OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of parental behaviors on the onset and severity of eating disorders, this study compared aspects of perceived parental styles, according to eating disorder subtypes and age at onset in Korean women with eating disorders. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-seven patients with eating disorders[Anorexia Nervosa (AN), N=49; Bulimia Nervosa(BN), N=118] were recruited for this study. Perceived parent behaviors were assessed with Parental Behavior Inventory(PBI) self-rating scale. The study subjects also completed the Eating Disorder Inventory -2 (EDI-2) to assess the severity of eating disorder symptoms. RESULTS: In anorexia nervosa, early onset group(<16 years) reported low paternal affection and high paternal rational expression, low maternal interference than group with age at onset over 16 years. The severity of eating disorder symptoms was negatively associated with mother affection and rational expression in two subtypes of eating disorder(AN and BN). On stepwise regression analysis, paternal affection and maternal over-protection were associated with age of onset only in AN group and maternal affection was associated with the severity of symptoms in both groups of eating disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the role of family function and perceived parental styles could help improve the management of eating disorders. These results emphasize the importance of fathers' role in the eating disorder on the age of onset, a relatively unexplored area of eating disorder research. Also, we investigated the importance of mothers' affection on the severity of symptoms.
Age of Onset ; Anorexia Nervosa* ; Bulimia ; Bulimia Nervosa* ; Eating ; Eating Disorders ; Female ; Humans ; Mothers ; Parents*

OBJECTIVE: The chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II)) is particularly effective against cervical cancer. The purpose of this study is to elucidate combination effect of cisplatin and green tea extracts on the growth inhibition of TC-1 cell. METHODS: To observe the anti-proliferative effects, we treated different doses of cisplatin (0.1, 0.5, 2.5 uM), GTP (1, 5, 25 ug/ml) and EGCG (25, 50, 100 uM). to TC-1 cells. Also, we treated 0.5 uM of cisplatin and different doses of GTP (1 and 5 ug/ml) or EGCG (25 and 50 uM). Cell viability was scored by use of MTT assay. In addition, E6 gene expression patterns in TC-1 cell were investigated by using RT-PCR. RESULTS: Cell growth inhibition in a dose dependent was observed at the different concentration of ciaplatin, GTP and EGCG. Also, in the groups treated by 0.5 uM of cisplatin and GTP (1 and 5 ug/ml) or EGCG (25 and 50 uM), the inhibition of cell growth showed with 12.2%, 6.9% and 63.4%, 72.2% as compared to the group treated by cisplatin only. In RT-PCR, down regulation of E6 was shown. CONCLUSION: Additive effect of the combination of cisplatin with GTP or EGCG on the inhibition of cell growth was observed. This effect suggests the possibility lowering the concentration of chemotherapeutic drugs, which alleviate the side effect of drugs.
Cell Survival ; Cisplatin* ; Down-Regulation ; Gene Expression ; Guanosine Triphosphate ; Tea* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

PURPOSE: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has a significant role in cervical carcinogenesis, and HPV oncoprotein E7 plays an important part in the formation and maintenance of cervical cancer. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) has been reported to induce a cellular immune response, and to suppress the tumor growth and the E7 production. Here we describe the use of adenoviral delivery of the HPV 16 E7 subunit (AdE7) along with adenoviral delivery of IL-12 (AdIL-12) in mice with HPV-associated tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were injected with TC-1 cells to establish TC-1 tumor, and then they were immunized with AdIL-12 and/or AdE7 intratumorally. The anti tumor effects induced by AdIL-12 and/or E7 were evaluated by measuring the size of the tumor. E7-specific antibody and INF-gamma production in sera, and the T-helper cell proliferative responses were then measured. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and T cell subset depletion studies were also performed. RESULTS: Combined AdIL-12 and AdE7 infection at the tumor sites significantly enhanced the antitumor effects more than that of AdIL-12 or AdE7 single infection. This combined infection resulted in regression of the 9 mm sized tumors in 80% of animals as compare to the PBS group. E7-specific antibody and INF-gamma production in the sera, and the T-helper cell proliferative responses were significantly higher with coinfection of AdIL-12 and AdE7 than with AdIL-12 or AdE7 alone. CTL response induced by AdIL-12 and AdE7 in the coinjected group suggested that tumor suppression was mediated by mostly CD8+ and only a little by the CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSION: IL-12 and E7 application using adenovirus vector showed antitumor immunity effects against TC-1 tumor, and this system could be use in clinical applications for HPV-associated cancer.
Adenoviridae ; Animals ; Carcinogenesis ; Coinfection ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; Humans* ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunization* ; Interleukin-12* ; Mice ; T-Lymphocytes ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

OBJECTIVE: Comparison of protein expressions by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) in normal cervix and squamous cell carcinoma tissues in Korean women. METHODS: Normal cervix and squamous cell carcinoma tissues were solubilized with 2-DE buffer and the first dimension of PROTEAN IEF CELL, isoelectric focusing (IEF), was performed using pH3-10 linear IPG strips of 17 cm. And then running 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and sliver stain. Scanned image was analyzed using PDQuest 2-D softwareTM. Protein spot spectrum was identified by assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of fighting (MALDI-TOF) and the protein mass spectrum identifications were performed by searching protein databases of Swiss-prot/TrEMBL, Mascot and MS-FIT. RESULTS: We found 9 up-regulation proteins (Alpha enolase, Keratin 19 type I, Keratin 20 type I, Keratin 13 type I, beta-actin, Aflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductase 1, Annexin A2, Squamous cell carcinoma antigen 2, unknown), 7 down-reguation proteins (Annexin 1, Myosin regulatory light chain 2, 14-3-3 protein epsilon, Heat shock 27 kDa protein, Hypothetical protein (DKFZP434C1715), Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13B, Smoth muscle protein 22-alpha) and 6 up and down-regulation proteins (Tropomyosin 1, Tropomyosin 2, Tropomyosin 3, Serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein alpha isoform, Src homology 3 domain-containing protein HIP-55) between normal cervix and squamous cell carcinoma cell tissues. CONCLUSION: 2-DE offers total protein expressions between normal cervix and squamous cell carcinoma cell tissues, and searching of differently expressed protein for the diagnostic markers of squamous cell carcinoma tissue.
14-3-3 Proteins ; Actins ; Aflatoxin B1 ; Aldehyde Reductase ; Annexin A2 ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cervix Uteri ; Databases, Protein ; Down-Regulation ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional* ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Female ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Isoelectric Focusing ; Keratin-13 ; Keratin-19 ; Keratin-20 ; Mass Spectrometry* ; Muscle Proteins ; Myosin Light Chains ; Phospholipid Transfer Proteins ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor ; Running ; Serine ; Shock ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate ; Tropomyosin ; Up-Regulation ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

OBJECTIVE: The molecular pathology of cervical cancer associated with human papillomavirus infection is presently unclear. In an effort to clarify the multiple interactions of a number of genes involved in cervical carcinogenesis, the gene expression profiles and pathogenic cellular processes between human cervical squamous cell carcinoma and normal cervix were investigated by mRNA differential display and the Gene Ontology analysis. METHODS: Cervical cancer biopsies were obtained from patients at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Catholic University of Korea. The disease status was assigned according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. The squamous cell carcinoma tissue samples of 3 patients invasive cancer stage II (1), IV (2) were investigated by mRNA differential display. As a control, we used a common reference that was mixed with equal amount of RNA obtained from 17 normal cervix to obtain variation- independent control. Also, we constructed hierarchical functional structures using gene ontology. Then, the specific function groups were correlated with differential gene expression profiles. In addition, specific gene expression patterns in several tissue samples were investigated by using DDRT-PCR analysis. RESULTS: Differentially expressed 191 genes were identified in tumor samples. Of these genes, 128 were up-regulated and 63 were down-regulated above 1.5-fold. The gene expression profiles were classified into 46 mutually dependent function sets and organized into sub-function sets depending on the cervical cancer pathway, suggesting the potentially significant genes of unknown function affected by carcinogenesis pathway. The genes related to metabolism, signal transduction, and chaperon activity were significantly up-regulated. In contrast, significant down-regulations were shown in nucleic acid binding activity, tumor suppressor and structural activity. Reliable gene expression data shows the validation of profiling method for studying the cervical cancer-specific pathway. CONCLUSION: The specific functions assigned to each expressed gene were correlated with gene ontology for the establishment of a powerful cervical carcinogenesis pathway. The results suggest that the differentially regulated cellular process profiles have an important impact on discovery of pathogenic pathway in human cervical squamous cell carcinoma and provide the potentially significant genes of unknown function. Also, the gene ontology analysis can overcome the complexity of the expression profiles of mRNA differential display via a cellular process level approach. Thereby, a valuable prognostic candidate gene with real relevance to disease-specific pathogenesis can be found at the cellular process levels.
Biopsy ; Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Cervix Uteri ; Classification* ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression* ; Gene Ontology* ; Gynecology ; Humans* ; Korea ; Metabolism ; Obstetrics ; Papillomavirus Infections ; Pathology, Molecular ; RNA ; Signal Transduction ; Transcriptome ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

OBJECTIVE: A constituent of green tea, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), has been known to possess anti-diabetes, anti-hypertension and anti-cancer properties. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of EGCG on human ovarian cancer cell lines. The growth inhibitory mechanism(s) and regulation of cell cycle-related proteins by EGCG were also evaluated. METHODS: To carry out cell counting assay to observe the anti-proliferative effects, we treated 25, 50, and 100 uM EGCG to both ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3, respectively. Also, we treated EGCG to PA-1 cells with 6.25, 12.5 and 25 uM, respectively. Six days later, we examined the characteristics of apoptosis and changes in cell cycle regulation by cell counting assay, Annexin V-FITC staining and DNA fragmentation assay, and FACS analysis. In addition, protein and gene expression patterns in SKOV-3 cell were investigated by using cell cycle cDNA chip, RT-PCR, and Western blot analyses. RESULTS: Inhibition of cell growth by cell counts showed in SKOV-3 cells with 48.8%, 82.5%, 99.2% after six days of the treatment with 25, 50, 100 uM of EGCG, respectively. OVCAR-3 cells showed 53.9%, 84.8%, and 97.7% growth inhibition patterns. And PA-1 cells showed 17.1%, 48.4%, and 74.1%, as compared to control. When SKOV-3 cells were tested for EGCG-induced apoptosis, apoptotic cells were observed with 8.6, 11.4, and 23.3-fold at 25, 50, 100 uM EGCG, respectively. And PA-1 cells showed 1.7, 2.4, and 4.2-fold, as compared to control. In contrast, OVCAR-3 did not show EGCG-induced apoptosis. When SKOV-3 cells were tested for their gene expression using cell cycle cDNA chip after treatment with 24.5 uM of EGCG, up-regulations of p21, Bax and cyclin G were shown, while down-regulations of CDK6, E2F-4, and cyclin A were shown. In Western blot assay, up-regulations of Bax and p21 proteins were shown, while down- regulations of cyclin D1, Bcl-XL, Rb, CDK2, E2F-1, E2F-4, PCNA proteins were shown. CONCLUSION: These data support that EGCG can inhibit ovarian cancer cell growth through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest as well as regulation of gene and protein expressions. Thus, EGCG likely provides an additional option for a new and potential drug approach for ovarian cancer.
Apoptosis ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Count ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints ; Cell Line* ; Cyclin A ; Cyclin D1 ; Cyclin G ; DNA Fragmentation ; DNA, Complementary ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Ovarian Neoplasms* ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; Social Control, Formal ; Tea*

OBJECTIVE: Comparison of protein expression by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) in normal myometrium and uterine leiomyoma in Korean women. METHODS: Normal myometrium and uterine leiomyoma tissues were solubilized with 2-DE buffer and the first dimension of PROTEAN IEF CELL, isoelectric focusing (IEF), was performed using pH4-8 linear IPG strips of 17 cm. And then running 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS- PAGE) and sliver stain. Scanned image analyzed using PDQuest 2-D softwareTM. Protein spot spectrum was identified by assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of fighting (MALDI-TOF) and the protein mass spectrums identification were performed by searching protein databases of Swiss-prot/TrEMBL, Mascot and MS-FIT. RESULTS: In this study, we found 17 up-regulated proteins (phosphate carrier protein, 60 kDa heat shock protein, acidic calcium-independent, glutathione transferase omega, chloride intracellular channel 4, Ras-related protein Rab-11B, phosphatidylinositol transfer protein alpha isoform, type II keratin subunit protein, Cofilin 2 isoform 1, transgelin, ATP carrier protein, alpha-catenin homolog, parkinson disease 2, apo-cellular retinoic acid binding protein II, osteoglycin preproprotein, proteasome activator subunit 1 isoform, Unnamed protein) and 7 down-regulated proteins (Serum amyloid P component, annexin IV, alpha 1 actin precursor, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member EDAR precursor, peroxiredoxin 2, translation elongation factor EF-Tu precursor) between myometrium and leiomyoma. CONCLUSION: 2-DE offer total protein expression between normal myometrium and uterine leiomyoma, and searching of differently expressed protein for the diagnostic markers of leiomyoma.
Actins ; Adenosine Triphosphate ; alpha Catenin ; Animals ; Annexin A4 ; Carrier Proteins ; Cofilin 2 ; Databases, Protein ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional* ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Female ; Glutathione Transferase ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; Humans ; Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase ; Isoelectric Focusing ; Keratins, Type II ; Leiomyoma* ; Mice ; Myometrium* ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Peptide Elongation Factor Tu ; Peptide Elongation Factors ; Peroxiredoxins ; Phospholipid Transfer Proteins ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor ; Running ; Serum Amyloid P-Component ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate ; Tretinoin

Metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma occurs at a relatively late stage of the disease. Hematogenous and lymphatic metastases are the most common routes for dissemination of tumor cells. Hepatocellular carcinoma also extends into the adjacent portal vein and bile ducts. Since there is no peritoneum between the body of the gallbladder and the liver fossa, gallbladder cancer can easily cross the boundary. Gallbladder invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma, however, is quite rare. We report a case of hepatocellular- cholangiocarcinoma in a non-cirrhotic liver that invaded the gallbladder mimicking the gallbladder carcinoma complicated by cholecystitis and liver abscess.
Aged ; Bile Duct Neoplasms/*pathology ; *Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology/*secondary ; Cholangiocarcinoma/pathology/*secondary ; English Abstract ; Female ; Gallbladder Neoplasms/diagnosis/*secondary ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/*pathology ; Neoplasm Invasiveness

OBJECTIVE: Interleukin-12 is well known to induce cellular immune response materials and suppress the tumor growth. HPV infection has significant roles in cervical carcinogenesis, and HPV oncoprotein E6 and E7 are important roles in formation and maintenance of cervical cancer. E7 specific immune response was detected in cervical cancer patients, and this shows that E7 protein would be important in potential immunetherapy in cervical cancer. This study is aimed to investigate antitumor effect and E7 immune response by injection of adenovirus IL-12 and E7 in cervical cancer animal model. METHODS: In the cervical cancer animal model using C57BL/6 mice and HPV16 E7 immortalized hosts, 5 X 10(8) pfu/100 ul of PBS, AdLacZ, AdE7 and AdIL-12 were injected into the tumor mass when the tumor sized is increased to 7-8 mm. After the injection, the tumor size was caliperated every 2-3 days, and pathologic and blood studies were done on day 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, and 21 days. The expression level of IL-12 and INF- and E7 specific immune response were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: After the injection of AdIL-12 into the tumor mass, 45% of tumor growth suppression was noted in comparison with control group. In the cases of combination injections of AdIL-12 and AdE7, 80% growth suppression was observed, and complete regression was shown in 40% of the study group. After injection of AdIL-12, the expression of IL-12 in the tumor mass was 9 time higher than that of control group, and 6 times higher in blood sample in comparison with control group. In the group with combined AdIL-12 and AdE7, the highest expression of INF- was noted in comparison with single injection of AdIL-12 or control group. IgGI and IgG2b isotype expression level increased 2.5 times and 2.2 times respectively 3 weeks after adenovirus injection. CONCLUSION: In cervical cancer animal model, IL-12 and E7 application using Adenovirus vector is significant antitumor effect and this demonstrates the potential immunotherapy in near future.
Adenoviridae ; Animals ; Carcinogenesis ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunotherapy ; Interleukin-12* ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Vaccination*

OBJECTIVE: To obtain information on the growth inhibition effect of arsenic compounds and gene expression profiles using cDNA microarray technique in SiHa cell lines. METHODS: We cultured 103 SiHa cell in 96 well plate and we investigated growth inhibition effects using MTT assay and also we performed gene expression profile experiment using 384 cDNA chip in SiHa cell after exposure of arsenics (As2O3, As4O6 - 1 (micro)M) for 48 hrs. RESULTS: Arsenics (As2O3, As4O6) inhibit the growth of SiHa cells (As2O3: 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (micro)M - 9.2, 56, 89, 93, 96, 96%, As4O6: 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (micro)M- 54, 84, 84, 85, 85, 87%) in 4 days culture. As2O3 and As4O6 induced apoptosis in SiHa cells. After exposure of As2O3, 47 genes were changed more than 2 times (eg, thymidylate synthetase, cyclin B1, CDC 20). In case of As4O6, 78 genes were changed more than 2 times (eg, CDC 20, cyclin B1, primase, proliferating cell nuclear antigen). CONCLUSION: we observed arsenic compound (As2O3, As4O6) inhibit the growth of SiHa cell. In gene expression profiling experiment, 78 genes was changed the expression level 2 times more than that of reference RNA after treatment of As4O6 and 47 genes after treatment of As2O3. Through these result, we thought more study need in functional genomics after arsenic treated cervical cancer cells.
Apoptosis ; Arsenic* ; Arsenicals ; Cell Line ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Cyclin B1 ; DNA Primase ; DNA, Complementary* ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression* ; Genomics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis* ; RNA ; Thymidylate Synthase ; Transcriptome* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms