Diabetic kidney disease （DKD） is one of the more common chronic kidney diseases，and its causes are complex. DKD is very easy to progress to end-stage renal disease，and the current therapeutic effect still needs to be improved. As an important excretive organ of the human body， the kidney has physiological functions such as discharging metabolic waste， regulating fluid balance， and maintaining the stability of the body's internal environment. These highly complex biochemical processes all depend on the energy support provided by mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key factor causing kidney injury， and the imbalance of mitochondrial homeostasis is an important link leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. The occurrence and development of DKD are often accompanied by the imbalance of mitochondrial homeostasis in renal cells. Mitochondrial autophagy， as a means of regulating mitochondrial homeostasis， is very important for the prevention and treatment of DKD. The PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 （PINK1）/Parkin pathway is one of the most classical pathways to regulate mitochondrial autophagy. Recent studies have found that some drugs can regulate the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway to target mitochondrial homeostasis and exert renoprotective effects. In particular， traditional Chinese medicine has a significant effect on early and middle stage DKD by regulating PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated mitochondrial autophagy. This article discussed the mechanism of PINK1/Parkin pathway in mitochondrial autophagy and DKD and reviewed the effect of PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated mitochondrial autophagy on DKD. At the same time， it explored the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese and western medicine on DKD mediated by PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitochondrial autophagy， aiming to broaden the ideas of traditional Chinese and western medicine for the prevention and treatment of DKD from the perspective of PINK1/Parkin regulating mitochondrial autophagy.

Diabetic kidney disease （DKD） is one of the more common chronic kidney diseases，and its causes are complex. DKD is very easy to progress to end-stage renal disease，and the current therapeutic effect still needs to be improved. As an important excretive organ of the human body， the kidney has physiological functions such as discharging metabolic waste， regulating fluid balance， and maintaining the stability of the body's internal environment. These highly complex biochemical processes all depend on the energy support provided by mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key factor causing kidney injury， and the imbalance of mitochondrial homeostasis is an important link leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. The occurrence and development of DKD are often accompanied by the imbalance of mitochondrial homeostasis in renal cells. Mitochondrial autophagy， as a means of regulating mitochondrial homeostasis， is very important for the prevention and treatment of DKD. The PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 （PINK1）/Parkin pathway is one of the most classical pathways to regulate mitochondrial autophagy. Recent studies have found that some drugs can regulate the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway to target mitochondrial homeostasis and exert renoprotective effects. In particular， traditional Chinese medicine has a significant effect on early and middle stage DKD by regulating PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated mitochondrial autophagy. This article discussed the mechanism of PINK1/Parkin pathway in mitochondrial autophagy and DKD and reviewed the effect of PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated mitochondrial autophagy on DKD. At the same time， it explored the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese and western medicine on DKD mediated by PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitochondrial autophagy， aiming to broaden the ideas of traditional Chinese and western medicine for the prevention and treatment of DKD from the perspective of PINK1/Parkin regulating mitochondrial autophagy.

Autoimmune hepatitis （AIH） is a chronic inflammatory liver disease. The pathogenesis of AIH remains unclear， but it is mainly autoimmune injury caused by the breakdown of autoimmune tolerance due to the abnormal activation of the immune system， while the specific molecular mechanism remains unknown. Recent studies have shown that abnormal amino acid metabolism plays an important role in the development and progression of AIH. This article reviews the research advances in amino acid metabolic reprogramming in AIH， in order to provide a theoretical basis for amino acid metabolism as a new target for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of AIH.

Objective: To explore the associations of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior (SB) among primary and secondary school students and their parents, so as to provide a scientific basis for formulating targeted physical activity promotion strategies for children and adolescents. Methods: From 2021 to 2022, basic information and 24 h movement behaviors of 2 484 pairs of students and their parents were collected from five primary and secondary schools in Haizhu District, Guangzhou City, with a convenient sampling combining with cluster sampling method. Component regression models were constructed to analyze the relationship between parental MVPA, SB and primary and secondary school students MVPA and SB, and a component isochronous substitution model was used to explore the effects of mutual substitution between parental MVPA, residual components (time use components other than SB during the 24 h period), and SB on the behavioral activities of MVPA and SB in primary and secondary school students. Results: Parental MVPA and SB of students in grade 1 to 3 were positively correlated with both students MVPA and SB ( β=0.06, 0.12, P <0.01). The component isochronous substitution model showed that substituting 10 and 20 minutes of MVPA for SB by parents in grade 1 to 3 was associated with an increase in MVPA of students, and substituting 10 and 20 minutes of residual ingredients for SB was associated with a decrease in SB of students, with mean changes of 0.8 (95% CI =0.4-1.2) and 1.4 (95% CI =0.7-2.2) and -1.4 (95% CI =-1.7 to -1.1) and -2.9 (95% CI =-3.4 to -2.3)( P <0.05). No statistically significant associations were observed between parents of students in grades 4 to 6 and 7 to 9 and students physical activity and sedentary behaviour ( P >0.05). Conclusions Parents of students in grades 1 to 3 increases MVPA and decrease SB are beneficial to increase MVPA and decrease SB of students. Parents could promote physical activity among primary and secondary school students, and the intervention gateway should be advanced, with the low grades as the optimal intervention period.

Evidence serves as the driving force shifting medical practice from empirical medicine towards evidence-based medicine. In the current era of information explosion, it is challenging for clinical surgeons to extract evidence from the vast pool of primary research literature to address clinical issues. Literature reviews, as a form of synthesized evidence, are particularly crucial for precise and efficient evidence utilization. A new form of review within the framework of evidence-based medicine, systematic reviews, also has widespread application in the surgical domain. With the development of methodological approaches in evidence-based medicine, the types of systematic reviews continue to diversify. This paper outlines and summarizes the common types and methodologies of systematic reviews in the surgical field, aiming to provide a clear framework for surgical practitioners to select evidence for both confirming and innovating clinical practices in specific clinical challenges.

One of the significant hurdles in telemedicine, particularly in ophthalmology, is the absence of direct physical examination. This specialty depends extensively on specialized instruments that typically require proficient operators. Visual function tests are crucial for both outpatient and inpatient ophthalmic services, playing a vital role in screening, diagnosing, monitoring treatment effectiveness, and managing follow-ups for various eye conditions. The progress in mobile technology has paved the way for expanding these tests beyond traditional clinic settings, promoting the creation of patient-focused, straightforward, cost-effective, and efficient measurement tools. In light of the swift advancement of digital technologies, this article reviews the characteristics, and reliability of self-administered visual function tests tools, including visual acuity, refractive error assessment, visual field, contrast sensitivity, and color vision, along with other pertinent diagnostic tools that have been developed and validated for accuracy and repeatability through research, with a view to providing ophthalmologists and patients with scientific and practical references when selecting and using these tools, further promoting efficiency and efficacy of teleophthalmology.

Objective: To screen the frequency of CD36 antigen expression in platelet donor database in Shaanxi province and analyze the molecular genetic characteristics of samples with CD36 antigen deficiency and low expression. Methods: A total of 525 platelet donors samples were randomly collected during May 2023. CD36-FITC monoclonal antibody was used for immunofluorescence labeling, and flow cytometry was applied to detect the expression of CD36 antigen on platelets. For samples with CD36 antigen deficiency on platelets, the expression of CD36 on monocytes was further detected. Samples with CD36 antigen deficiency and low expression were sequenced and analyzed. Results: Among the 525 blood samples, 99.24% (521/525) showed positive expression of CD36 antigen. There were differences in the expression intensity of CD36 antigen, with low expression accounting for 3.43% (18/525) and CD36 antigen deficiency accounting for 0.76% (4/525), all of which were type Ⅱ deficiency. The exon mutation frequency of CD36 type Ⅱ deficiency and low expression samples was 31.82% (7/22), and the exon mutation types were 121-1_126delGCAAGTT, 329-330delAC, 1142T>G, 1204-1246dupl 43bp, 1221G>A, and 1228-1239delATTGTGCCTATT. All four cases of CD36 type Ⅱ deficiency had a 121-6 T>C mutation in intron 3. All CD36 low expression samples had a mutation of 282-10A>G, and 121-6T>C mutation rate was 61.1%(11/18). Conclusion: There were differences in the expression of CD36 antigen in the platelet donor database in Shaanxi province, which may be caused by multiple molecular genetic variations. The frequency of CD36 antigen deficiency in Shaanxi was lower than that of Han, Zhuang and Yao populations in southern China. This study provides references for solving the CD36 antibody mediated transfusion reaction and auxiliary treatment of diseases caused by CD36 antigen deficiency in the future. It also provides a basis for investigating the molecular mechanisms of CD36 deficiency and low expression.

OBJECTIVE From the perspective of China’s healthcare system， to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of tislelizumab in patients with locally advanced or metastatic squamous or non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） whose disease progresses or is intolerable after receiving platinum-containing dual chemotherapy in the past. METHODS Rationale-303 research data were used to construct a partitioned survival model. The model period was set to be 21 days and simulated to 120 months. Using quality-adjusted life year （QALY） as a health output index， the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio （ICER） was calculated by discounting cost and health output with a discount rate of 5%. Single-factor sensitivity analysis and probability sensitivity analysis were performed to verify the robustness of the basic analysis results. RESULTS Cost-utility analysis results showed that the ICER of tislelizumab group was 65 653.52 yuan/QALY， compared with docetaxel group. This means that the regimen of tislelizumab was more cost-effective than the docetaxel regimen when the willingness-to-pay threshold （WTP） was 3 times China’s gross domestic product （GDP） per capita in 2023 （268 200 yuan/QALY）. The results of single-factor sensitivity analysis showed that the three parameters that had a greater impact on ICER were the prices of tislelizumab， docetaxel and pemetrexed. The results of the probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that the probabilities of the above two treatment regimens being cost-effective were both 50% when the WTP threshold was approximately 65 000 yuan/QALY. The probability of tislelizumab regimen being cost- effective was 100% when the WTP threshold was ≥134 000 yuan/QALY. CONCLUSIONS From the perspective of China’s healthcare system， when taking 3 times China’s GDP per capita in 2023 as the WTP threshold， tislelizumab is cost-effective for patients with locally advanced or metastatic squamous or non-squamous NSCLC after receiving platinum-containing dual chemotherapy in the past， compared with docetaxel.

This paper explores the therapeutic approach for glaucoma based on the concept of "jueyin （厥阴） as the closing phase" from the perspectives of time and space. In traditional Chinese medicine， jueyin governs inward， converging aspect of qi， representing the crucial turning point between the end of yin and the emergence of yang， as well as the transformation between yin and yang. When the closing and descending function of jueyin operates smoothly， it promotes the inward convergence and smooth descent of qi， enabling the internal retention of blood， spirit， and emotions， which nourishes the internal organs and moistens the meridian-sinews. Conversely， dysfunction of this "closing" mechanism results in a disturbance of yin and yang， a mixture of cold and heat， and disharmony of qi and blood. It is proposed that "failure of jueyin to properly close and descend" is a core pathomechanism of glaucoma. From the perspective of spatiotemporal theory， clinical treatment should focus on "regulating the closing function of jueyin and harmonizing yin and yang". The modified Wumei Pill （乌梅丸） is recommended to adjust the ascending-descending and entering-exiting dynamics of jueyin qi transformation， thereby restoring its free flow， achieving yin and yang balance， and ensuring nourishment to the ocular system.

OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate the risk factors for ineffective eradication therapy of adult Helicobacter pylori （Hp） infection. METHODS Retrieved from PubMed，Web of Science， the Cochrane Library， Embase， CNKI， VIP and Wanfang Data， cohort studies and case-control studies on the eradication therapy for Hp infection in adult patients were searched from Jan. 2000 to Jul. 2024. After screening literature， extracting data， and evaluating the quality of literature， RevMan 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis， and sensitivity analysis and publication bias analysis were also performed. RESULTS A total of 19 articles were included， all of which were cohort studies， involving 9 931 patients in total. Among them， 1 929 patients were ineffective in eradication therapy， with the ineffective rates ranging from 8.02% to 33.33%. Meta-analysis showed that age＜50 years [OR＝1.33， 95%CI （1.12，1.57）， P＜0.001]， body mass index （BMI）＞25 kg/m2 [OR＝1.87， 95%CI （1.35， 2.59）， P＝ 0.000 2]， a history of smoking [OR＝1.62， 95%CI（1.35， 1.95）， P＜0.001]， a history of drinking [OR＝1.93， 95%CI（1.47， 2.54）， P＜0.001]， living in a rural area [OR＝1.74， 95%CI（1.41， 2.15）， P＜0.001]， having non-peptic ulcer [OR＝3.45， 95%CI （1.75， 6.67）， P＝0.000 3]， a family members’ infection history [OR＝4.72， 95%CI（3.32， 6.74）， P＜0.001]， poor treatment compliance [OR＝4.89， 95%CI （3.07， 7.79）， P＜0.001]， amoxicillin resistance [OR＝3.42， 95%CI （1.95， 6.00）， P＜0.001] and clarithromycin resistance [OR＝8.14， 95%CI（5.00， 13.24）， P＜0.001] had significant impacts on ineffective eradication therapy of Hp infection in adults. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias analysis showed that the result of this study was robust and reliable. CONCLUSIONS Age＜50 years， BMI＞25 kg/m， a history of smoking， a history of drinking， living in a rural area， having non-peptic ulcer， a family members’ infection history， poor treatment compliance， amoxicillin resistance and clarithromycin resistance are risk factors for failure of Hp infection eradication therapy in adults.