Purpose/Significance To analyze the characteristics of organ representation of anatomical ontologies,and to provide ref-erences for the research and construction of ontology in other fields.Method/Process The similarities and differences of three mainstream anatomical ontologies of SNOMED CT(SCT),Uberon and the foundational model of anatomy ontology(FMA)in terms of organ classifi-cation methods and term mapping are compared.Result/Conclusion Among the three main types of anatomical ontologies,SCT and Uberon are mainly classified according to the function of organs,while FMA is mainly classified according to the anatomical morphology of organs.The concept of organs in FMA and Uberon is the same as the concept of entire organs in SCT,and the representation forms of paired organs in SCT,Uberon and FMA are similar.

Humans ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Hypoglycemia/chemically induced* ; Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects* ; China ; Blood Glucose ; Insulin

Respiratory infectious disease has become ahead of all the children′s diseases, with the trend of continuously increasing global incidence, antimicrobial resistance and simultaneous infection with multiple pathogens. Diagnosis of this disease is mainly based on clinical symptoms and pathogenic detection. However, there are some differences in clinical manifestations, progression and prognosis between pediatric patients and adults, which prompting clinical diagnosis mainly depending on clinical laboratory test. Therefore, fast, convenient and accurate methods are urgently needed to clarify the type of infectious pathogen and carry out differentiated treatment, and reduce the burden on families and public health-care systems in schools. This article aims to elaborate the laboratory methods of children′s respiratory infectious diseases and explore the opportunities and challenges, which can provide ideas for prevention, early screening and diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring.

Respiratory infectious disease has become ahead of all the children′s diseases, with the trend of continuously increasing global incidence, antimicrobial resistance and simultaneous infection with multiple pathogens. Diagnosis of this disease is mainly based on clinical symptoms and pathogenic detection. However, there are some differences in clinical manifestations, progression and prognosis between pediatric patients and adults, which prompting clinical diagnosis mainly depending on clinical laboratory test. Therefore, fast, convenient and accurate methods are urgently needed to clarify the type of infectious pathogen and carry out differentiated treatment, and reduce the burden on families and public health-care systems in schools. This article aims to elaborate the laboratory methods of children′s respiratory infectious diseases and explore the opportunities and challenges, which can provide ideas for prevention, early screening and diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring.

This article summarizes the current research status of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in sepsis patients after discharge, including the current states of short-term and long-term HRQOL, influencing factors, and interventions. Recent studies have shown that both short-term and long-term HRQOL of sepsis patients after discharge are suboptimal. Given the numerous and long-lasting factors that affect HRQOL, it is recommended that individualized nursing interventions targeting these factors be implemented in clinical practice. Further research should explore effective methods to improve the HRQOL of sepsis patients.

Objective:This article analyzed the current situation, similarities and differences and main problems of the registration and management systems of innovative medical devices in China and the United States.Methods:This article summarized the requirements and policies for the registration management of innovative medical devices in China and the United States, as well as the development and differences of the registration of innovative medical devices in China and the United States, and the main problems in the registration management of innovative medical devices in China.Results:At present, the development level of medical device industry in China and the United States was different, facing different development problems, and there were differences in the access standards and management methods of innovative medical devices. The registration management system established for innovative medical devices in China was gradually improving, and to a certain extent, it had promoted the enthusiasm of innovative product research and development and registration applications, but there were also problems such as unclear innovation evaluation scales, insufficient early intervention of review resources, and insufficient utilization of post-marketing data.Conclusions:Drawing on the beneficial experience of breakthrough device registration management in the United States, we will improve the registration management system for innovative products and shorten the review and approval cycle by clarifying the identification criteria for innovative medical devices, promoting the placement of review resources in the R&D stage, and further strengthening the use of post-marketing data and regulatory scientific research.

Objective Based on the framework of"quantitative analysis of supporting policies",this study focuses on the formulation and implementation of supporting policies for pharmaceutical science and technology innovative enterprises in China,so as to provide a certain reference for the implementation and improvement of policies for pharmaceutical science and technology innovative enterprises in China.Methods This study used Roy Rothwell and Walter Zegveld's innovative policy tools as the basis for analysis,and combined with the dimension of policy type,the policy was quantitatively analyzed.Results A total of 47 effective policy documents were selected,including 22 issued by the state and 25 issued by Beijing municipal government.A total of 104 policy instruments were included through the dismantling of policy provisions.Specifically,environment-based policy tools accounted for the highest proportion(60.58%),while demand-based and supply-based policy tools were relatively few.From the perspective of policy types,there were more planning policy documents(25 articles),while there were relatively few specific implementation policies(22 articles).Conclusion It is necessary to focus on optimizing the formulation stage of support policies and improving the use of supply-oriented and demand-oriented policy tools to better meet the needs of pharmaceutical science and technology innovative enterprises.

Purpose: The interval between neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and surgery for locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) remains controversial. At the same time, the prognostic effect of delayed surgery in patients with poor responses is currently unclear. Methods: Data was collected from patients who had poor responses to NAC and underwent modified radical surgery from January 2013 to December 2018. The interval from completion of NAC to surgery was divided into two groups: a longer (greater than four weeks) or shorter (four weeks or less) interval. The associations of these interval groups with overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were evaluated by multivariable Cox models adjusting for the existing prognostic factors. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to minimize election bias. Results: A total of 1,229 patients (mean age, 47.2 ± 8.9 years; median follow-up duration, 32.67 [6.57–52.63] months) were included. The 5-year OS rates were 73.2% and 60.8% in the shorter (n = 171) and longer interval group (n = 1,058), respectively, while the 3-year RFS rates were 80.8% and 71.7%, respectively. In multivariate Cox analysis, the longer interval was associated with an increased risk of mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–2.02; p = 0.046) and recurrence (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.12–1.99; p = 0.006).There was an interaction between the molecular subtype and the surgery interval for OS (pinteraction = 0.014) and RFS (pinteraction = 0.027). After PSM, no significant difference in OS (p = 0.180) and RFS (p = 0.069) was observed between the two groups. Conclusion Among LABC patients with a poor response, those with a longer interval between NAC and surgery had worse OS and RFS. The results indicate that these patients should receive modified radical surgery timely, which may in turn improve their prognosis.

This paper reported a case of severe COVID-19 in the recovery stage with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated by integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine， with the intention of shedding light on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of similar conditions. The patient， who had acute lymphoblastic leukemia， developed COVID-19 infection during the bone marrow suppression period after chemotherapy. Treatment with western medicine was mainly anti-infection， symptomatic management， and supportive care. During the recovery stage， considering the patient's chemotherapy history and disease progression， the overall syndrome was identified as deficiency of both qi and yin and binding of phlegm and blood. Based on the “state-target” combined treatment strategy， herbal prescriptions were selected and modified to address the “deficiency state”， “disease target”， and “symptom target”. In addition to western medicine， the patient was administered with Shengmai Powder （生脉散） and Compound Zhebei Granules （复方浙贝颗粒） in its modifications to boost qi， nourish yin， and reinforce healthy qi， nourish and cool the blood， ultimately achieving satisfactory therapeutic effects.

BACKGROUND: Patients with mass-forming pancreatitis (MFP) or pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presented similar clinical symptoms, but required different treatment approaches and had different survival outcomes. This meta-analysis aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) in differentiating MFP from PDAC. METHODS: A literature search was performed in the PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid), Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Weipu (VIP), and WanFang databases to identify original studies published from inception to August 20, 2021. Studies reporting the diagnostic performances of CEUS and CECT for differentiating MFP from PDAC were included. The meta-analysis was performed with Stata 15.0 software. The outcomes included the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (+LR), negative likelihood ratio (-LR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves of CEUS and CECT. Meta-regression was conducted to investigate heterogeneity. Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted to indirectly compare the overall diagnostic performance. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies with 2115 pancreatic masses were included. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of CEUS for MFP were 82% (95% confidence interval [CI], 73%-88%; I2  = 0.00%) and 95% (95% CI, 90%-97%; I2  = 63.44%), respectively; the overall +LR, -LR, and DOR values were 15.12 (95% CI, 7.61-30.01), 0.19 (95% CI, 0.13-0.29), and 78.91 (95% CI, 30.94-201.27), respectively; and the area under the SROC curve (AUC) was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.87-92). However, the overall sensitivity and specificity of CECT were 81% (95% CI, 75-85%; I2  = 66.37%) and 94% (95% CI, 90-96%; I2  = 74.87%); the overall +LR, -LR, and DOR values were 12.91 (95% CI, 7.86-21.20), 0.21 (95% CI, 0.16-0.27), and 62.53 (95% CI, 34.45-113.51), respectively; and, the SROC AUC was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.90-0.94). The overall diagnostic accuracy of CEUS was comparable to that of CECT for the differential diagnosis of MFP and PDAC (relative DOR 1.26, 95% CI [0.42-3.83], P  > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS CEUS and CECT have comparable diagnostic performance for differentiating MFP from PDAC, and should be considered as mutually complementary diagnostic tools for suspected focal pancreatic lesions.
Humans ; Contrast Media ; Bayes Theorem ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods* ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging* ; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/diagnostic imaging* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Pancreatitis/diagnostic imaging* ; Ultrasonography/methods*