The structure and working principle of the multi-leaf collimator(MLC)optical system of Elekta linear accelerator were introduced.The causes for the faults of the MLC optical system were analyzed,and the fault repair and maintenance of the MLC optical system were summarized.References were provided for medical engineers to repair and maintain the MLC optical system.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2024,45(1):76-83]

ObjectiveTo explore the potential molecular mechanism of Qizhu Kang'ai Formula （芪术抗癌方， QZKAF） for the treatment of colorectal cancer （CRC）. MethodsNetwork pharmacology was used to analyze the active ingredients and targets of QZKAF for CRC， and analyze the key targets of QZKAF for the treatment of CRC by gene function annotation （GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genomes （KEGG） pathway enrichment analysis. Molecular docking was applied to predict the binding activity of the core active ingredients to the key targets. A orthotopic transplantation tumor mice model of CRC was established to validate the key targets of QZKAF for CRC obtained from network pharmacology analysis. Forty-eight mice were randomly divided into the sham operation group， the model group， the 5-fluorouracil （5-Fu） group， and the QZKAF low-， medium-， and high-dose groups， with 8 mice in each group. Except for the sham operation group， the remaining groups underwent colon cancer orthotopic transplantation tumor modeling. The 5-Fu group was given 30 mg/kg of 5-Fu by intraperitoneal injection once every 3 days on the alternate day after modeling， while the QZKAF low-， medium-， and high-dose groups were given 2.925， 5.85， and 11.7 g/（kg·d） of QZKAF by gastric gavage， respectively， and the sham-operation group and the model group were gavaged with 0.1 ml/10 g of normal saline every day， all for 21 days. The in situ tumors mass and the number of liver metastases were compared between the groups. The pathological changes of colon tumor tissues were observed by HE staining， and the protein expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 1 （PTPN1）， vinculin， integrin subunit αν， integrin subunit β3， and E-cadherin were detected in colon tumor tissues by Western blot. ResultsNetwork pharmacology screening yielded that the top six core active ingredients of QZKAF intervening in CRC were quercetin， kaempferol， apigenin， luteolin， baicalein and ursolic acid. There were 212 targets of action， and the ranked top three were prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 1 （PTGS1）， prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 （PTGS2）， and PTPN1， which may be the key targets of QZKAF in the treatment of CRC. These key targets were significantly enriched mainly in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K-Akt） signaling pathway， focal adhesion and adhesion junction. Molecular docking results： except for PTGS1 with better binding activity to quercetin， kaempferol， and apigenin （binding energy ≥-7.0 kcal/mol）， PTGS1 showed strong binding activity to lignans， baicalein， ursolic acid， as well as PTGS2 and PTPN1 to the six core active ingredients （binding energy ＜-7.0 kcal/mol）. Experimental validation results： the protein expression of PTPN1， vinculin， integrin subunit αν， integrin subunit β3 in the colon tumor tissues of mice in the model group significantly increased， and the expression of E-cadherin significantly decreased compared to those in the sham operation group （P＜0.05）. Compared to those in the model group， the mass of the in situ tumors was reduced， and the number of hepatic metastasis nodules decreased in the high- and medium-dose QZKAF groups （P＜0.05）； the expression levels of PTNP1， vinculin， integrin subunit αν， integrin subunit β3 and E-cadherin in all QZKAF groups and 5-Fu group showed different degrees of retracement， and the changes of the indicators in all QZKAF groups showed a certain degree of dose-dependence （P＜0.05）. HE staining showed that the nuclei of tumor cells in the model group were mostly schizophrenic， and there were different degrees of nuclear fragmentation of tumor cells in all QZKAF groups with more in the medium- and high-dose groups. ConclusionQZKAF could inhibit the growth of in situ tumors and liver metastasis of CRC. Its mechanism might be related to the regulation of tumor cell-cell and tumor cell-extracellular matrix adhesion by PTPN1.

Objective:To analyze the efficacy and feasibility of performing a new surgical procedure, tunnel esophagogastrostomy, to perform proximal gastrectomy.Methods:The study cohort comprised 10 consecutive patients who had undergone esophagogastrostomy by the tunnel technique in Jiangsu Cancer Hospital between October 2019 and July 2022. All patients were male. Their average age was (64.2±8.1) years and body mass index (25.5±3.2) kg/m2. Nine had upper gastric body adenocarcinoma, the remaining one having signet ring cell carcinoma. TNM staging of the tumors showed that seven were Stage IA, one Stage IB, one Stage IIA, and one Stage IIIA. Briefly, tunnel esophagogastrostomy is performed as follows: After performing a proximal gastrectomy, a rectangular seromuscular flap (3.0 cm × 3.5 cm) is created. The posterior esophageal wall is sutured to the gastric wall at the orad end of the seromuscular flap 5 cm from the stump with three to four stitches. Next, the stump of the esophagus is opened, the posterior esophageal wall is sutured to the gastric mucosa and submucosa, and the anterior esophageal wall is sutured to the full layer of the stomach. Finally, the caudad end of the seromuscular flap is closed. Data on surgical safety, postoperative morbidity, and postoperative reflux esophagitis were analyzed. All enrolled patients completed endoscopic follow-up 1 year and 2 years after surgery.Results:All procedures were completed. They comprised four cases of laparoscopic assisted surgery, four of DaVinci robotic surgery, and two of open surgery. The mean operation time was 212.7±33.2 mins, mean anastomosis time (51.6±5.3) minutes, mean tunnel preparation time (20.0±3.5) minutes, and mean operative blood loss (90.0±51.6) mL. The time to first postoperative passage of flatus was (64.8±11.5) hours. The mean hospital stay after surgery was (9.2±1.7) days. There were no postoperative complications above Clavien-Dindo Grade II. The mean preoperative Reflux Disease Questionnaire score was (3.3± 0.4) before the surgery, (3.8±1.0) 1 month postoperatively, and (3.3±0.4) 12 months postoperatively. All patients underwent endoscopic follow-up; no anastomotic stenoses were found. However, one patient had Grade A reflux esophagitis 1 year after surgery and another Grade B reflux esophagitis 2 years after surgery.Conclusion:Esophagogastrostomy by the tunnel technique is a safe and feasible means of performing proximal gastrectomy.

Objective:To investigate the role and the mechanism of Ras-associated binding protein23 (RAB23) in the migration and invasion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells.Methods:RAB23 mRNA levels were measured in 16 pairs of ESCC and adjacent normal tissues via real-time polymerase chain reactions. RAB23 mRNA levels in the ESCC and adjacent normal tissues of dataset GSE20347 deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were also analyzed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the RAB23 protein expressions in 106 pairs of ESCC and adjacent normal tissues, as well as in the lymph glands and primary tumor tissues of 33 patients with positive lymph nodes and 10 patients with negative lymph nodes. Endogenous RAB23 expression was transiently depleted using siRNAs (si-NC, si-RAB23-1, and si-RAB23-9) or stably reduced using shRNAs (sh-NC and sh-RAB23) in ESCC KYSE30 and KYSE150 cells, and the knockdown efficiency was tested using Western blot assays. Cell counting kit-8 assays and mouse xenograft models were used to test the proliferation of ESCC cells . Transwell assays and tail vein-pulmonary metastasis models in immunocompromised mice were used to examine the migration and invasion of ESCC cells. Cell adhesion assays were used to test the adhesion of ESCC cells. RNA-seq assays were used to analyze how RAB23 knockdown influenced the expression profile of ESCC cells and the implicated signal pathways were confirmed using Western blot assays. Results:The RAB23 mRNA expression in 16 cases of ESCC tissues was 0.009 7±0.008 9, which was markedly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues (0.003 2±0.003 7, P=0.006). GEO analysis on RAB23 expressions in ESCC and adjacent normal tissues showed that the RAB23 mRNA level in ESCC tissues (4.30±0.25) was remarkably increased compared with their normal counterparts (4.10±0.17, P=0.037). Among the 106 pairs of ESCC and tumor-adjacent normal tissues, 51 cases exhibited low expression of RAB23 and 55 cases showed high expression of RAB23, whereas in the paired tumor-adjacent normal tissues 82 cases were stained weakly and 24 strongly for RAB23 protein. These results indicated that RAB23 expression was markedly increased in ESCC tissues ( P<0.001). Additionally, only 1 out of 33 primary ESCC tissues with positive lymph nodes showed low RAB23 protein expression. On the other hand, 7 samples of primary ESCC tissues with negative lymph nodes were stained strongly for RAB23 while its level in the other 3 samples was weak. These results showed that RAB23 expression was remarkably increased in primary ESCC tissues with positive lymph nodes compared with those with negative lymph nodes ( P=0.024). Further tests showed that 32 out of 33 positive lymph nodes were stained strongly for RAB23, whereas no negative lymph nodes ( n=10) exhibited high expression of RAB23 ( P<0.001). Both transient and stable knockdown of endogenous RAB23 expression failed to cause detectable changes in the proliferation of KYSE30 cells in vitro and in vivo, but attenuated the migration and invasion of KYSE30 cells as well as the invasion of KYSE150 cells. RAB23 knockdown was found to significantly decrease the number of adhesive KYSE30 cells in the sh-RAB23 group (313.75±89.34) compared with control cells in the sh-NC group (1 030.75±134.29, P<0.001). RAB23 knockdown was also found to significantly decrease the number of adhesive KYSE150 cells in the sh-RAB23 group (710.5±31.74) compared with the number of control cells in the sh-NC group (1 005.75±61.09, P<0.001). RNA-seq assays demonstrated that RAB23 knockdown using two siRNAs targeting RAB23 mRNA markedly impaired focal adhesion-related signal pathways, and decreased the levels of phosphorylated FAK (p-FAK) and phosphorylated paxillin (p-paxillin) in KYSE30 and KYSE150 cells. Conclusions:Significantly increased RAB23 in ESCC tissues positively correlates with lymph node metastasis. Depleted RAB23 expression attenuates focal adhesion-related signal pathways, thus impairing the invasion, metastasis, and adhesion of ESCC cells.

Objective:To analyze the efficacy and feasibility of performing a new surgical procedure, tunnel esophagogastrostomy, to perform proximal gastrectomy.Methods:The study cohort comprised 10 consecutive patients who had undergone esophagogastrostomy by the tunnel technique in Jiangsu Cancer Hospital between October 2019 and July 2022. All patients were male. Their average age was (64.2±8.1) years and body mass index (25.5±3.2) kg/m2. Nine had upper gastric body adenocarcinoma, the remaining one having signet ring cell carcinoma. TNM staging of the tumors showed that seven were Stage IA, one Stage IB, one Stage IIA, and one Stage IIIA. Briefly, tunnel esophagogastrostomy is performed as follows: After performing a proximal gastrectomy, a rectangular seromuscular flap (3.0 cm × 3.5 cm) is created. The posterior esophageal wall is sutured to the gastric wall at the orad end of the seromuscular flap 5 cm from the stump with three to four stitches. Next, the stump of the esophagus is opened, the posterior esophageal wall is sutured to the gastric mucosa and submucosa, and the anterior esophageal wall is sutured to the full layer of the stomach. Finally, the caudad end of the seromuscular flap is closed. Data on surgical safety, postoperative morbidity, and postoperative reflux esophagitis were analyzed. All enrolled patients completed endoscopic follow-up 1 year and 2 years after surgery.Results:All procedures were completed. They comprised four cases of laparoscopic assisted surgery, four of DaVinci robotic surgery, and two of open surgery. The mean operation time was 212.7±33.2 mins, mean anastomosis time (51.6±5.3) minutes, mean tunnel preparation time (20.0±3.5) minutes, and mean operative blood loss (90.0±51.6) mL. The time to first postoperative passage of flatus was (64.8±11.5) hours. The mean hospital stay after surgery was (9.2±1.7) days. There were no postoperative complications above Clavien-Dindo Grade II. The mean preoperative Reflux Disease Questionnaire score was (3.3± 0.4) before the surgery, (3.8±1.0) 1 month postoperatively, and (3.3±0.4) 12 months postoperatively. All patients underwent endoscopic follow-up; no anastomotic stenoses were found. However, one patient had Grade A reflux esophagitis 1 year after surgery and another Grade B reflux esophagitis 2 years after surgery.Conclusion:Esophagogastrostomy by the tunnel technique is a safe and feasible means of performing proximal gastrectomy.

Objective:To investigate the role and the mechanism of Ras-associated binding protein23 (RAB23) in the migration and invasion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells.Methods:RAB23 mRNA levels were measured in 16 pairs of ESCC and adjacent normal tissues via real-time polymerase chain reactions. RAB23 mRNA levels in the ESCC and adjacent normal tissues of dataset GSE20347 deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were also analyzed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the RAB23 protein expressions in 106 pairs of ESCC and adjacent normal tissues, as well as in the lymph glands and primary tumor tissues of 33 patients with positive lymph nodes and 10 patients with negative lymph nodes. Endogenous RAB23 expression was transiently depleted using siRNAs (si-NC, si-RAB23-1, and si-RAB23-9) or stably reduced using shRNAs (sh-NC and sh-RAB23) in ESCC KYSE30 and KYSE150 cells, and the knockdown efficiency was tested using Western blot assays. Cell counting kit-8 assays and mouse xenograft models were used to test the proliferation of ESCC cells . Transwell assays and tail vein-pulmonary metastasis models in immunocompromised mice were used to examine the migration and invasion of ESCC cells. Cell adhesion assays were used to test the adhesion of ESCC cells. RNA-seq assays were used to analyze how RAB23 knockdown influenced the expression profile of ESCC cells and the implicated signal pathways were confirmed using Western blot assays. Results:The RAB23 mRNA expression in 16 cases of ESCC tissues was 0.009 7±0.008 9, which was markedly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues (0.003 2±0.003 7, P=0.006). GEO analysis on RAB23 expressions in ESCC and adjacent normal tissues showed that the RAB23 mRNA level in ESCC tissues (4.30±0.25) was remarkably increased compared with their normal counterparts (4.10±0.17, P=0.037). Among the 106 pairs of ESCC and tumor-adjacent normal tissues, 51 cases exhibited low expression of RAB23 and 55 cases showed high expression of RAB23, whereas in the paired tumor-adjacent normal tissues 82 cases were stained weakly and 24 strongly for RAB23 protein. These results indicated that RAB23 expression was markedly increased in ESCC tissues ( P<0.001). Additionally, only 1 out of 33 primary ESCC tissues with positive lymph nodes showed low RAB23 protein expression. On the other hand, 7 samples of primary ESCC tissues with negative lymph nodes were stained strongly for RAB23 while its level in the other 3 samples was weak. These results showed that RAB23 expression was remarkably increased in primary ESCC tissues with positive lymph nodes compared with those with negative lymph nodes ( P=0.024). Further tests showed that 32 out of 33 positive lymph nodes were stained strongly for RAB23, whereas no negative lymph nodes ( n=10) exhibited high expression of RAB23 ( P<0.001). Both transient and stable knockdown of endogenous RAB23 expression failed to cause detectable changes in the proliferation of KYSE30 cells in vitro and in vivo, but attenuated the migration and invasion of KYSE30 cells as well as the invasion of KYSE150 cells. RAB23 knockdown was found to significantly decrease the number of adhesive KYSE30 cells in the sh-RAB23 group (313.75±89.34) compared with control cells in the sh-NC group (1 030.75±134.29, P<0.001). RAB23 knockdown was also found to significantly decrease the number of adhesive KYSE150 cells in the sh-RAB23 group (710.5±31.74) compared with the number of control cells in the sh-NC group (1 005.75±61.09, P<0.001). RNA-seq assays demonstrated that RAB23 knockdown using two siRNAs targeting RAB23 mRNA markedly impaired focal adhesion-related signal pathways, and decreased the levels of phosphorylated FAK (p-FAK) and phosphorylated paxillin (p-paxillin) in KYSE30 and KYSE150 cells. Conclusions:Significantly increased RAB23 in ESCC tissues positively correlates with lymph node metastasis. Depleted RAB23 expression attenuates focal adhesion-related signal pathways, thus impairing the invasion, metastasis, and adhesion of ESCC cells.

The Dionex CaboPac^TM PA10 BioLC^TM Analyical 2 mm × 250 mm column was used with a protective column (Dionex CaboPac^TM PA10 BioLC^TM Guard 2 mm × 50 mm). 100 mmol·L^-1 sodium hydroxide solution was used as eluent; the flow rate was 0.25 mL·min^-1. Sample tray temperature: 35 ℃. The pulse amperometric detector was adopted, and the waveform was Gold CWE, Ag-AgCl RE, Carbo, Quad. The samples were cultured with 8 concentrations of glycogen substrates (0.31, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg·mL^-1). D-Glucose concentrations were measured at 5 different time points (T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4). The glucose concentration from T1 to T4 minus the glucose concentration at T0. The reaction rate was calculated at different glycogen substrate concentrations. These reaction rates are plotted against substrate concentrations using Michaelis-Menten equation. The kinetic parameters were expressed as V_max (nmol·mg^-1·min^-1) and K_m (mg·mL^-1). The RSD of glucose standard curve R² (n = 6, linear range: 1.25-500 μmol·L^-1) was 0.1% and the RSD (n = 6) of the slope of the standard curve was 2.2%. The mean limit of quantitation was 0.14 μmol·L^-1, and the mean limit of detection was 0.05 μmol·L^-1. The RSD of K_m and V_max were 4.4% and 4.6% respectively in three separate experiments. The durability of the method was good. The method was developed for the on-line automatic determination of the hydrolysis kinetics of acid α-glucosidase (GAA) for injection by ion chromatography. The method has good precision, repeatability and durability, and can be used for the determination of glycogen hydrolysis kinetics of GAA for injection, and could reference value for the enzyme kinetics evaluation of recombinant enzyme replacement therapy.

According to the requirements of the regulatory authorities, degree of modification (DP) should be included in the characterisation of the PEGylated protein drug substance, and is one of the critical quality attributes for quality control. In this study, based on the fundamental assumption that the refractive index (RI) signal and the ultraviolet (UV) signal of PEGylated protein are equal to the sum of the corresponding signal produced by the polyethylene glycol (PEG) and protein parts of the conjugates in their uncoupled state, we developed a method to determine the DP of PEGylated recombinant human growth hormone (inpegsomatropin). In this method, 20 μL of 1 mg·mL^-1 human growth hormone (hGH) standard, 2 mg·mL^-1 PEG reference substance and 1 mg·mL^-1 drug substance solution were each injected to size exclusion chromatographic (SEC) column for separation, detected with ultraviolet and refractive index (UV-RI) detectors in series. Finally, the DP was calculated as the formula derived from the fundamental assumption. The developed SEC-UV-RI method showed good specificity, repeatability (RSD = 0.63%, n = 9) and accuracy, with a recovery of 100.0%, compared with the result obtained from the simultaneously established classical acid hydrolysis method, demonstrating pretty handleability and accessibility, and is appropriate for quality control test of DP for this drug substance.

This study was aimed at identifying the bioactive components of the crude and stir-baked hawthorn for invigorating spleen and promoting digestion, respectively, to clarify the processing mechanism of hawthorn by applying the partial least squares(PLS) algorithm to build the spectrum-effect relationship model. Firstly, different polar fractions of crude and stir-baked hawthorn aqueous extracts and combinations of different fractions were prepared, respectively. Then, the contents of 24 chemical components were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effects of different polar fractions of crude hawthorn and stir-baked hawthorn aqueous extracts and combinations of different fractions were evaluated by measuring the gastric emptying rate and small intestinal propulsion rate. Finally, the PLS algorithm was used to establish the spectrum-effect relationship model. The results showed that there were significant differences in the contents of 24 chemical components for different polar fractions of crude and stir-baked hawthorn aqueous extracts and combinations of different fractions, and the gastric emptying rate and small intestinal propulsion rate of model rats were improved by administration of different polar fractions of crude and stir-baked hawthorn aqueous extracts and combinations of different fractions. The bioactive components of crude hawthorn identified by PLS models were vitexin-4″-O-glucoside, vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside, neochlorogenic acid, rutin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, citric acid, malic acid, quinic acid and fumaric acid, while neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, rutin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, citric acid, quinic acid and fumaric acid were the bioactive components of stir-baked hawthorn. This study provided data support and scientific basis for identifying the bioactive components of crude and stir-baked hawthorn, and clarifying the processing mechanism of hawthorn.
Animals ; Rats ; Spleen ; Crataegus ; Quinic Acid ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Vanillic Acid ; Algorithms ; Digestion

Background Prolonged awkward postures during occupational activities can lead to excessive musculoskeletal load on the wrist of workers and symptoms such as wrist pain or discomfort. Objective To survey the prevalence of wrist pain among workers in 10 key industries and analyze its correlation with wrist working postures. Methods By using stratified cluster sampling method, workers from 10 key industries, such as footwear manufacturing industry, shipbuilding manufacturing industry, and automobile manufacturing industry, were selected from seven regions in North China, East China, Central China, South China, Southwest China, Northwest China, and Northeast China. The demographic information, wrist working postures, pain in wrist of the workers were collected through a cross-sectional survey. Pearson χ² test was used to compare prevalence by selected factors, trend χ² test for between group comparison, and unconditional logistic regression models for the association of wrist working postures with wrist pain. Results There were 64052 workers enrolled in this survey, and 56286 provided valid questionnaires (the effective rate was 87.8%). According to the survey, the prevalence of wrist pain was 23.3% (13112/56286), and the industries with higher prevalences were footwear manufacturing (27.1%, 1927/7106), automobile manufacturing (24.9%, 5378/21560), and shipbuilding and related equipment manufacturing (24.4%, 850/3488) industries. Finger pinching (OR=2.09, 95%CI: 1.95-2.24), frequent wrist bending (OR=2.03, 95%CI: 1.92-2.15), fixed wrist bending (OR=1.77, 95%CI: 1.69-1.85), wrist on hard edge (OR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.28-1.40), and arms over shoulders (OR=1.11, 95%CI: 1.05-1.17) increased the risk of reporting wrist pain. Conclusion Awkward postures are related to wrist pain among workers in selected 10 key industries. The related factors are wrist on hard edge, frequent wrist bending, finger pinching, fixed wrist bending, and arms over shoulders.