Abstract Cohort studies characterized by clear temporal sequencing, rigorous control of confounding factors, and other methodological strengths, has effectively promoted scientific exploration of the effects of pregnancy exposure on children s health. The review focuses on the impacts of adverse maternal factors during pregnancy on children s physical growth and development, sorts out the scientific evidence on the longitudinal association between adverse exposures (such as endocrine and metabolic disorders，environmental pollutants，lifestyle factors，and psychological stressors) and children s growth trajectories in existing cohort studies, explores the path of transforming high quality research results into potential public health intervention strategies to promote the in depth development of health protection for children and adolescents, thereby contributing to enhancing population health and the long term goal of sustainable societal development.

Objective: To analyze the relationship between body mass index(BMI) during pre pregnancy, maternal lipid levels during early pregnancy and childhood overweight and obesity, as well as the mediating role of maternal lipid levels during early pregnancy in pre pregnancy BMI and childhood overweight and obesity, providing scientific evidence for developing obesity prevention strategies in preschool children. Methods: Using data from Peking University Birth Cohort in Tongzhou (PKUBC-T) collected between June 2018 and September 2022, the study included 1 292 mother-child pairs. Participants were stratified into two groups based on children s BMI Z scores at age 3: an overweight/obesity risk group (BMI Z >1, n =173) and a non overweight/obesity risk group (BMI Z ≤1, n =1 119).Multivariate Logistic regression was conducted to analyze the associations between pre pregnancy BMI, maternal lipid levels[total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride（TG）,high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),TC/HDL-C,TG/HDL-C,LDL-C/HDL-C] during early pregnancy and childhood overweight and obesity. The mediating effect of maternal lipid levels during early pregnancy on pre pregnancy BMI and childhood overweight and obesity was further explored. Results: There were statistically significant differences in pregnancy BMI levels, early pregnancy blood LDL-C ,TC/HDL-C,LDL-C/HDL-C levels between the overweight and obesity risk group and the non overweight and obesity risk group ( χ 2/Z =19.01, 2.48, 2.48, 2.71, all P <0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that pre pregnancy BMI, LDL-C, TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C in early pregnancy were significantly associated with childhood overweight and obesity ( OR =1.09, 1.42, 1.49, 1.60, all P <0.05). LDL-C, TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C in early pregnancy played a significant mediating role on pre pregnancy BMI and childhood obesity and the mediating effects accounted for 7.3%, 10.2%, 23.5% of the total effects, respectively (all P <0.05). Conclusions Maternal hyperlipidemia during early pregnancy partially mediated the association between pre pregnancy obesity and childhood obesity. Both pre pregnancy obesity and maternal hyperlipidemia during early pregnancy are risk factors for obesity in preschool children.

Abstract Exposure to per and polyfuloroalkyl substances(PFASs) during pregnancy may pose hazards to fetuses at the sensitive early stage of life, impacting intrauterine and postnatal growth and development. By reviewing existing domestic and international studies, the article summarizes the internal exposure levels of PFASs in pregnant women from different countries and regions, and clarifies the impact of prenatal PFASs exposure on the growth and development of offspring and potential biological mechanisms, so as to provide a basis for subsequent cohort studies and the formulation of protective policies.