Ethical utilitarianism is a consequence-oriented ethical theory that pursues the maximization of happiness and fully considers the long-term impact of behavior. In the ethical review of human organ donation and transplantation, this theory is mainly applied in three aspects, ethical review supervision, process and content. However, in practice, it faces challenges such as the difficulty and subjectivity of utility calculation, the balance between individual rights and social welfare, the long-term impact of decision-making, and international cooperation under a global perspective. Therefore, governance strategies such as improving ethical review policy rules, refining the ethical review system by drawing on international experience, and strengthening public education and publicity are proposed. Despite many challenges, ethical utilitarianism still provides an important theoretical framework for the ethical review of human organ donation and transplantation. Therefore, this article reviews the application of ethical utilitarianism in the ethical review of human organ donation and transplantation and its challenges, aiming to provide a reference for related research on the ethical review of human organ donation and transplantation.

Objective To explore the effects and mechanisms of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (HUC-MSC)-derived exosomes (Exo) pretreated with Huangkui capsules on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Methods HUC-MSCs were cultured in media containing different concentrations of Huangkui capsules for 24 hours to determine cell viability and select an appropriate concentration for subsequent experiments. HUC-MSCs were pretreated with 50 μg/mL Huangkui capsules for 24 hours, and Exo were extracted using an exosome extraction kit. The morphology was observed under a transmission electron microscope, particle size was measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis, and the expression of exosomal membrane surface marker proteins was detected by Western blot. Human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) were randomly divided into hypoxia/reoxygenation group (M group), hypoxia/reoxygenation + Exo group (E group), and hypoxia/reoxygenation + Huangkui capsules pretreated Exo group (H group). Western blotting was used to measure the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related proteins, and real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expression of ERS-related gene messenger RNA (mRNA). Mice were randomly divided into sham operation group (Sham group), ischemia-reperfusion group (I/R group), ischemia-reperfusion + Exo group (E group), and ischemia-reperfusion + Huangkui capsules pretreated Exo group (H group). Renal histological assessment, serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) measurement and inflammatory factor detection were performed 24 hours later. Results Both Exo and Huangkui capsules prereated Exo had a bilayer membrane structure and a cup-shaped morphology; their average particle sizes were 116.8 nm and 81.3 nm, respectively. Both expressed CD9, CD63, TSG101. Compared with the M group, the E group had decreased relative expression of transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) proteins, increased mRNA relative expression, increased relative expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) protein, and decreased mRNA relative expression. Compared with the E group, the H group had decreased relative expression of ATF6, PERK, CHOP proteins, and decreased mRNA relative expression of ATF6 and PERK (all P<0.05). Animal experimental results showed that compared with the Sham group, the I/R group had increased renal tubular injury scores, Scr, BUN, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels. Compared with the I/R group, the E and H groups had decreased renal tubular injury scores and Scr, BUN, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-18, TNF-α levels. Compared with the E group, the H group had decreased renal tubular injury scores and Scr, BUN, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-18, TNF-α levels (all P<0.05). Conclusions Huangkui capsules pretreatment HUC-MSC-derived Exo may alleviate renal IRI by inhibiting ERS.

With the development of space technology,the health risks for astronauts in space have also increased,which has made the application value of telemedicine technology in space exploration more prominent.In the outer space environment,various exogenous and endogenous factors may affect human health in multiple ways.As deep space exploration advances and space technology develops,the risks of astronauts'health issues in space increase,and telemedicine technology has important application value in space exploration,which is related to astronauts'lives,health,and the success of missions.This article summarizes the research progress of telemedicine technology in recent years,analyzes remote medical diagnosis and treatment,intelligent surgical robots,and the application of artificial intelligence,discusses the latest progress in related fields at home and abroad,and provides a reference for the medical support of long-term space flight.

Objective:To analyze the current situation of the development and allocation of medical and health resources in Liaoning Province,and provide references and guidance for relevant departments to optimize and balance the allocation of medical resources.Methods:Based on data from the Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Statistics,a comparative analysis was conducted on the development and allocation of medical resources in Liaoning Province from the dimensions of time and geography.Indicators such as Lorentz curve,Gini coefficient,and health resource density index were used to quantitatively evaluate the equity of medical and health resource allocation and distribution in Liaoning Province.Results:The allocation level of medical resources in central cities is relatively high,while the northwest region of the province is relatively weak.Conclusion:In recent years,the allocation of medical resources in various regions of the province has been improved,but differences still exist.These differences can be gradually reduced through policy guidance,introduction of information technology,and strengthening of human resource construction.

Objective:To analyze the current situation of the development and allocation of medical and health resources in Liaoning Province,and provide references and guidance for relevant departments to optimize and balance the allocation of medical resources.Methods:Based on data from the Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Statistics,a comparative analysis was conducted on the development and allocation of medical resources in Liaoning Province from the dimensions of time and geography.Indicators such as Lorentz curve,Gini coefficient,and health resource density index were used to quantitatively evaluate the equity of medical and health resource allocation and distribution in Liaoning Province.Results:The allocation level of medical resources in central cities is relatively high,while the northwest region of the province is relatively weak.Conclusion:In recent years,the allocation of medical resources in various regions of the province has been improved,but differences still exist.These differences can be gradually reduced through policy guidance,introduction of information technology,and strengthening of human resource construction.

Objective To analyze the effect of neurofeedback training based on early start Denver model(ESDM)on children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD). Methods From August,2020 to May,2024,a total of 60 children with ASD from Hangzhou Children's Hospital were randomly divided into control group(n=30)and observation group(n=30).The control group received ESDM intervention,while the observation group received neurofeedback training in addition,for six months.They were assessed with Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist(ATEC)and Psycho-Educational Profile-3rd Edition(PEP-3). Results After treatment,the score of ATEC was lower in the observation group than in the control group(t=3.545,P<0.05),the scores of cognition(t=2.236,P=0.029),emotional expression(t=2.293,P=0.025)and problem be-havior(Z=2.099,P=0.036)were higher in the observation group than in the control group.The score differenc-es of ATEC(Z=3.620,P<0.001),and cognition(Z=2.920,P<0.05)and problem behaviors(Z=4.209,P<0.05)of PEP-3 before and after intervention were higher in the observation group than in the control group. Conclusion Combination of neurofeedback training could improve the effect of ESDM on ASD.

Objective To analyze serum characteristics and determine the reference range for thyroid function among healthy 11～16 year-old teenagers in Xi'an in order to offer a theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and therapy.Methods A sum of 1 378 healthy 11～16 year-old teenagers who met the inclusion criteria from the First Affiliated Hospital of the Air Force Medical University(Xijing Hospital)between January 2020 and December 2022 were selected as research subjects,including 628 males and 750 females.They were divided into three groups based on age:Group 1:11～＜13 year-olds(433 cases),Group 2:13～＜15 year-olds(425 cases),and Group 3:15～≤16 year-olds(520 cases).Differences in serum thyroid function indices among different genders and age groups were analyzed,the reference ranges for these indices were established,and 99 healthy 11-16 year-old teenagers who met the inclusion criteria were chosen for verification.Results There were no significant differences between different genders in thyroid stimulating hormone[TSH,2.56(1.80,3.63)μIU/ml vs 2.43(1.68,3.48)μIU/ml]and total thyroxine[TT4,97.84(85.34,111.00)nmol/L vs 98.20(87.16,111.23)nmol/L],the differences were statistically significant(Z=-1.881,-0.638,all P＞0.05).Meanwhile,the differences in free thyroxine[FT4,16.93(15.49,18.60)pmol/L vs 16.26(14.80,17.83)pmol/L],free triiodothyronine[FT3,6.21(5.66,6.80)pmol/L vs 5.59(4.98,6.19)pmol/L],and total triiodothyronine[TT3,2.24(1.96,2.55)nmol/L vs 2.04(1.78,2.34)nmol/L]between different genders were significant(Z=-5.368,-11.994,-6.417 all P＜0.01).The differences in thyroid function indices were significant among different age groups(Z=10.649～261.003,all P＜0.05).The reference ranges for thyroid function indices across different age groups and genders were established,in which thyroid function indicators were verified to be within the established reference range by 99 samples.Conclusion Teenage hormone secretion varies greatly,and the secretion of thyroid hormones is influenced by various factors.Thus,the diagnosis and treatment of teenage thyroid diseases cannot fully rely on the reference ranges provided by adults or manufacturers.This study established the reference range of the thyroid function indices of 11～16 year-old teenagers in Xi'an,offering clinical doctors'diagnosis and treatment data support.

Objective:To analyze the current situation of the development and allocation of medical and health resources in Liaoning Province,and provide references and guidance for relevant departments to optimize and balance the allocation of medical resources.Methods:Based on data from the Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Statistics,a comparative analysis was conducted on the development and allocation of medical resources in Liaoning Province from the dimensions of time and geography.Indicators such as Lorentz curve,Gini coefficient,and health resource density index were used to quantitatively evaluate the equity of medical and health resource allocation and distribution in Liaoning Province.Results:The allocation level of medical resources in central cities is relatively high,while the northwest region of the province is relatively weak.Conclusion:In recent years,the allocation of medical resources in various regions of the province has been improved,but differences still exist.These differences can be gradually reduced through policy guidance,introduction of information technology,and strengthening of human resource construction.

Objective:To analyze the current situation of the development and allocation of medical and health resources in Liaoning Province,and provide references and guidance for relevant departments to optimize and balance the allocation of medical resources.Methods:Based on data from the Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Statistics,a comparative analysis was conducted on the development and allocation of medical resources in Liaoning Province from the dimensions of time and geography.Indicators such as Lorentz curve,Gini coefficient,and health resource density index were used to quantitatively evaluate the equity of medical and health resource allocation and distribution in Liaoning Province.Results:The allocation level of medical resources in central cities is relatively high,while the northwest region of the province is relatively weak.Conclusion:In recent years,the allocation of medical resources in various regions of the province has been improved,but differences still exist.These differences can be gradually reduced through policy guidance,introduction of information technology,and strengthening of human resource construction.

Objective:To analyze the current situation of the development and allocation of medical and health resources in Liaoning Province,and provide references and guidance for relevant departments to optimize and balance the allocation of medical resources.Methods:Based on data from the Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Statistics,a comparative analysis was conducted on the development and allocation of medical resources in Liaoning Province from the dimensions of time and geography.Indicators such as Lorentz curve,Gini coefficient,and health resource density index were used to quantitatively evaluate the equity of medical and health resource allocation and distribution in Liaoning Province.Results:The allocation level of medical resources in central cities is relatively high,while the northwest region of the province is relatively weak.Conclusion:In recent years,the allocation of medical resources in various regions of the province has been improved,but differences still exist.These differences can be gradually reduced through policy guidance,introduction of information technology,and strengthening of human resource construction.