stability and wide tissue distribution. Finally, toxicological data showed that SH1573 had no effects on the respiratory system, cardiovascular system and nervous system, and was genetically safe. This research successfully promoted the approval of SH1573 for clinical trials (CTR20200247). All experiments demonstrated that, as a potential drug against mIDH2 R140Q acute myeloid leukaemia, SH1573 was effective and safe.

Several studies have demonstrated that memory T cells including stem cell memory (Tscm) T cells and central memory (Tcm) T cells show superior persistence and antitumor immunity compared with effector memory T (Tem) cells and effector T (Teff) cells. Furthermore, the Tcm/Teff ratio has been reported to be a predictive biomarker of immune responses against some tumors. Thus, a system-level understanding of the mechanisms underlying the differentiation of effector and memory T cells is of increasing importance for developing immunological strategies against various tumors. This review focuses on recent advances in efficacy against tumors, the origin, formation mechanisms of memory T cells, and the role of the gut microbiota in memory T cell formation. Furthermore, we summarize strategies to generate memory T cells in (ex) vivo that, might be applicable in clinical practice.

A case report of periprosthetic hip clostridium perfringens infection 13 years after total hip arthroplasty, the patient had hip pain with fever for one week. Physical examination and imaging examination confirmed the periprosthetic joint infection. The pathogenic bacterium was clostridium perfringens according to bacterial culture, and the pathogenic bacterium of clostridium perfringens was suspected relating to the gallbladder disease in this patient. Considering such periprosthetic joint infection was early stage hematogenous periprosthetic joint infection, treatment of debridement, retention of the prosthesis, irrigating, and indwelling drainage tube were conducted. By reviewing literature about periprosthetic clostridium perfringens infection, only seven reports of periprosthetic joint infection were caused by clostridium perfringens, which were all case reports. From the previous case reports and our case, we found that the infection around the prosthesis caused by clostridium perfringens was limited to the area around the joint, and prognosis of such cases may not be as severe as the natural gas gangrene which developed very rapidly, but great attention should be paid to. The hematogenous periprosthetic joint infection caused by clostridium perfringens who had gastrointestinal symptoms in the early stage should be highly suspicious of gallbladder lesions and thorough debridement, retention of the prosthesis, irrigating and indwelling drainage tube maybe a treatment method.

Objective To establish a method focusing on regulation of CNN3 gene in the rat hippocampus and help to explore the role of CNN3 gene played in the brain physiology and pathology.Methods One cDNA sequence and three shRNAs targeting CNN3 gene were designed and synthesized.The recombinant lentivirus-mediated expressing and three short hairpin RNA ( shRNA) vectors targeting CNN3 gene in the rats were constructed with engineering technology.All recombinant vectors were intravenously injected into rats hippocampi guided by stereotaxic apparatus.Western blot was performed to explore the best shRNA and to study the changes of CNN3 gene in the rat hippocampus after transfection with the silence and over-expressed vectors.Results The lentivirus-mediated vector expressing CNN3-OE and three shRNA vectors targeting CNN3 gene were successfully constructed.Within eight weeks after transfection, the vectors of CNN3-OE and three CNN3-shRNAs changed the expression of CNN3 gene in the rat hippocampus, in particular, all the protein levels of calponin-3 encoded by CNN3 gene were significantly down-regulated along with the time, with the highest inhibitory rate of 73.6%in the CNN3-shRNA2 group.Significant up-regulation of calponin-3 protein level by 93.88%, was found only on the 14th day after transfection.Conclusions Lentivirus-mediated vectors of CNN3-OE and CNN3-shRNAs may regulate in vivo the CNN3 gene level in the local brain region of rats via stereotactic injection.The study lays a foundation for disease prevention and treatment in the future.

Objective To explore the activition and polarization of microglia in the epileptic rats induced by lithium chloride-pilocarpine. Methods One hundred male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: control group and different time points model groups including 1d,3d,7d and 14d. Epilepsy models were established by lithium chloride-pilocarpine intraperitoneal injection. The control group was given the same dosage of normal saline. The morphology change was detected by immunofluorescence,and the expressions of iNOS and Arg-1 were determined by IHC at respective time points. Results Compared the model groups with control group,microglia was activated,synapsis was shorten,volume got bigger,most of them seemed as amoebocyte,the expression of iNOS increased and Arg-1 decreased,especially at 3d.ConclusionThe results from this study indicated that microglia was activated and polarized in epileptic rats induced by pilocarpine.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the significance of hMSH2 aberrant expression in patients with sporadic colorectal cancer in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. METHODS: Clinicopathological parameters and postoperative samples of 327 patients with sporadic colorectal cancer were collected in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Immunohistochemistry PV-9000 two-step method was performed to measure hMSH2 expression in the postoperative pathologic specimens. Prognostic value of hMSH2 expression was evaluated. RESULTS: Thirty-five (10.7%) patients showed aberrant nuclear staining of hMSH2 expression. The patients with aberrant expression of hMSH2 showed better prognosis than the normal expression group, with significant difference (P<0.05). CONCLUSION In Xinjiang, aberrant hMSH2 expression can be regarded as an independent prognostic factor in patients with sporadic colorectal cancer.
Colorectal Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; MutS Homolog 2 Protein ; genetics ; metabolism ; Prognosis

ObjectiveTo examine the protective effects of 17-β estradiol on the experimental model of spinal cord injury (SCI) rats. Methods One hundred and eighty male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, after Allen' s model, SD rats were divided into three groups: the sham group, the acute spinal cord injury (control groups) and the acute spinal cord injury supplying with 17-β estradiol treatment group. SCI was made by Allen's weight dropping, impacting on the posteriors of spinal cord T10. The content of malonyldialdehyed (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined by chromatometry. The expressions of Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 family in the injured spinal cord were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Results The BBB scores at each time point in 17-β estradiol treatment group were significantly higher than that in SCI group (P<0.05). The contents of GSH, SOD, GSH-Px and the expression of Bcl-2 protein at the majority of time point in 17-β estradiol treatment group were significantly higher than that in SCI group(P<0.05), however, the MDA, Caspase-3 and Bax were markedly decreased (P<0.05). Conclusions This study suggests that 17-β estradiol administration might prevent the cells from SCI-induced apoptosis by triggering to reduce the oxidative stress.