Background: The effect of fluid balance on outcomes in elderly patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring continuous renal-replacement therapy (CRRT) is not explained well. We investigated outcomes according to cumulative fluid balance (CFB) in elderly patients with AKI undergoing CRRT. Methods: A total of 607 patients aged 65 years or older who started CRRT due to AKI were enrolled and stratified into two groups (fluid overload [FO] vs. no fluid overload [NFO]) based on the median CFB value for 72 hours before CRRT initiation. Propensity score-matching analysis was performed. Results: The median age of included patients was 73.0 years and 60.0% of the population was male. The median 72-hour CFB value was 2,839.0 mL. The overall cumulative survival and 28-day survival rates were lower in the FO group than in the NFO group (P < 0.001 for both) and remained so after propensity score-matching. Furthermore, patients in the FO group demonstrated a higher overall mortality risk after adjustment for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, Charlson comorbidity index, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, serum albumin, creatinine, diuretic use, and mechanical ventilation status (hazard ratio, 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.13 to 1.89; P < 0.001). Among survivors, both the duration of CRRT and the total duration of hospitalization from CRRT initiation showed no difference between the FO and NFO groups. Conclusion A higher CFB value is associated with an increased risk of mortality in elderly patients with AKI requiring CRRT.

Background: The effect of fluid balance on outcomes in elderly patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring continuous renal-replacement therapy (CRRT) is not explained well. We investigated outcomes according to cumulative fluid balance (CFB) in elderly patients with AKI undergoing CRRT. Methods: A total of 607 patients aged 65 years or older who started CRRT due to AKI were enrolled and stratified into two groups (fluid overload [FO] vs. no fluid overload [NFO]) based on the median CFB value for 72 hours before CRRT initiation. Propensity score-matching analysis was performed. Results: The median age of included patients was 73.0 years and 60.0% of the population was male. The median 72-hour CFB value was 2,839.0 mL. The overall cumulative survival and 28-day survival rates were lower in the FO group than in the NFO group (P < 0.001 for both) and remained so after propensity score-matching. Furthermore, patients in the FO group demonstrated a higher overall mortality risk after adjustment for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, Charlson comorbidity index, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, serum albumin, creatinine, diuretic use, and mechanical ventilation status (hazard ratio, 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.13 to 1.89; P < 0.001). Among survivors, both the duration of CRRT and the total duration of hospitalization from CRRT initiation showed no difference between the FO and NFO groups. Conclusion A higher CFB value is associated with an increased risk of mortality in elderly patients with AKI requiring CRRT.

OBJECTIVE: A spinal cord subependymoma is an uncommon, indolent, benign spinal cord tumor. It is radiologically similar to a spinal cord ependymoma, but surgical findings and outcomes differ. Gross total resection of the tumor is not always feasible. The present study was done to determine the clinical, radiological and pathological characteristics of spinal cord subependymomas.METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of ten spinal cord subependymoma patients (M : F=4 : 6; median 38 years; range, 21–77) from four institutions.RESULTS: The most common symptoms were sensory changes and/or pain in eight patients, followed by motor weakness in six. The median duration of symptoms was 9.5 months. Preoperative radiological diagnosis was ependymoma in seven and astrocytoma in three. The tumors were located eccentrically in six and were not enhanced in six. Gross total resection of the tumor was achieved in five patients, whereas subtotal or partial resection was inevitable in the other five patients due to a poor dissection plane. Adjuvant radiotherapy was performed in two patients. Neurological deterioration occurred in two patients; transient weakness in one after subtotal resection and permanent weakness after gross total resection in the other. Recurrence or regrowth of the tumor was not observed during the median 31.5 months follow-up period (range, 8–89).CONCLUSION: Spinal cord subependymoma should be considered when the tumor is located eccentrically and is not dissected easily from the spinal cord. Considering the rather indolent nature of spinal cord subependymomas, subtotal removal without the risk of neurological deficit is another option.
Astrocytoma ; Diagnosis ; Ependymoma ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glioma, Subependymal ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Cord Neoplasms ; Spinal Cord ; Spine

BACKGROUNDS/AIMS: We evaluated the clinical usability of immune cell monitoring in adult liver transplantation (LT) recipients. METHODS: This study was composed of two parts as using calcineurin phosphatase (CNP) activity assay and ImmuKnow assay independently as in vitro monitoring tools of immune cell function in adult LT recipients. RESULTS: There was a rough correlation between CNP activity and tacrolimus concentration in 33 patients. This association was evident in patients who were only administered tacrolimus, but disappeared after the co-administration of mycophenolate. In 118 healthy individuals, the mean proportion of helper T-cells was 37.4+/-8.1%. According to ImmuKnow assay, their immune responses were strong in 12 patients (10.2%), moderate in 92 patients (78.0%), and low in 14 patients (11.9%). In 85 patients waiting for LT, there was a rough correlation between the ImmuKnow ATP level and age. Their immune responses were strong in 0 patients (0%), moderate in 8 patients (9.4%), and low in 77 patients (90.6%). There was a difference in the ImmuKnow ATP levels between healthy individuals and patients with liver disease. In 137 LT recipients, there was no correlation between the ImmuKnow ATP levels and tacrolimus concentration. This trend did not change after grouping the patients according to co-administration with mycophenolate. Eight recipients experienced acute rejection, but none showed strong immune response. CONCLUSIONS: We think that both CNP activity assay and ImmuKnow assay are too limited to objectively determine the level of immunosuppression. Further studies should be performed to identify other methods for immune function monitoring.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; Adult* ; Calcineurin ; Humans ; Immunosuppression* ; Liver Diseases ; Liver Transplantation ; Liver* ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer ; Tacrolimus ; Transplantation*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the biomechanical behavior of the lumbar spine after posterior decompression with the spinous process osteotomy (SPiO) technique or the conventional laminectomy (CL) technique using a finite element (FE) model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three validated lumbar FE models (L2-5) which represented intact spine and two decompression models using SPiO and CL techniques at the L3-4 segment were developed. In each model, the ranges of motion, the maximal von Mises stress of the annulus fibrosus, and the intradiscal pressures at the index segment (L3-4) and adjacent segments (L2-3 and L4-5) under 7.5 Nm moments were analyzed. Facet contact forces were also compared among three models under the extension and torsion moments. RESULTS: Compared to the intact model, the CL and SPiO models had increased range of motion and annulus stress at both the index segment (L3-4) and the adjacent segments under flexion and torsion. However, the SPiO model demonstrated a reduced range of motion and annulus stress than the CL model. Both CL and SPiO models had an increase of facet contact force at the L3-4 segment under the torsion moment compared to that of the intact model. Under the extension moment, however, three models demonstrated a similar facet contact force even at the L3-4 model. CONCLUSION: Both decompression methods lead to postoperative segmental instability compared to the intact model. However, SPiO technique leads to better segmental stability compared to the CL technique.
Biomechanical Phenomena ; Decompression, Surgical/*methods ; *Finite Element Analysis ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc/physiopathology/surgery ; Laminectomy/*methods ; Lumbar Vertebrae/pathology/physiopathology/*surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Anatomic ; Osteotomy/*methods ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Stress, Mechanical ; Zygapophyseal Joint/pathology/physiopathology/surgery

Great advances have been made in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART) since the first in vitro fertilization (IVF) baby was born in Korea in the year of 1985. However, it deserve to say that the invaluable data from fertility centers may serve as a useful source to find out which factors affect successful IVF outcome and to offer applicable information to infertile patients and fertility clinics. This article intended to report the status of ART in 2009 Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology surveyed. The current survey was performed to assess the status and success rate of ART performed in Korea, between January 1 and December 31, 2009. Reporting forms had been sent out to IVF centers via e-mail, and collected by e-mail as well in 2012. With International Committee Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies recommendation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and non-ICSI cases have been categorized and also IVF-ET cases involving frozen embryo replacement have been surveyed separately. Seventy-four centers have reported the treatment cycles initiated in the year of 2009, and had performed a total of 27,947 cycles of ART treatments. Among a total of 27,947 treatment cycles, IVF and ICSI cases added up to 22,049 (78.9%), with 45.3% IVF without ICSI and 54.7% IVF with ICSI, respectively. Among the IVF and ICSI patients, patients confirmed to have achieved clinical pregnancy was 28.8% per cycle with oocyte retrieval, and 30.9% per cycle with embryo transfer. The most common number of embryos transferred in 2009 is three embryos (40.4%), followed by 2 embryos (28.4%) and a single embryo transferred (13.6%). Among IVF and ICSI cycles that resulted in multiple live births, twin pregnancy rate was 45.3% and triple pregnancy rate was 1.1%. A total of 191 cases of oocyte donation had been performed to result in 25.0% of live birth rate. Meanwhile, a total of 5,619 cases of frozen embryo replacement had been performed with 33.7% of clinical pregnancy rate per cycle with embryo transfer. When comparing with international registry data, clinical pregnancy rate per transfer from fresh IVF cycles including ICSI (34.1%,) was comparable to clinical pregnancy rate per transfer in European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology report was 32.5% though lower than 45.0% for USA data. There was no remarkable difference in status of assisted reproductive technology in Korea between the current report and the data reported in 2008. The age of women trying to get pregnant was reconfirmed to be the most important factor that may have impact on success of ART treatment.
Electronic Mail ; Embryo Transfer ; Female ; Fertility ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Humans ; Korea* ; Live Birth ; Oocyte Donation ; Oocyte Retrieval ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate ; Pregnancy, Twin ; Reproduction ; Reproductive Techniques ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted* ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether or not pomegranate extract can affect postmenopausal syndrome in ovariectomized rats. METHODS: Seventy-nine female Sprague-Dawley rats were used: A, no intervention; B, sham operation and distilled water; C, ovariectomy and distilled water; D, ovariectomy and 10% dilute pomegranate; E, ovariectomy and 20% pomegranate; and F, ovariectomy and 40% pomegranate. The study samples were obtained 4 weeks later. The following parameters were investigated for analyses: the thickness of urogenital epithelium, tail skin temperature, serum levels of sex hormones, lipid profile, homocysteine, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. RESULTS: 20% pomegranate had a transient thickening effect of bladder epithelial layer. There was an intermittent lowering effect of tail skin temperature of pomegranate extract, however, it was not consistent. There were lowering effect in serum homocysteine and elevating effect in serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Pomegranate did not reverse post-ovariectomy reduced sex hormone levels. CONCLUSION: Pomegranate extract showed a tendency to reverse ovariectomy-related urothelial changes. Also pomegranate had a serum homocysteine-lowering effect.
Animals ; Epithelium ; Female ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones ; Homocysteine ; Humans ; Ovariectomy ; Punicaceae ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Salicylamides ; Skin Temperature ; Tail ; Thiobarbiturates ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; Urinary Bladder

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether or not pomegranate extract can affect depression, anxiety, and food intake in ovariectomized rats. METHODS: Seventy-nine female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: A, no operation and no drug intake; B, sham operation and distilled water; C, ovariectomy and distilled water; D, ovariectomy and 10% dilute pomegranate extract; E, ovariectomy and 20% dilute pomegranate extract; and F, ovariectomy and 40% dilute pomegranate extract. Beginning 2 days after surgery, drugs were administrated for 4 weeks. After that, the rats were subjected to the elevated plus maze (EPM) test and forced swim test (FST). RESULTS: The 10% pomegranate extract had a lower % closed arm entry frequency in the EPM test. A pomegranate dose-dependent decrease in the duration of immobility duration in FST was shown. Pomegranate did not reverse ovariectomy-related hyperphagia and weight gain. CONCLUSION: Pomegranate extract improved depression and anxiety in a postmenopausal model with ovariectomized rats.
Animals ; Anxiety ; Arm ; Depression ; Eating ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Ovariectomy ; Punicaceae ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Salicylamides

Inguinal hernia is the most common disease treated by the pediatric surgeon. There are several controversial aspects of management 1)the optimal timing of surgical repair, especially for preterm babies, 2)contralateral groin exploration during repair of a clinically unilateral hernia, 3)use of laparoscope in contralateral groin exploration, 4)timing of surgical repair of cord hydrocele, 5)perioperative pain control, 6)perioperative management of anemia. In this survey, we attempted to determine the approach of members of KAPS to these aspects of hernia treatment. A questionnaire by e-mail or FAX was sent to all members. The content of the questionnaire were adapted from the "American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Section on Surgery hernia survey revisited (J Pediatr Surg 40, 1009-1014, 2005)". For full-term male baby, most surgeons (85.7 %) perform an elective operation as soon as diagnosis was made. For reducible hernia found in ex-preterm infants already discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), 76.2 % of surgeons performed an elective repair under general anesthesia (85.8 %). 42.9 % of the surgeons performed the repair just before discharge. For same-day surgery for the ex-premature baby, the opinion was evenly divided. For an inguinal hernia with a contralateral undescended testis in a preterm baby, 61.9 % of surgeons choose to 'wait and see' until 12 month of age. The most important consideration in deciding the timing of surgery of inguinal hernia in preterm baby was the existence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (82.4 %), episode of apnea/bradycardia on home monitoring (70.6 %). Most surgeons do not explore the contralateral groin during unilateral hernia repair. Laparoscope has not been tried. Most surgeons do not give perioperative analgesics or blood transfusion.
Analgesics ; Anemia ; Anesthesia, General ; Blood Transfusion ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; Child* ; Cryptorchidism ; Diagnosis ; Electronic Mail ; Groin ; Hernia ; Hernia, Inguinal* ; Herniorrhaphy ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Korea* ; Laparoscopes ; Male ; Pediatrics ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: Of the cancers in childhood, leukemia is the most frequent one. For the desirable control of childhood leukemia, the basic data for the incidence has a great importance. The authors made a report about the incidence of leukemia in childhood, which analyzed the data from 126 cases in Kyongnam province, Korea, during 1991~1995. METHODS: The data were obtained from 126 new cases of childhood leukemia who had been living in the Kyongnam province and were diagnosed at the 26 university hospitals or general hospitals in the Kyongnam area and other cities from 1991 to 1995. RESULTS: The age-and-sex adjusted annual incidence rate per 100,000 population during 1991~1995 varied from 1.82 to 2.86, and cumulative annual incidence rate was 2.41 (male 2.26 and female 2.57 respectively). Male to female sex ratio was 1:1 in total cases. By the major types of childhood leukemia, the cases were composed of acute lymphocytic leukemia 70.6%, acute myelocytic leukemia 26.9% and chronic myelocytic leukemia 2.5%. The cumulative annual incidence rate per 100,000 population (crude rate) during 1991~1995 were 2.77 in Ulsan city, 2.62 in Chinju city and 2.34 in the whole area of Kyongnam province. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the age-and-sex adjusted annual incidence rate per 100,000 of childhood in Kyongnam province was 2.41, which was lower than that in Pusan city in the same period. And, there was no significant difference of the cumulative annual incidence rate between Ulsan area and Chinju area in the same period.
Busan ; Female ; Gyeongsangnam-do* ; Hospitals, General ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Korea* ; Leukemia* ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; Male ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; Sex Ratio ; Ulsan