Biomolecular condensates are formed through phase separation of biomacromolecules such as proteins and RNAs. These condensates exhibit liquid-like properties that can futher transition into more stable material states. They form complex internal structures via multivalent weak interactions, enabling precise spatiotemporal regulations. However, the use of inconsistent and non-standardized terminology has become increasingly problematic, hindering academic exchange and the dissemination of scientific knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the terminology related to biomolecular condensates in order to clarify concepts, promote interdisciplinary cooperation, enhance research efficiency, and support the healthy development of this field.

Fibrosis, the pathological scarring of vital organs, is a severe and often irreversible condition that leads to progressive organ dysfunction. It is particularly pronounced in organs like the liver, kidneys, lungs, and heart. Despite its clinical significance, the full understanding of its etiology and complex pathogenesis remains incomplete, posing substantial challenges to diagnosing, treating, and preventing the progression of fibrosis. Among the various molecular players involved, platelet-derived growth factor-C (PDGF-C) has emerged as a crucial factor in fibrotic diseases, contributing to the pathological transformation of tissues in several key organs. PDGF-C is a member of the PDGFs family of growth factors and is synthesized and secreted by various cell types, including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. It acts through both autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, exerting its biological effects by binding to and activating the PDGF receptors (PDGFRs), specifically PDGFRα and PDGFRβ. This binding triggers multiple intracellular signaling pathways, such as JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT and Ras-MAPK pathways. which are integral to the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, migration, and fibrosis. Notably, PDGF-C has been shown to promote the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts, key effector cells in the fibrotic process, thus accelerating the accumulation of extracellular matrix components and the formation of fibrotic tissue. Numerous studies have documented an upregulation of PDGF-C expression in various fibrotic diseases, suggesting its significant role in the initiation and progression of fibrosis. For instance, in liver fibrosis, PDGF-C stimulates hepatic stellate cell activation, contributing to the excessive deposition of collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins. Similarly, in pulmonary fibrosis, PDGF-C enhances the migration of fibroblasts into the damaged areas of lungs, thereby worsening the pathological process. Such findings highlight the pivotal role of PDGF-C in fibrotic diseases and underscore its potential as a therapeutic target for these conditions. Given its central role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis, PDGF-C has become an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Several studies have focused on developing inhibitors that block the PDGF-C/PDGFR signaling pathway. These inhibitors aim to reduce fibroblast activation, prevent the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components, and halt the progression of fibrosis. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of such inhibitors in animal models of liver, kidney, and lung fibrosis, with promising results in reducing fibrotic lesions and improving organ function. Furthermore, several clinical inhibitors, such as Olaratumab and Seralutinib, are ongoing to assess the safety and efficacy of these inhibitors in human patients, offering hope for novel therapeutic options in the treatment of fibrotic diseases. In conclusion, PDGF-C plays a critical role in the development and progression of fibrosis in vital organs. Its ability to regulate fibroblast activity and influence key signaling pathways makes it a promising target for therapeutic strategies aiming at combating fibrosis. Ongoing research into the regulation of PDGF-C expression and the development of PDGF-C/PDGFR inhibitors holds the potential to offer new insights and approaches for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of fibrotic diseases. Ultimately, these efforts may lead to the development of more effective and targeted therapies that can mitigate the impact of fibrosis and improve patient outcomes.

Superior vena cava syndrome(SVCS)is a group of clinical syndromes caused by obstruction of the superior vena cava and its major branches from various causes.Pulmonary artery stenosis(PS)is a complication of lung cancer or mediastinal tumours.SVCS combined with PS due to pulmonary metastases from bladder cancer is extremely rare and has not been reported in the literature.Here we reported an old male patient with pulmonary metastases from bladder cancer presenting with swelling of the head,neck and both upper limbs.SVCS combined with PS was clarified by pulmonary artery computed tomography angiography(CTA)and digital subtraction angiography(DSA).Endovascular stenting was used to treat SVCS.Angiography also showed that PS had not caused pulmonary hypertension and did not need to be treated.The swelling of the patient's head,neck and upper limbs was gradually reduced after the procedure.

Objective This study aims to investigate the application of the Plan-Do-Check-Act(PDCA)cycle in the Di-agnosis Related Group(DRG)payment system for oncological diseases.Methods We analyzed the factors influencing DRG pay-ment and incorporated the PDCA Cycle in the oncological diseases at a tertiary hospital in Tianjin.The baseline data of cases partic-ipating in DRG payment from April 2022 to September 2022 were compared with the settlement data of cases participating in DRG payment from October 2022 to March 2023.SPSS 20.0 was used to evaluate the impact of data quality in medical record documenta-tion on DRG admission rate,average hospitalization costs,average length of stay,Case Mix Index(CMI)value,and DRG settle-ment rate,so as to assess the effectiveness of the PDCA cycle in DRG payment within the oncological diseases at the hospital.Re-sults Following the PDCA cycle,the DRG admission rate increased from 84.03%to 89.98%,and the cases ineligible for inclu-sion decreased by 22.78%due to mismatched main diagnosis and procedures."Violations of the reporting and coding principles that do not require reporting"and"omission of primary surgical procedure codes"were no longer observed as reasons for failed DRG inclusion.Ambiguous cases with both average hospitalization costs and average length of stay higher than those of normal inclu-sion cases,leading to an increase in the average hospitalization cost from 22 496.56 yuan to 24714.92 yuan,and the average length of stay increased from 7.50 days to 8.13 days.The CMI value increased from 0.96 to 1.08,and the DRG settlement rate increased from 107.93%to 130.67%.Conclusion The PDCA cycle can effectively enhance the quality of medical record documentation,leading to improved quality in medical insurance settlement lists and DRG admission rates.It can help identify operational issues within the de-partment and promote the smooth implementation of DRG payment reform in the oncological department.

The importance of evaluating the oxygen supply system of the medical aircraft was introduced.With considerations on the characteristics of the oxygen supply system of the medical aircraft during its development and application,an oxygen supply system effectiveness evaluation method was proposed based on the analytic hierarchy process and the experience of experts in the field of medical aircraft,which involved in seven evaluation indexes of total oxygen supply,pipeline airtight-ness,single-nozzle flow adjustment characteristics,single-nozzle outlet pressure adjustment characteristics,disassembly and assembly,mechanical operation and fixation ability.The effectiveness evaluation method proposed was of significance for accurately grasping the changes in the performance of the oxygen supply system.References were provided for the ground maintenance of the oxygen supply system of the medical aircraft.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2024,45(1):89-92]

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.

AIM To optimize the extraction process for uracil,hypoxanthine,xanthine,uridine,thymine,inosine,guanosine and 2'-deoxyguanosine from Pheretima guillelmi(Michaelsen),and to determine their contents.METHODS With solid-liquid ratio,ultrasonic time and ultrasonic temperature as influencing factors,contents of hypoxanthine and total nucleosides as evaluation indices,the extraction process was optimized by orthogonal test.HPLC was adopted in the content determination of varioud nucleosides,the analysis was performed on a 30℃thermostatic Agilent C18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of methanol-water flowing at 1 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelength was set at 260 nm.RESULTS The optimal conditions were determined to be 1∶250 for solid-liquid ratio,60 min for ultrasonic time,and 60℃for ultrasonic temperature.Eight nucleosides showed good linear relationships within their own ranges(R2＞0.999 0),whose average recoveries were 99.11%-103.27%with the RSDs of 0.85%-2.89%.CONCLUSION This stable and reliable method can be used for the extraction and content determination of nucleosides from P.guillelmi.

Objective:Obesity related glomerulopathy(ORG)is induced by obesity,but the pathogenesis remains unclear.This study aims to investigate the expression of early growth response protein 3(EGR3)in the renal cortex tissues of ORG patients and high-fat diet-induced obese mice,and to further explore the molecular mechanism of EGR3 in inhibiting palmitic acid(PA)induced human podocyte inflammatory damage. Methods:Renal cortex tissues were collected from ORG patients(n=6)who have been excluded from kidney damage caused by other diseases and confirmed by histopathology,and from obese mice induced by high-fat diet(n=10).Human and mouse podocytes were intervened with 150 μmol/L PA for 48 hours.EGR3 was overexpressed or silenced in human podocytes.Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to detcet the levels of interleukin-6(IL-6)and interleukin-1β(IL-1β).Real-time RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expressions of EGR3,podocytes molecular markers nephrosis 1(NPHS1),nephrosis 2(NPHS2),podocalyxin(PODXL),and podoplanin(PDPN).RNA-seq was performed to detect differentially expressed genes(DEGs)after human podocytes overexpressing EGR3 and treated with 150 μmol/L PA compared with the control group.Co-immunoprecipitation(Co-IP)combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS)was used to detect potential interacting proteins of EGR3 and the intersected with the RNA-seq results.Co-IP confirmed the interaction between EGR3 and protein arginine methyltransferases 1(PRMT1),after silencing EGR3 and PRMT1 inhibitor intervention,the secretion of IL-6 and IL-1β in PA-induced podocytes was detected.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(p-STAT3)after overexpression or silencing of EGR3. Results:EGR3 was significantly upregulated in renal cortex tissues of ORG patients and high-fat diet-induced obese mice(both P<0.01).In addition,after treating with 150 μmol/L PA for 48 hours,the expression of EGR3 in human and mouse podocytes was significantly upregulated(both P<0.05).Overexpression or silencing of EGR3 in human podocytes inhibited or promoted the secretion of IL-6 and IL-1β in the cell culture supernatant after PA intervention,respectively,and upregulated or downregulated the expression of NPHS1,PODXL,NPHS2,and PDPN(all P<0.05).RNA-seq showed a total of 988 DEGs,and Co-IP+LC-MS identified a total of 238 proteins that may interact with EGR3.Co-IP confirmed that PRMT1 was an interacting protein with EGR3.Furthermore,PRMT1 inhibitors could partially reduce PA-induced IL-6 and IL-1β secretion after EGR3 silencing in human podocytes(both P<0.05).Overexpression or silencing of EGR3 negatively regulated the expression of PRMT1 and p-STAT3. Conclusion:EGR3 may reduce ORG podocyte inflammatory damage by inhibiting the PRMT1/p-STAT3 pathway.

Human brain banks use a standardized protocol to collect,process and store post-mortem human brains and related tissues,along with relevant clinical information,and to provide the tissue samples and data as a resource to foster neuroscience research according to a standardized operating protocols(SOP).Human brain bank serves as the foundation for neuroscience research and the diagnosis of neurological disorders,highlighting the crucial rule of ensuring the consistency of standardized quality for brain tissue samples.The first version of SOP in 2017 was published by the China Human Brain Bank Consortium.As members increases from different regions in China,a revised SOP was drafted by experts from the China Human Brain Bank Consortium to meet the growing demands for neuroscience research.The revised SOP places a strong emphasis on ethical standards,incorporates neuropathological evaluation of brain regions,and provides clarity on spinal cord sampling and pathological assessment.Notable enhancements in this updated version of the SOP include reinforced ethical guidelines,inclusion of matching controls in recruitment,and expansion of brain regions to be sampled for neuropathological evaluation.

Objective To explore the application value of the Plan-Do-Study-Act(PDSA)cycle in reducing the occur-rence of decomposed hospitalization for stroke disease under the Diagnosis Related Group(DRG)payment model and validate the effectiveness of strategies to reduce decomposed hospitalization.Methods Taking stroke cases participating in DRG payment from January 2022 to December 2022 in a tertiary hospital in Tianjin as the baseline,the criteria for decomposed hospitalization were determined based on the"Implementation Rules for DRG/DIP Network Audit(Trial)"issued by the Tianjin Medical Insur-ance Fund Settlement Center.A PDSA cycle plan was developed according to the document content,and the PDSA cycle was im-plemented from January to December 2023.The relationship between the number of decomposed hospitalizations before and after the PDSA cycle was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 to determine the actual application effect.Results After the PDSA cycle,the number of decomposed hospitalizations decreased from1268 cases to26 cases,a total decrease of 97.95%.The number of cases in each target subgroup and the frequency of factors leading to decomposed hospitalization all showed a significant decrease.Con-clusion The PDSA cycle plays a significant role in addressing the problem of decomposed hospitalization for stroke disease under the DRG payment model.It can effectively reduce the occurrence of decomposed hospitalization,improve the quality of medical insurance settlement lists and medical records,and standardize clinical diagnosis and treatment behavior.