OBJECTIVE: To evaluate correlations between values of articulation tests and language tests for children with articulation disorder in Korea. METHODS: Data of outpatients with chief complaint of an articulation problem were retrospectively collected. Patients who underwent Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonation (U-TAP) with Assessment of Phonology and Articulation for Children (APAC), Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES), or Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test (REVT) simultaneously were identified. Patients whose word-level percentages of correct consonants in U-TAP (UTAP_wC) were more than 2 standard deviations below the mean as diagnostic criteria for articulation disorder were selected. Those whose receptive language age (P_RLA), expressive language age (P_ELA), or combined language age (P_CLA) in PRES was delayed more than 24 months compared to their chronological age in months as diagnostic criteria for language disorder were excluded. RESULTS: Thirty-three children aged 3–6 years were enrolled retrospectively. PRES and U-TAP showed significant correlations for most of value relationships. PRES and APAC showed significant correlations for all value relationships except for receptive language age. All values of REVT were significantly correlated with all values from U-TAP, but not with any value from APAC. Articulation tests U-TAP and APAC showed significant correlations between percentages of correct consonants. Language tests PRES and REVT showed significant correlations for all value relationships. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that articulation abilities and language abilities might be correlated in children with articulation disorder.
Articulation Disorders ; Child ; Humans ; Korea ; Language ; Language Disorders ; Language Tests ; Outpatients ; Phonation ; Retrospective Studies ; Speech Articulation Tests ; Speech Disorders

PURPOSE: It is well known that testicular germ cell tumors arise with increased frequency in patients with cryptorchidism. In addition, intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN) is a precursor lesion to testicular germ cell tumor. Approximately 50% of patients with ITGCN will develop an invasive of testicular germ cell tumors within 5 years. Therefore, we evaluated that the incidence of ITGCN in postpubertal cryptorchidism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2002 and August 2012, orchiectomy specimens from 31 postpubertalpatients (aged 12 or over) with cryptorchid testis were reviewed. The specimens were evaluated for ITGCN using immunohistochemical stains of placental-like alkaline phosphatase and Oct 3/4 with routine hematoxylin-eosin stain. Additionally, the degree of spermatogenesis was assessed using the Johnsen score. RESULTS: Mean age was 34 years (range, 17 to 74 years) at surgery. All patients were diagnosed as unilateral cryptorchidism. One patient (3.2%) of 20-year-old had ITGCN in surgical specimen with all positive markers. Histological assessment of spermatogenesis showed that mean Johnsen score was 3.42 (range, 1 to 9). Majority of patients (27 of 31) presented impaired spermatogenesis with low Johnsen score lesser than 5. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the risk of malignancy and low spermatogenesis, we should perform immunohistochemical stains and discuss preventative orchiectomy for the postpubertal cryptorchidism.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism ; Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism ; Carcinoma in Situ/diagnosis/*etiology/pathology ; Cryptorchidism/*complications/surgery ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; Infertility, Male/etiology ; Isoenzymes/metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/diagnosis/*etiology/pathology/prevention & control ; Orchiectomy ; Puberty ; Retrospective Studies ; Spermatogenesis ; Testicular Neoplasms/diagnosis/*etiology/pathology/prevention & control ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) is a non-invasive modality widely used in urology on an outpatient basis to measure the volume and anatomical structure of the prostate. However, the prostate volume measured by TRUS often varies from test to test. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical significance of the different shapes of the prostate, as shown by TRUS before and after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 103 patients who underwent TURP. TRUS was performed preoperatively, and the International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS) and quality of life (QoL) were assessed preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively. Patients were classified into two groups: patients with a bilaterally enlarged transitional zone were assigned to group A, and those with a protruding retrourethral zone were assigned to group B. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in preoperative variables. However, postoperative IPSS scores were lower in group A than group B (9.87+/-6.15 vs. 13.18+/-8.07, p=0.02). With regard to postoperative IPSS scores relative to preoperative IPSS scores, both groups showed a significant decrease, but group A experienced a significantly greater decrease than group B (13.43+/-7.47 vs. 8.67+/-8.33, p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a prostate protruding into the bladder have less of a decrease in their IPSS scores after TURP, compared to patients that do not have prostate protrusion, meaning that patients with protrusion experience less symptomatic relief.
Humans ; Outpatients ; Prostate* ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; Quality of Life ; Transurethral Resection of Prostate ; Ultrasonography* ; Urinary Bladder ; Urology

PURPOSE: Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) is a non-invasive modality widely used in urology on an outpatient basis to measure the volume and anatomical structure of the prostate. However, the prostate volume measured by TRUS often varies from test to test. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical significance of the different shapes of the prostate, as shown by TRUS before and after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 103 patients who underwent TURP. TRUS was performed preoperatively, and the International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS) and quality of life (QoL) were assessed preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively. Patients were classified into two groups: patients with a bilaterally enlarged transitional zone were assigned to group A, and those with a protruding retrourethral zone were assigned to group B. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in preoperative variables. However, postoperative IPSS scores were lower in group A than group B (9.87+/-6.15 vs. 13.18+/-8.07, p=0.02). With regard to postoperative IPSS scores relative to preoperative IPSS scores, both groups showed a significant decrease, but group A experienced a significantly greater decrease than group B (13.43+/-7.47 vs. 8.67+/-8.33, p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a prostate protruding into the bladder have less of a decrease in their IPSS scores after TURP, compared to patients that do not have prostate protrusion, meaning that patients with protrusion experience less symptomatic relief.
Humans ; Outpatients ; Prostate* ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; Quality of Life ; Transurethral Resection of Prostate ; Ultrasonography* ; Urinary Bladder ; Urology

We report a 65 year-old man with a large cystic phyllodes tumor of the prostate. The patient complained of abdominal discomfort and had a soft palpable mass. Computer tomography showed a solid and cystic mass in the pelvic fossa; the mass was adjacent only to the prostate. We excised the mass. Microscopic findings of the mass showed hyperplastic epithelium lined cysts with leaf-like intraluminal epithelia lined stromal projections, less than 2 mitotic counts/10 HPF, low-to-moderated cellularity, and mild-to-moderate cytoplasm atypia. The pathological findings were consistent with a phyllodes tumor of the prostate, a low-grade tumor. Twenty-eight months after the operation, the patient was well with no recurrence or metastases.
Aged ; Biopsy ; Humans ; Male ; Phyllodes Tumor/*pathology/radiography/*surgery ; Prostatic Neoplasms/*pathology/radiography/*surgery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Neuronal apoptotic events, which result in cell death, are occurred in hypoxic/ischemic conditions. Estradiol is a female sex hormone with steroid structure known to provide neuroprotection through multiple mechanisms in the central nervous system. This study was aimed to investigate the signal transduction pathway of CoCl2-induced neuronal cell death and the inhibitory effects of estradiol. Administration of CoCl2 decreased cell viability in both a dose- and time-dependent manner in PC12 cells. CoCl2-induced cell death produced genomic DNA fragmentation and morphologic changes such as cell shrinkage and condensed nuclei. It was found that CoCl2-treated cells increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as caspase-8, -9 and -3 activities. However, pretreatment with estradiol before exposure to CoCl2 prevented the reduction in cell viability reduction and attenuated DNA fragmentation and morphologic changes caused by CoCl2. Furthermore, the CoCl2-induced increases of ROS levels and caspases activities were attenuated by estradiol. Gene expression analysis revealed that estradiol blocked the underexpression of the Bcl-2 and ameliorated the increase in the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytoplasm and Fas-ligand (Fas-L) upregulated by CoCl2. These results suggest that CoCl2 induce apoptosis in PC12 cells through both mitochondria- and death receptor-mediated cell death pathway. Estradiol was found to have a neuroprotective effect against CoCl2-induced apoptosis through the inhibition of ROS production and by modulating apoptotic effectors associated with the mitochondria- and death-dependent pathway in PC12 cells.
Animals ; Apoptosis* ; Caspase 8 ; Caspases ; Cell Death ; Cell Survival ; Central Nervous System ; Cytochromes c ; Cytoplasm ; DNA Fragmentation ; Estradiol* ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Mitochondria ; Neurons ; Neuroprotective Agents ; PC12 Cells* ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Signal Transduction

Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid is the most common thyroid cancer in children. It usually occurs in the teenage female and presents as a mass within the thyroid itself. In the great majority of cases the only presenting sign is a neck mass. In a high percentage (60-80%) there are also palpable lymph nodes. A 8 years old female patient was admitted because of palpable neck mass and miliary shadow in chest X-ray. On examination, a soft nontenter nodular mass 1x1 cm in size was palpated at supraclavicular area of left mid-neck. In chest X-ray and CT, well demarcated nodular milialy infiltration was fully distributed in both lung. After the initial treatment failure for the miliary tuberculosis, the fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed. The Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid was diagnosed. Total thyroidectomy and entire lymph node excision were performed, followed by radioiodine ablation and hormonal therapy. The patient has been improved clinically. We are reporting a case of thyroid papillary carcinoma presenting as a pulmonary miliary infiltration with brief review of the literature.
Biopsy ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Carcinoma, Papillary* ; Child* ; Female* ; Humans ; Lung ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; Neck ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Thorax ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; Thyroidectomy ; Treatment Failure ; Tuberculosis, Miliary

No abstract available.
Hemangioma, Cavernous* ; Urinary Bladder*

The author surveyed overall obesity indicies and factors concerned with obesity such as dietary intake, physical activity, stress and life style with the subject of doctors. The number of subjects was total 508 with 396 men and 112 women. They were subgrouped into surgical part, medical part and service and basic part by speciality. And also subgrouped into intern and resident, pay doctor, and practitioner by working type. The results were as follows. 1) Obesity indices: BMI of total doctor was 23.1+/-2.8, and WHR was 0.87+/-0.08 and overweight prevalence(BMI>25.0) was 23.6 %. It was within normal limit but slightly over the Korean standard. The degree of obesity indices of subgroups by speciality was "surgical part > medical part > service and basic part", and by working type was "practitioner > pay doctor > intern and resident". 2) Dietary intake and Physical activity: Average dietary intake was 2148+/-451 kcal/day. The degree of dietary intake by speciality was "surgical part > medical part > service and basic part". By working type it was "practitioner > pay doctor > intern and resident". Average physical activity was 29+/-5 METs/day. The degree of physical activity also showed similar pattern. But there was no significant difference among each groups. 3) Comparison between over-weight and non-over-weight group: The items that showed significant difference between two groups were dietary intake, skip breakfast, regular exercise, smoking, heavy drinking, chronic disease etc.
Breakfast ; Chronic Disease ; Drinking ; Female ; Humans ; Life Style ; Male ; Motor Activity ; Obesity* ; Overweight ; Smoke ; Smoking

OBJECTIVES: The authors studied the effects of cigarette smoking on the cognitive function with topographic mapping of auditory event-related potential P300. METHODS: The subjects, 24 smokers and 14 nonsmokers, were assessed in the latencies and amplitudes of topographic auditory event-related potential P300 determined by Global Field Power Measurement. RESULTS: 1) There were significant differences of P300 latencies between smokers and controls artier smoking(ANOVAL F=10.45, P=0.0026). 2) There were no significant differences of P300 amplitude but a trend was present between smokers and nonsmokers after smoking(ANOVAL F=3.77, P=0.06). 3) There were no significant differences of difference between amplitude in maximal point and amplitude in minimal point but a trend was present between smokers and nonsmokers artier smoking(ANOVAL F=3.68, P=0.063). 4) There were no significant differences of maximal point in X-axis and in Y-axis, minimal point in X-axis and in Y-axis of P300 between smokers and nonsmokers artier smoking. CONCLUSIONS: These results support that auditory event-related potential P300 change by cigarrete smoking is indicative of enhanced cognitive function.
Evoked Potentials* ; Smoke ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Products*