Biomolecular condensates are formed through phase separation of biomacromolecules such as proteins and RNAs. These condensates exhibit liquid-like properties that can futher transition into more stable material states. They form complex internal structures via multivalent weak interactions, enabling precise spatiotemporal regulations. However, the use of inconsistent and non-standardized terminology has become increasingly problematic, hindering academic exchange and the dissemination of scientific knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the terminology related to biomolecular condensates in order to clarify concepts, promote interdisciplinary cooperation, enhance research efficiency, and support the healthy development of this field.

With the increasing proportion of human papilloma virus(HPV)infection in the pathogenic factors of oro-pharyngeal cancer,a series of changes have occurred in the surgical treatment.While the treatment mode has been im-proved,there are still many problems,including the inconsistency between diagnosis and treatment modes,the lack of popularization of reconstruction technology,the imperfect post-treatment rehabilitation system,and the lack of effective preventive measures.Especially in terms of treatment mode for early oropharyngeal cancer,there is no unified conclu-sion whether it is surgery alone or radiotherapy alone,and whether robotic minimally invasive surgery has better func-tional protection than radiotherapy.For advanced oropharyngeal cancer,there is greater controversy over the treatment mode.It is still unclear whether to adopt a non-surgical treatment mode of synchronous chemoradiotherapy or induction chemotherapy combined with synchronous chemoradiotherapy,or a treatment mode of surgery combined with postopera-tive chemoradiotherapy.In order to standardize the surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer in China and clarify the indications for surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer,this expert consensus,based on the characteristics and treat-ment status of oropharyngeal cancer in China and combined with the international latest theories and practices,forms consensus opinions in multiple aspects of preoperative evaluation,surgical indication determination,primary tumor re-section,neck lymph node dissection,postoperative defect repair,postoperative complication management prognosis and follow-up of oropharyngeal cancer patients.The key points include:① Before the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer,the expression of P16 protein should be detected to clarify HPV status;② Perform enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the maxillofacial region before surgery to evaluate the invasion of oropharyngeal cancer and guide precise surgical resec-tion of oropharyngeal cancer.Evaluating mouth opening and airway status is crucial for surgical approach decisions and postoperative risk prediction;③ For oropharyngeal cancer patients who have to undergo major surgery and cannot eat for one to two months,it is recommended to undergo percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy before surgery to effectively improve their nutritional intake during treatment;④ Early-stage oropharyngeal cancer patients may opt for either sur-gery alone or radiation therapy alone.For intermediate and advanced stages,HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer general-ly prioritizes radiation therapy,with concurrent chemotherapy considered based on tumor staging.Surgical treatment is recommended as the first choice for HPV unrelated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma(including primary and re-current)and recurrent HPV related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma after radiotherapy and chemotherapy;⑤ For primary exogenous T1-2 oropharyngeal cancer,direct surgery through the oral approach or da Vinci robotic sur-gery is preferred.For T3-4 patients with advanced oropharyngeal cancer,it is recommended to use temporary mandibu-lectomy approach and lateral pharyngotomy approach for surgery as appropriate;⑥ For cT1-2N0 oropharyngeal cancer patients with tumor invasion depth＞3 mm and cT3-4N0 HPV unrelated oropharyngeal cancer patients,selective neck dissection of levels ⅠB to Ⅳ is recommended.For cN+HPV unrelated oropharyngeal cancer patients,therapeutic neck dissection in regions Ⅰ-Ⅴ is advised;⑦ If PET-CT scan at 12 or more weeks after completion of radiation shows intense FDG uptake in any node,or imaging suggests continuous enlargement of lymph nodes,the patient should undergo neck dissection;⑧ For patients with suspected extracapsular invasion preoperatively,lymph node dissection should include removal of surrounding muscle and adipose connective tissue;⑨ The reconstruction of oropharyngeal cancer defects should follow the principle of reconstruction steps,with priority given to adjacent flaps,followed by distal pedicled flaps,and finally free flaps.The anterolateral thigh flap with abundant tissue can be used as the preferred flap for large-scale postoperative defects.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of Guiyuan Shujin Mixture in the treatment of patients with lumbar disc herniation(LDH)and to explore its possible therapeutic mechanism.Methods Sixty-eight patients with LDH of qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome were randomly divided into trial group and control group,with 34 cases in each group.The control group was treated with Celecoxib Tablets and Mecobalamin Tablets orally,and the trial group was treated with Guiyuan Shujin Mixture on the basis of treatment for the control group.The course of treatment lasted for 4 weeks.Before and after treatment,the two groups were observed in the changes of the Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)score of low back pain and lower limb pain,Oswestry Disability Index(ODI)score,modified Japanese Orthopedic Association(JOA)score,serum levels of inflammatory factors of tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α),interleukin 6(IL-6)and interleukin 1β(IL-1β),and serum nuclear factor-κB p65(NF-κB p65)level.After treatment,the clinical efficacy and safety of the two groups were evaluated.Results(1)During the trial,one case fell off in the trial group and 3 cases fell off in the control group.Eventually,33 cases in the trial group and 31 cases in the control group were included for the efficacy statistics.(2)After 4 weeks of treatment,the total effective rate of the trial group was 96.97%(32/33),and that of the control group was 87.10%(27/31).The intergroup comparison(tested by rank sum test)showed that the curative effect of the trial group was significantly superior to that of the control group(P＜0.05).(3)After treatment,the VAS score and ODI score of low back pain and lower limb pain in the two groups were lower than those before treatment(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01),and the modified JOA score was higher than that before treatment(P＜0.01).The decrease of VAS score and ODI score of low back pain and lower limb pain and the increase of modified JOA score in the trial group were significantly superior to those in the control group(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).(4)After treatment,the serum levels of inflammation-related indicators of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β and NF-κB p65 in the two groups were lower than those before treatment(P＜0.01),and the decrease in the trial group was significantly superior to that in the control group(P＜0.01).(5)During the treatment,the incidence of adverse events in the trial group was 2.94%(1/34)and that in the control group was 8.82%(3/34),and the difference between the two groups was not significant(P＞0.05).Conclusion Guiyuan Shujin Mixture exerts certain effect in the treatment of LDH patients with qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome.It can effectively relieve the pain symptoms of patients,improve the lumbar function of patients,and reduce the expression levels of serum inflammatory factors and NF-κB p65.The mechanism may be related with the decrease of the level of inflammatory factors and with the inhibition of the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway.

Central nervous system (CNS) injuries, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury, are essential causes of death and long-term disability and are difficult to cure, mainly due to the limited neuron regeneration and the glial scar formation. Herein, we apply extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by M2 microglia to improve the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) at the injured site, and simultaneously modify them with the injured vascular targeting peptide (DA7R) and the stem cell recruiting factor (SDF-1) on their surface via copper-free click chemistry to recruit NSCs, inducing their neuronal differentiation, and serving as the nanocarriers at the injured site (Dual-EV). Results prove that the Dual-EV could target human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), recruit NSCs, and promote the neuronal differentiation of NSCs in vitro. Furthermore, 10 miRNAs are found to be upregulated in Dual-M2-EVs compared to Dual-M0-EVs via bioinformatic analysis, and further NSC differentiation experiment by flow cytometry reveals that among these miRNAs, miR30b-3p, miR-222-3p, miR-129-5p, and miR-155-5p may exert effect of inducing NSC to differentiate into neurons. In vivo experiments show that Dual-EV nanocarriers achieve improved accumulation in the ischemic area of stroke model mice, potentiate NSCs recruitment, and increase neurogenesis. This work provides new insights for the treatment of neuronal regeneration after CNS injuries as well as endogenous stem cells, and the click chemistry EV/peptide/chemokine and related nanocarriers for improving human health.

Aim To explore the neuroproteetion of Chuanxiong injection on post-stroke depression (PSD) and its effeet on cAMP-p-CREB-BDNF pathway in hip¬pocampus.Methods Hats were randomly divided into four groups of sham, model, low-dose ( 0.1 g • kg ~1 ) of Chuanxiong injection and high-dose (0.2 g • kg 1 ) of it.The PSD model was established by middle cere-bral artery occlusion ( MCAO) combined with chronic stress stimulation.After the treatment, the behaviors of rats were observed by the tests of sugar consumption, open-field and Morris water maze.The function and status of neurons in hippocampus CA1 area were detec¬ted by Nissl staining and Neun immunofluorescence.The expressions of cAMP-p-CREB-BDNF pathway pro¬teins in hippocampus were observed by Western blot.Results Both Chuanxiong injection groups of low-dose and high-dose significantly increased consumption of sugar water, horizontal anrl vertical movement scores, decreased total route distance and route near the plat, elevated the number of Nissl body in CA1 area, re¬stored the morphology of Nissl body, and enhanced the expressions of cAMP and p-CREB in hippocampus.Additionally, the high dose group shortened swimming duration, reduced distance ratio of near plat to far from plat, and increased the expressions of Neun and BD- NF.Conclusions Chuanxiong injection has the po¬tential of improving the behavior and neurological func¬tion of PSD rats via up-regulating cAMP-CREB-BDNF pathway, protecting the neurons in hippocampal CA1 area, and ultimately alleviating the cognitive deficiency of PSD rats.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the efficacy of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injection in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and the risk factors for recurrence. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 159 infants with ROP who were born in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and underwent anti-VEGF treatment from January 2016 to December 2021. According to the presence or absence of recurrence within the follow-up period after initial anti-VEGF treatment, they were divided into a recurrence group with 24 infants and a non-recurrence group with 135 infants. The medical data were compared between the two groups, and a multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for the recurrence of ROP after anti-VEGF treatment. RESULTS: After one-time anti-VEGF treatment, all 159 infants showed regression of plus disease. Recurrence was observed in 24 infants (15.1%) after anti-VEGF treatment, with a mean interval of (8.4±2.6) weeks from treatment to recurrence. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative fundus hemorrhage and prolonged total oxygen supply time were risk factors for the recurrence of ROP (P<0.05), while gestational hypertension was a protective factor (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal anti-VEGF injection is effective for ROP. Preoperative fundus hemorrhage and long duration of oxygen therapy may increase the risk of ROP recurrence, and further studies are needed to investigate the influence of gestational hypertension on the recurrence of ROP.
Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Endothelial Growth Factors/therapeutic use* ; Hemorrhage ; Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced ; Oxygen/therapeutic use* ; Retinopathy of Prematurity/drug therapy* ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

Objective: To investigate death and attrition in HIV-infected children under initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) and associated factors in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in HIV-infected children under initial ART in Guangxi from 2004 to 2019, data from ART information system of National comprehensive AIDS prevention and treatment information system. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess factors associated with the death and attrition. Results: In 943 HIV-infected children, the overall mortality and attrition rates were 1.00/100 person-years and 0.77/100 person-years, respectively. The mortality and attrition rates within the first year of ART were 3.90/100 person-years and 1.67/100 person-years, respectively. The cumulative survival rate during the first, second, fifth and tenth year after ART was 96.14%, 95.80%, 93.68% and 91.54%, respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models results showed that being female (aHR=2.00, 95%CI: 1.17-3.40), CD4⁺T lymphocytes (CD4) counts before ART <200 cells/μl (aHR=2.79, 95%CI: 1.54-5.06), weight-for-age Z score before ART <-2 (aHR=2.38, 95%CI: 1.32-4.26), hemoglobin before ART <80 g/L (aHR=2.47, 95%CI: 1.24-4.92), initial ART with LPV/r (aHR=5.05, 95%CI: 1.15-22.12) were significantly associated with death; being female (aHR=2.23, 95%CI: 1.22-4.07) and initial ART with LPV/r (aHR=2.02, 95%CI: 1.07-3.79) were significantly associated with attrition. Conclusions: The effect of ART in HIV-infected children in Guangxi was better, but the mortality and attrition rates were high within the first year of treatment. It is necessary to strengthen the training in medical staff and health education in HIV-infected children and their parents in order to improve the treatment effect.
Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use* ; Child ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; HIV Infections/drug therapy* ; Humans ; Male ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Retrospective Studies

Objective: To investigate the impact of pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) on virological effect among HIV-infected patients having received antiretroviral therapy (ART) after three years. Methods: The baseline survey of PDR among HIV-infected patients was conducted in 2018, with a three-year follow up study. The clinic data and virological laboratory test variables were statistically analyzed. Results: Of the 2 433 participants, 41.6% (1 012/2 433) were aged between 18 and 34, 82.8% (2 015/2 433) were males, 46.9% (1 142/2 433) had education of high school or above, 22.4% (544/2 433) were farmers, 33.8% (823/2 433) were unmarried, 48.1% (1 169/2 433) were infected heterosexually and 41.3% (1 004/2 433) were with CRF07_BC. The prevalence of PDR was 4.5% (109/2 433). The prevalence of virological suppression failure (viral load ≥50 copies/ml) and drug resistance at three years follow up after ART was 8.1%(196/2 433) and 2.5%(60/2 433) respectively. The prevalence of virological suppression failure and drug resistance at three years follow up after ART were 18.3% (20/109) and 7.6% (176/2 324), and 4.6% (5/109) and 2.4% (55/2 324) among participants with PDR and non-PDR, respectively. The results of multivariate logistic regression model showed that illiteracy (aOR=3.26, 95%CI: 1.82-5.86), primary and junior high school education (aOR=1.54, 95%CI: 1.09-2.18), CD4⁺T lymphocyte count <200/μl (aOR=2.77, 95%CI: 1.75-4.37) and CD4⁺T lymphocyte count 200-499/μl (aOR=1.55, 95%CI: 1.10-2.18) at a three year follow up visit after ART, missed drugs in the past month (aOR=4.24, 95%CI: 2.92-6.17), and PDR (aOR=2.84, 95%CI: 1.67-4.85) were statistically significant with virological suppression failure on treatment. Conclusions: The prevalence of PDR in China at a low level currently, and the virological suppression failure rate is low after three years of ART. It is necessary to strengthen drug resistance monitoring of HIV-infected patients and pay attention to the influence of PDR on treatment effect.
Male ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Viral Load ; Treatment Failure ; Drug Resistance ; HIV Infections/drug therapy*

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the outcomes of the children suffered from philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph METHODS: 21 cases of firstly diagnosed Ph RESULTS: Among 21 patients, 17 were male and 4 were female with a median age of 8 years old (range, 4-12 years), the median follow-up time was 30 moths (range, 10-133 months). All the patients were treated with chemotherapy induced by the high-risk project of CCLG-ALL 2008. Among 14 patients treated with TKI plus chemotherapy, nine patients achieved complete remission. During 3 months after treatment, patients without complete molecular response or with the second complete remission and intensity desire of transplantation were treated with allo-HSCT, among 9 patients with allo-HSCT, six patients achieved long term survival. CONCLUSION At TKI era, TKI combined with strong chemotherapy can make Ph
Aged ; Child ; Female ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Philadelphia Chromosome ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/therapy* ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUND: The current deep learning diagnosis of breast masses is mainly reflected by the diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions. In China, breast masses are divided into four categories according to the treatment method: inflammatory masses, adenosis, benign tumors, and malignant tumors. These categorizations are important for guiding clinical treatment. In this study, we aimed to develop a convolutional neural network (CNN) for classification of these four breast mass types using ultrasound (US) images. METHODS: Taking breast biopsy or pathological examinations as the reference standard, CNNs were used to establish models for the four-way classification of 3623 breast cancer patients from 13 centers. The patients were randomly divided into training and test groups (n = 1810 vs. n = 1813). Separate models were created for two-dimensional (2D) images only, 2D and color Doppler flow imaging (2D-CDFI), and 2D-CDFI and pulsed wave Doppler (2D-CDFI-PW) images. The performance of these three models was compared using sensitivity, specificity, area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV), positive (LR+) and negative likelihood ratios (LR-), and the performance of the 2D model was further compared between masses of different sizes with above statistical indicators, between images from different hospitals with AUC, and with the performance of 37 radiologists. RESULTS: The accuracies of the 2D, 2D-CDFI, and 2D-CDFI-PW models on the test set were 87.9%, 89.2%, and 88.7%, respectively. The AUCs for classification of benign tumors, malignant tumors, inflammatory masses, and adenosis were 0.90, 0.91, 0.90, and 0.89, respectively (95% confidence intervals [CIs], 0.87-0.91, 0.89-0.92, 0.87-0.91, and 0.86-0.90). The 2D-CDFI model showed better accuracy (89.2%) on the test set than the 2D (87.9%) and 2D-CDFI-PW (88.7%) models. The 2D model showed accuracy of 81.7% on breast masses ≤1 cm and 82.3% on breast masses >1 cm; there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.001). The accuracy of the CNN classifications for the test set (89.2%) was significantly higher than that of all the radiologists (30%). CONCLUSIONS: The CNN may have high accuracy for classification of US images of breast masses and perform significantly better than human radiologists. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chictr.org, ChiCTR1900021375; http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=33139.
Area Under Curve ; Breast/diagnostic imaging* ; Breast Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging* ; China ; Deep Learning ; Humans ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity