Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles(PELNs) are a class of membranous vesicles with diameters approximately ranging from 30 to 300 nm, isolated from plant tissues. They contain components such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. PELNs play an important role in the metabolism of plant substances and immune defense, and can also cross-regulate the physiological activities of fungi and animal cells, showing significant potential applications. In recent years, research on PELNs has significantly increased, highlighting three main issues:(1) the mixed sources of plant materials for PELNs;(2) the lack of a unified system for isolating and characterizing PELNs;(3) the urgent need to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the cross-regulation of biological functions by PELNs. This article focused on these concerns. It began by summarizing the biological origin and composition of PELNs, discussing the techniques for isolating and characterizing PELNs, and analyzing their biomedical applications and potential future research directions., aiming to promote the establishment of standardized research protocols for PELNs and provide theoretical references for in-depth exploration of the mechanisms underlying PELNs' cross-regulatory effects.
Animals ; Exosomes/metabolism* ; Proteins/metabolism* ; Plants/metabolism* ; Nucleic Acids ; Nanoparticles

OBJECTIVE: To explore the hematopoiesis protection effect of Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) and its main components Angelica polysaccharide (APS) and Astragalus polysaccharide (ASPS) on myelosuppression mice, and the mechanism of anti-apoptosis of Meg-01 cells. METHODS: Mice were radiated with 4 Gy of ¹³⁷Csγ ray to establish the model of radiation-induced myelosuppression. DBT, APS or ASPS (10 mg/kg) were injected into irradiated mice. Peripheral blood cell counts were performed on mice before radiation (day 0) and day 7, 14 and 21 after radiation. On the 21st day, poor plasma platelets were collected from mice to detect TPO concentration and then the mice were sacrificed. The femoral bone marrow cells were cultured for colony cell forming units (CFU). Meg-01 cells were cultured without FBS for 24 h to induce apoptosis, and then treated with DBT/APS/ASPS for 72 h. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to detect early apoptosis (Annexin V), mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1) and the expression of Caspase-3 to analyze the effect of DBT/APS/ASPS on cell apoptosis. RESULTS: DBT can stimulate the recovery of white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC) and platelets (PLT) of myelosuppression mice, especially for WBC and PLT (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the number of BFU-E, CFU-MK and CFU-GM increased after adding DBT (BFU-E & CFU-GM: P<0.05； CFU-MK: P<0.01). The effect of DBT on blood TPO concentration in mice was not obvious (P=0.89). RBC, WBC and PLT were increased in APS group compared with control group (P<0.05). WBC increased after the treatment of ASPS (P<0.05). APS stimulated the formation of CFU-F, CFU-MK and CFU-GM (P<0.05). Only CFU-GM increased in ASPS group(P<0.05). Besides, DBT decreased the apoptosis of Meg-01 cells (P<0.05). The early apoptosis rate and total death rate in APS (100 μg/ml) group were lower than that of control group (P<0.01, P<0.05). The early apoptosis rate of ASPS (100 μg/ml) group was lower than that of control group (P<0.05). JC-1 and Caspase-3 showed that APS (100 μg/ml) significantly reduced apoptosis rate (P<0.01, P<0.05). CONCLUSION DBT has protective effect on hematopoietic system, especially WBC and PLT, and has anti-apoptotic effect on Meg-01. It was found that the above effects of DBT were mainly caused by APS, and its anti-apoptosis mechanism was carried out mainly through JC-1 and Caspase-3 pathways.
Mice ; Animals ; Caspase 3 ; Bone Marrow ; Polysaccharides

The Genome Sequence Archive (GSA) is a data repository for archiving raw sequence data, which provides data storage and sharing services for worldwide scientific communities. Considering explosive data growth with diverse data types, here we present the GSA family by expanding into a set of resources for raw data archive with different purposes, namely, GSA (https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/gsa/), GSA for Human (GSA-Human, https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/gsa-human/), and Open Archive for Miscellaneous Data (OMIX, https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/omix/). Compared with the 2017 version, GSA has been significantly updated in data model, online functionalities, and web interfaces. GSA-Human, as a new partner of GSA, is a data repository specialized in human genetics-related data with controlled access and security. OMIX, as a critical complement to the two resources mentioned above, is an open archive for miscellaneous data. Together, all these resources form a family of resources dedicated to archiving explosive data with diverse types, accepting data submissions from all over the world, and providing free open access to all publicly available data in support of worldwide research activities.

Objective Toidentify factors contributing to posthepatectomy liver dysfunction (PHLD),focusing on the Functional remnant liver volume to spleen volume ratio (FreLSVR).Methods The clinical data of 74 patients undergoing precise liver resection from January 2016 to October 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.IQQA liver system was used to reconstruct the liver and spleen 3D image by using patients' preoperative abdominal CT image data.Tumor volume,3D estimated functional residual liver volume,spleen volume and FreLSVR were measured and calculated.Preoperative and postoperative liver function test,blood coagulation function test,operation time,intraoperative blood loss,and the volume of daily postoperative abdominal drainage were recorded.Correlations between multiple parameters and PHLD were analyzed.Results PHLD occurred in 16 (21.6％).Single factor analysis revealed that the standardized residual liver volume ratio (P＜0.05),FreLSVR (P＜0.05) and preoperative AST value (P＜0.05) were correlated with postoperative hepatic insufficiency.Multivariate regression analysis showed that FreLSVR (OR=0.535,95％CI=0.305～0.936,P＜0.05) was the only independent factor of PHLD.In the ROC curve analysis for FreLSVR,a cut-off value of 2.56 (AUC=0.824,Sensitivity 81.1％,specificity 71.7％.) was the appropriate value for predicting the risk of PHLD according to Youden index.Then the patients were regrouped according to this cut-off value.Compared with the FreLSVR＞2.56 group (53 cases),the highest postoperative INR value (1.46± 0.19 to 1.29± 0.29,t=-2.405,P＜0.05) was higher that of FreLSVR≤2.56 group,and the amount of average daily abdominal drainage in one and two weeks after operation was higher,(188.0(79.2 ～ 375.1)ml to 96.0(46.5 ～ 179.3)ml,P＜0.05) and (207.2(125.6 ～ 827.1)ml to71.8(14.0 ～ 179.8) ml,P＜0.05),respectively.Conclusion FreLSVR has significant correlation with postoperative hepatic dysfunction,and provides guidance for the safety of liver resection in the future.

Objective To study the clinical treatment and prognosis of de novo liver cancer following renal transplantation.Methods The clinical data of 15 patients who developed de novo liver cancer after renal transplantation carried out prior to treatment of liver cancer at the First Center Hospital of Tianjin between June 2006 and June 2016 were retrospectively studied.These patients were diagnosed to have liver cancer ranging from 23 to 98 months after renal transplantations,with an average of (42.5 ± 29.7) months.Two patients were diagnosed within 2 years,7 within 5 years,and 6 over 5 years after renal transplantation.Results Three patients underwent transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and 12 patients underwent surgical resection which included right/left hemihepatectomy (n =5),hepatic segment resection (n =4),and tumor enucleation (n =3).Postoperative histopathology confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma in 8 patients,cholangiocarcinoma in 1 patient,and mixed liver cancer in 3 patients.Among the 12 patients who initially underwent'curative'surgery,3 patients died from recurrent cancer 8,16,25 months after surgery,respectively.The remaining 9 patients were still alive with a follow-up which ranged from 0.6 to 65-month.The 3 patients who underwent TACE were alive for 4,7 and 13 months,respectively.Conclusions De novo liver cancer were usually asymptomatic and had a rapid onset.The optimal clinical management which includes early diagnosis,appropriate therapy with immunosuppression and renal function preservation can result in good long-term survival.

The percutaneous transhepatic portal approach is the most commonly used technique for islet transplantation, largely owing to its safety and minimally invasive characteristic. Bleeding complications after islet transplantation are rare. A case of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was treated in Tianjin First Center Hospital, who had a massive intra-abdominal hemorrhage after percutaneous transhepatic portal vein catheterization for islet transplantation. Through the review of the overall development of the case, we aim to improve the awareness of the complications of islet transplantation, to reduce the incidence of complications after percutaneous transhepatic portal vein transplantation, and to provide experience.

Objective To evaluate the indications and results of liver transplantation ior benign liver tumors.Methods From Jan 2001 to Dec 2014,16 patients of inoperable severely symptomatic benign liver tumors underwent liver transplantation in our department.There were 10 cases of polycystic liver disease,2 cases of hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma,1 case of hepatic cavernous hemangioma,1case of liver mesenchymal hamartoma,1 case of hilar bile duct mucinous cystadenoma,1 case of hepatic adenoma.Results 3 cases were dead in the perioperative period.The remaining patients were alive and discharged with normal perioperative liver and kidney function.One case of polycystic liver lost to follow-up,the remaining 12 patients were all alive at the end of a follow-up of 17 to 161 months,with fully active life style.Conclusions Liver transplantation is an effective and sometimes the only treatment option for unresectable and symptomatic benign liver lesion.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine foot bath combined with Xueshuantong injection in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.Methods Sixty patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN)were randomly divided into two groups.According to the patients' condition,oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin were used to control blood glucose.The control group was treated with Xueshuantong injection on routine nutrition nerve program.In the conventional nutrition nerve program based on the use of traditional Chinese medicine foot bath combined with Xueshuantong injection treatment,2 groups were treated after 10 days to evaluate the efficacy.Results The total effective rate of the observation group and the control group was 90％and 66.7％respectively.The sensory and motor function of the observation group were significantly improved after the treatment group,and the blood rheology and serum endothelin level were significantly decreased.Conclusion Chinese medicine foot bath combined with Xueshuantong injection for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

The use of laparoscopic liver resections for benign and malignant diseases has spread worldwide.As in open liver surgery,anatomical orientation and the ability to control intraoperative challenges as bleeding have to be combined with expertise in advanced laparoscopic techniques.We provide an overview regarding the literature on laparoscopic liver resection for benign and malignant liver tumors with the aim to discuss the current standards and define remaining challenges.Laparoscopic liver resection is feasible and safe in selected patients and experienced hands.The minimal invasive approach offers benefits in perioperative shortterm outcome without compromising oncological outcomes compared to open liver resections.Further randomized trials are needed to formally prove these statements and to define the optimal indication and techniques for the individual patient.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and outcome of liver transplantation in the treatment of liver metastatic cancer. Methods Four patients with pathologically confirmed liver metastatic cancer underwent liver transplantation, including one of liver metastases from pancreatic endocrine tumor, one from rectal endocrine tumor, one from stomach stromal tumor and one from colorectal carcinoma. Classic surgical method was adopted, i.e. orthotopic liver transplantation for the recipients and transplants came from cadaveric donors. Results All the four patients had a smooth operation, an uneventful early postoperative recovery and good living quality. The patient with liver metastases from pancreatic endocrine tumor had liver tumor recurrence at four and a half years after the transplantation, and then underwent left lateral hepatic lobectomy, without any recurrence until now. The patient with liver metastases from rectal endocrine tumor had right renal and pelvic tumor metastasis at 16 months after the operation, and died of tumor recurrence 5 years after the liver transplantation. The patient with liver metastases from gastric stromal tumor had extensive pelvic metastases at five and a half months after the transplantation, and survived with tumor for 4 years and 6 months after the operation. The patient with liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma had extensive bilateral lung metastases at 3 months after the transplantation and died one and a half years after the operation. Conclusion For well?differentiated unresectable metastatic liver cancers, liver transplantation may serve as a treatment option and better treatment results can be achieved for some highly selected patients.