Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a central neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment in clinical. Currently, there are no effective treatments for AD. In recent years, a variety of therapeutic approaches from different perspectives have been explored to treat AD. Although the drug therapies targeted at the clearance of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) had made a breakthrough in clinical trials, there were associated with adverse events. Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of AD. Continuous neuroinflammatory was considered to be the third major pathological feature of AD, which could promote the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. At the same time, these toxic substances could accelerate the development of neuroinflammation, form a vicious cycle, and exacerbate disease progression. Reducing neuroinflammation could break the feedback loop pattern between neuroinflammation, Aβ plaque deposition and Tau tangles, which might be an effective therapeutic strategy for treating AD. Traditional Chinese herbs such as Polygonum multiflorum and Curcuma were utilized in the treatment of AD due to their ability to mitigate neuroinflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and indomethacin had been shown to reduce the level of inflammasomes in the body, and taking these drugs was associated with a low incidence of AD. Biosynthetic nanomaterials loaded with oxytocin were demonstrated to have the capability to anti-inflammatory and penetrate the blood-brain barrier effectively, and they played an anti-inflammatory role via sustained-releasing oxytocin in the brain. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells could reduce neuroinflammation and inhibit the activation of microglia. The secretion of mesenchymal stem cells could not only improve neuroinflammation, but also exert a multi-target comprehensive therapeutic effect, making it potentially more suitable for the treatment of AD. Enhancing the level of TREM2 in microglial cells using gene editing technologies, or application of TREM2 antibodies such as Ab-T1, hT2AB could improve microglial cell function and reduce the level of neuroinflammation, which might be a potential treatment for AD. Probiotic therapy, fecal flora transplantation, antibiotic therapy, and dietary intervention could reshape the composition of the gut microbiota and alleviate neuroinflammation through the gut-brain axis. However, the drugs of sodium oligomannose remain controversial. Both exercise intervention and electromagnetic intervention had the potential to attenuate neuroinflammation, thereby delaying AD process. This article focuses on the role of drug therapy, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, gut microbiota therapy, exercise intervention, and brain stimulation in improving neuroinflammation in recent years, aiming to provide a novel insight for the treatment of AD by intervening neuroinflammation in the future.

Immobilized enzyme-based enzyme electrode biosensors, characterized by high sensitivity and efficiency, strong specificity, and compact size, demonstrate broad application prospects in life science research, disease diagnosis and monitoring, etc. Immobilization of enzyme is a critical step in determining the performance (stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility) of the biosensors. Random immobilization (physical adsorption, covalent cross-linking, etc.) can easily bring about problems, such as decreased enzyme activity and relatively unstable immobilization. Whereas, directional immobilization utilizing amino acid residue mutation, affinity peptide fusion, or nucleotide-specific binding to restrict the orientation of the enzymes provides new possibilities to solve the problems caused by random immobilization. In this paper, the principles, advantages and disadvantages and the application progress of enzyme electrode biosensors of different directional immobilization strategies for enzyme molecular sensing elements by specific amino acids (lysine, histidine, cysteine, unnatural amino acid) with functional groups introduced based on site-specific mutation, affinity peptides (gold binding peptides, carbon binding peptides, carbohydrate binding domains) fused through genetic engineering, and specific binding between nucleotides and target enzymes (proteins) were reviewed, and the application fields, advantages and limitations of various immobilized enzyme interface characterization techniques were discussed, hoping to provide theoretical and technical guidance for the creation of high-performance enzyme sensing elements and the manufacture of enzyme electrode sensors.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of dapagliflozin on contrast-induced acute kidney injury （CIAKI） and prognosis in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 （T2DM） and acute coronary syndrome （ACS） who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. METHODS Retrospective selection of data on T2DM patients with ACS who underwent PCI treatment in the Cardiology Department of Tianjin Chest Hospital from January 1st 2021 to December 31st 2022. The patients were divided into dapagliflozin group （96 cases） and control group （148 cases） based on whether they received dapagliflozin or not. Renal function indicators were measured for all enrolled patients before PCI and at 48 h and 1 week after PCI， including blood urea nitrogen （BUN）， serum creatinine （Scr）， estimated glomerular filtration rate （eGFR）， cystatin-C （Cys-C）， kidney injury molecule-1 （KIM-1） and β2-microglobulin （β2-MG）. All patients were followed up for at least 1 year. The incidence of CIAKI and major adverse cardiac event （MACE） during follow-up were recorded for both groups. Logistic regression was used to analyze the impact of dapagliflozin on the occurrence of CIAKI， while the Log-rank test was applied to compare the incidence of MACE between the two groups. Cox regression was employed to analyze the impact of dapagliflozin on prognosis. RESULTS At 48 h and 1 week after PCI， serum levels of Cys-C， KIM-1 and β2-MG were significantly lower in the dapagliflozin group compared to the control group （P＜0.05）. The incidence of CIAKI was lower in the dapagliflozin group compared to the control group （6.25% vs. 14.86%， P＝0.042）. Logistic regression analysis revealed that dapagliflozin was an independent protective factor against CIAKI （OR＝0.280， 95%CI 0.101-0.780，P＝0.015）. During the follow-up period， the incidence of MACE was lower in the dapagliflozin group compared to the control group （7.29% vs. 17.57%， P＝0.049）. Cox regression analysis indicated that dapagliflozin reduced the occurrence of MACE after PCI （HR＝0.374， 95%CI 0.161-0.866， P＝0.022）. CONCLUSIONS With adequate hydration， the use of dapagliflozin does not increase the risk of CIAKI following PCI in T2DM patients with ACS.

[Objective] To analyse and predict the tendencies of using erythrocyte blood in Changsha based on the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, long short-term memory (LSTM) and ARIMA-LSTM combination model, so as to provide reliable basis for designing a feasible and effective blood inventory management strategy. [Methods] The data of erythrocyte usage from hospitals in Changsha between January 2012 and December 2023 were collected, and ARIMA model, LSTM model and ARIMA-LSTM combination model were established. The actual erythrocyte consumption from January to May 2024 were used to assess and verify the prediction effect of the models. The extrapolation prediction accuracy of the models were tested using two evaluation indicators: mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE), and then the prediction performance of the model was compared. [Results] The RMSE of LSTM model, optimal model ARIMA(1,1,1)(1,1,1)12 and ARIMA-LSTM combination model were respectively 5 206.66, 3 096.43 and 2 745.75, and the MAPE were 18.78%,11.54% and 9.76% respectively, which indicated that the ARIMA-LSTM combination model was more accurate than the ARIMA model and LSTM model, and the prediction results was basically consistent with the actual situation. [Conclusion] The ARIMA-LSTM model can better predict the clinical erythrocyte consumption in Changsha in the short term.

Pulmonary hypertension （PH） is a severe and rare chronic cardiopulmonary disorder for which existing vasodilator therapies can only alleviate symptoms， rather than target or fundamentally reverse the disease. Additionally， the long-term prognosis remains poor. Recent studies have found that some novel anti-tumor drugs （NADs） can relieve PH， such as imatinib， gefitinib， sorafenib， olaparib， piperacillin， everolimus， rituximab， etc. However， some NADs can induce PH or exacerbate its symptoms， including dasatinib， lorlatinib， carfilzomib， bevacizumab， trastuzumab， nivolumab， etc. The effects of lapatinib， ruxolitinib， and bortezomib on PAH are controversial. Individualized medication should be adopted in clinical practice when using NADs for treatment， with close monitoring being essential.

Objective To understand the surveillance situation of poliovirus in Guangzhou from 2011 to 2024, and to further strengthen polio surveillance and ensure the continued maintenance of a polio-free status. Methods An analysis was conducted on the discovery and investigation results of six cases of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) detected in Guangzhou. Results A total of 6 VDPV incidents were reported in Guangzhou from 2011 to June 2024, among which 5 incidents were from sewage sample testing in the Liede Sewage Treatment Plant in Guangzhou, all of which were confirmed as VDPV, with 1 for type I, 1 for type II, and 3 for type III. In addition, one confirmed HFMD case was identified as a type VDPV II carrier. No presence of any wild poliovirus (WPV), VDPV cases, or circulating VDPV (cVDPV) was reported. Conclusion Guangzhou City has maintained a high level of vigilance and effectiveness in the monitoring and prevention of polio. Continuously strengthening the construction of the polio monitoring network, optimizing vaccination strategies, and comprehensively improving public health awareness are still the focus of the prevention and control work in the future.

BACKGROUND:Parkinson's disease has the main pathological changes in the midbrain,especially in the dense substantia nigra,leading to impaired motor and non-motor function in patients.At present,research is limited by cellular heterogeneity,and its pathogenesis still needs to be further elucidated.In recent years,single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)has gradually been applied in neurodegenerative diseases,which is of great significance for understanding intercellular heterogeneity,disease development mechanisms,and treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE:To review the research progress of scRNA-seq technology applied to Parkinson's disease in recent years,providing a theoretical basis for the application of scRNA-seq in the treatment and diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. METHODS:The first author used a computer system to search for relevant literature in the CNKI,WanFang,PubMed,and Web of Science databases,with the Chinese search terms"single-cell RNA sequencing,Parkinson's disease,cell heterogeneity,cell subtypes,dopaminergic neurons,glial cells"and English search terms"single-cell RNA seq,Parkinson disease,heterogenicity,subtypes,dopaminergic neurons,glial cells."71 articles were ultimately included for review and analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)scRNA-seq is a high-throughput experimental technique that utilizes RNA sequencing at the single-cell level to quantify gene expression profiles in specific cell populations,revealing cellular mysteries at the molecular level.Compared with traditional sequencing techniques,scRNA-seq technology is used to reveal the diversity of cell types and changes in specific gene expression in complex tissues under various physiological and pathological conditions through automatic clustering analysis of cell transcriptome.(2)By using scRNA-seq,the development process of dopaminergic neurons and the unique functional characteristics of various cell subtypes are elucidated,in order to better understand potential therapeutic molecular targets.(3)The use of scRNA-seq analysis has improved our understanding of the response of Parkinson's disease glial cells,enabling us to comprehensively map and characterize different cell type populations,identify specific glial cell subpopulations related to neurodegeneration,and draw valuable single cell maps as reference data for future research.(4)The application of scRNA-seq to detect embryonic mice and stem cells will help improve the in vitro differentiation protocol and quality control of cell therapy,as well as evaluate the overall cell quality and developmental stage of dopaminergic neurons derived from stem cells.

BACKGROUND:Intertrochanteric fracture of femur has various fracture types and fixation methods,and the mechanical stability of each fixation system is quite different.It is of scientific clinical significance to use finite element analysis method to carry out biomechanical research on various fixation systems. OBJECTIVE:To compare and analyze the mechanical stability of various internal fixations applied to femoral intertrochanteric fracture A031-A2.1 by finite element method. METHODS:Based on the validated finite element model of femur(Intact),the model was cut and made into A031-A2.1 intertrochanteric fracture of femur.Different internal fixation systems were implanted by simulating clinical operation methods,and fixation models of proximal femoral nail antirotation,dynamic hip screw,percutaneous compression plate and proximal femoral locking plate were established respectively.All nodes under the distal femur of the four groups of models were constrained,and compression loads of 700,1 400 and 2 100 N were applied to the femoral head.Von Mises stress distribution and compression stiffness of each group of models were observed through calculation and analysis,and mechanical stability of each group was compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Through calculation and analysis,after calculating the compression stiffness by comparing the deformation of each model,the compression stiffness of each model under various loads showed the trend:physiological group>proximal femoral nail antirotation group>proximal femoral locking plate group>percutaneous compression plate group>dynamic hip screw group.The compressive stiffness of the complete physiological group model was significantly higher than that of all surgical group models.(2)The stress index was observed.Due to the stress shielding effect,the stress peak value of each fixed group was higher than that of physiological group,and the maximum peak value was concentrated on each internal fixation.Proximal femoral nail antirotation group had the smallest stress peak,while dynamic hip screw group had the highest stress.The stress distribution trend showed physiological group

BACKGROUND:Types II,IIA,and III of Hangman fractures often require surgical treatment,and the selection of surgical methods is controversial.Current surgeries have shortcomings such as incomplete reduction and malunion after surgery.In the early stage,our team used C2-3 lag screws combined with a bucking bar.Intermittent pushing of the C2 vertebral body in the oropharynx has achieved satisfactory clinical results.However,the preliminary studies included few samples and lacked a control group for comparison. OBJECTIVE:To compare the clinical efficacy of posterior C2-3 fixation combined with the bucking bar technique and posterior C2-3 fixation alone in the treatment of unstable Hangman fractures. METHODS:The clinical and imaging data of 55 patients with unstable Hangman fractures who underwent posterior C2-3 internal fixation in Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University were retrospectively analyzed.According to the surgical plan,the patients were divided into two groups.Among them,23 patients received posterior cervical C2-3 internal fixation combined with the bucking bar technique(group A),and 32 patients received simple posterior C2-3 internal fixation(group B).Operation time,intraoperative blood loss,complications,pain visual analog scale score,neck disability index,American Spinal Injury Association classification,and patient satisfaction(Odom's classification)preoperation and during follow-up were compared between the two groups.The changes in C2-3 displacement and angulation and other imaging indicators were compared at each observation time point. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)There was no statistically significant difference in operation time,intraoperative blood loss,and postoperative complications between the two groups(P>0.05).(2)The neck pain visual analog scale and neck disability index scores of the two groups of patients at the final follow-up were significantly improved compared with those before surgery(P<0.05).The Odom standard classification showed that 21 cases(91%)in group A were excellent and 29 cases(91%)were excellent and good in group B.There was no statistically significant difference in the clinical efficacy indicators between the two groups(all P>0.05).(3)There was no significant difference in C2-3 angulation and displacement between the two groups before operation(P>0.05).Postoperation and at the last follow-up,the angle and displacement of C2-3 in both groups were significantly smaller than before surgery,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01).There was no statistically significant difference in the above indicators after surgery and at the last follow-up(P>0.05).After surgery and at the last follow-up,the displacement and angle of C2-3 in group A were significantly smaller than those in group B(P<0.05).(4)At the last follow-up,no patients in group A had residual deformity,and 4 cases(13%,4/32)in group B had residual deformity.(5)Therefore,posterior C2-3 fixation combined with transoral bucking bar technology may be beneficial to the reduction and stabilization of the vertebral body,reduces malunion,and can achieve better reduction.

The Expert Consensus on Clinical Application of Qinbaohong Zhike Oral Liquid in Treatment of Acute Bronchitis and Acute Attack of Chronic Bronchitis （GS/CACM 337-2023） was released by the China Association of Chinese Medicine on December 13^th， 2023. This expert consensus was developed by experts in methodology， pharmacy， and Chinese medicine in strict accordance with the development requirements of the China Association of Chinese Medicine （CACM） and based on the latest medical evidence and the clinical medication experience of well-known experts in the fields of respiratory medicine （pulmonary diseases） and pediatrics. This expert consensus defines the application of Qinbaohong Zhike oral liquid in the treatment of cough and excessive sputum caused by phlegm-heat obstructing lung， acute bronchitis， and acute attack of chronic bronchitis from the aspects of applicable populations， efficacy evaluation， usage， dosage， drug combination， and safety. It is expected to guide the rational drug use in medical and health institutions， give full play to the unique value of Qinbaohong Zhike oral liquid， and vigorously promote the inheritance and innovation of Chinese patent medicines.