Biomolecular condensates are formed through phase separation of biomacromolecules such as proteins and RNAs. These condensates exhibit liquid-like properties that can futher transition into more stable material states. They form complex internal structures via multivalent weak interactions, enabling precise spatiotemporal regulations. However, the use of inconsistent and non-standardized terminology has become increasingly problematic, hindering academic exchange and the dissemination of scientific knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the terminology related to biomolecular condensates in order to clarify concepts, promote interdisciplinary cooperation, enhance research efficiency, and support the healthy development of this field.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of Qiangli Pipa Syrup for the treatment of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD),and to observe its effects on pulmonary function and interleukin 6(IL-6),C-reactive protein(CRP)and procalcitonin(PCT)levels in the patients.Methods Eighty patients with AECOPD of phlegm-heat obstructing the lung syndrome were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group,with 40 patients in each group.Patients in the control group were treated with conventional western medicine,and patients in the observation group were treated with Qiangli Pipa Syrup on the basis of treatment for the control group.Both groups were treated for 5 days.The two groups were observed in the changes of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome scores(including cough,expectoration,shortness of breath,and wheezing),pulmonary function parameters[the forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1)and the ratio of FEV1 to the forced vital capacity(FVC)(FEV1/FVC)],blood gas indicators[arterial partial pressure of oxygen(PaO2),blood oxygen saturation(SaO2)and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PaCO2)]and the levels of the inflammatory factors of IL-6,CRP,and PCT before and after treatment.Moreover,the clinical efficacy and safety of the patients in the two groups were evaluated.Results(1)After 5 days of treatment,the total effective rate of the observation group was 95.00%(38/40),and that of the control group was 77.50%(31/40).The intergroup comparison(tested by chi-square test)showed that the therapeutic effect of the observation group was significantly superior to that of the control group(P＜0.05).(2)After treatment,the TCM syndrome scores of cough,expectoration,shortness of breath,and wheezing in the two groups were reduced compared with those before treatment(P＜0.05),and the reduction in the observation group was significantly superior to that in the control group(P＜0.05).(3)After treatment,the pulmonary function parameters of FEV1/FVC and FEV1 in the two groups were improved compared with those before treatment(P＜0.05),and the improvement in the observation group was significantly superior to that in the control group(P＜0.05).(4)After treatment,the blood gas indicators of PaO2 and SaO2 levels in the two groups were increased compared with those before treatment(P＜0.05),and the PaCO2 level was decreased compared with that before treatment(P＜0.05).The increase of PaO2 and SaO2 levels and the decrease of PaCO2 level in the observation group were significantly superior to those in the control group(P＜0.05).(5)After treatment,the serum levels of inflammatory factors of IL-6,CRP,and PCT in the two groups were lower than those before treatment(P＜0.05),and the reduction in the observation group was significantly superior to that in the control group(P＜0.05).(6)The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was 10.00%(4/40),while that in the control group was 7.50%(3/40).There was no significant difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Qiangli Pipa Syrup exerts certain effect in treating patients with AECOPD of phlegm-heat obstructing the lung syndrome,which can effectively relieve the clinical symptoms,improve the pulmonary function and blood gas indicators,and inhibit inflammatory response of the patients,with high safety profile.

Superior vena cava syndrome(SVCS)is a group of clinical syndromes caused by obstruction of the superior vena cava and its major branches from various causes.Pulmonary artery stenosis(PS)is a complication of lung cancer or mediastinal tumours.SVCS combined with PS due to pulmonary metastases from bladder cancer is extremely rare and has not been reported in the literature.Here we reported an old male patient with pulmonary metastases from bladder cancer presenting with swelling of the head,neck and both upper limbs.SVCS combined with PS was clarified by pulmonary artery computed tomography angiography(CTA)and digital subtraction angiography(DSA).Endovascular stenting was used to treat SVCS.Angiography also showed that PS had not caused pulmonary hypertension and did not need to be treated.The swelling of the patient's head,neck and upper limbs was gradually reduced after the procedure.

Purpose::To identify the risk factors for training-related lower extremity muscle injuries in young males by a non-invasive method of body composition analysis.Methods::A total of 282 healthy young male volunteers aged 18 -20 years participated in this cohort study. Injury location, degree, and injury rate were adjusted by a questionnaire based on the overuse injury assessment methods used in epidemiological studies of sports injuries. The occurrence of training injuries is monitored and diagnosed by physicians and treated accordingly. The body composition was measured using the BodyStat QuadScan 4000 multifrequency Bio-impedance system at 5, 50, 100 and 200 kHz to obtain 4 impedance values. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check whether the data conformed to a normal distribution. Data of normal distribution were shown as mean ± SD and analyzed by t-test, while those of non-normal distribution were shown as median (Q 1, Q 3) and analyzed by Wilcoxon rank sum test. The receiver operator characteristic curve and logistic regression analysis were performed to investigate risk factors for developing training-related lower extremity injuries and accuracy. Results::Among the 282 subjects, 78 (27.7%) developed training injuries. Lower extremity training injuries revealed the highest incidence, accounting for 23.4% (66 cases). These patients showed higher percentages of lean body mass ( p = 0.001), total body water (TBW, p=0.006), extracellular water ( p=0.020) and intracellular water ( p=0.010) as well as a larger ratio of basal metabolic rate/total weight ( p=0.006), compared with those without lower extremity muscle injuries. On the contrary, the percentage of body fat ( p=0.001) and body fat mass index ( p=0.002) were lower. Logistic regression analysis showed that TBW percentage > 65.35% ( p=0.050, odds ratio =3.114) and 3rd space water > 0.95% ( p=0.045, odds ratio =2.342) were independent risk factors for lower extremity muscle injuries. Conclusion::TBW percentage and 3rd space water measured with bio-impedance method are potential risk factors for predicting the incidence of lower extremity muscle injuries in young males following training.

Human brain banks use a standardized protocol to collect,process and store post-mortem human brains and related tissues,along with relevant clinical information,and to provide the tissue samples and data as a resource to foster neuroscience research according to a standardized operating protocols(SOP).Human brain bank serves as the foundation for neuroscience research and the diagnosis of neurological disorders,highlighting the crucial rule of ensuring the consistency of standardized quality for brain tissue samples.The first version of SOP in 2017 was published by the China Human Brain Bank Consortium.As members increases from different regions in China,a revised SOP was drafted by experts from the China Human Brain Bank Consortium to meet the growing demands for neuroscience research.The revised SOP places a strong emphasis on ethical standards,incorporates neuropathological evaluation of brain regions,and provides clarity on spinal cord sampling and pathological assessment.Notable enhancements in this updated version of the SOP include reinforced ethical guidelines,inclusion of matching controls in recruitment,and expansion of brain regions to be sampled for neuropathological evaluation.

Aim To investigate the effects of hedysar-um polybotrys polysacchcaide(HPS)on gastric muco-sal inflammation of diabetic gastroparesis(DGP)rats and its possible mechanism.Methods A total of 62 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the control group(12)and the modeling group(50).Except for the control group,the remaining rats were given multi-ple intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin(25 mg ·kg-1 for three consecutive days)and irregular feed-ing of high-sugar and high-fat diet to replicate DGP model.The model rats were randomly divided into the model group(intragastatically purified water),low,medium and high dose HPS groups(50,100,200 mg ·kg-1·d-1)and the metformin group(90 mg· kg-1·d-1),respectively,and the control group was intragastrically treated with equal volume of purified water once a day for eight weeks.The pathological morphology of gastric mucosa was observed by HE stai-ning;the contents of TNF-α,IL-6,GAS and MTL in gastric mucosa were detected by ELISA.The expres-sion of JAK2 and STAT3mRNA in gastric mucosa was detected by RT-PCR.The levels of JAK2 and STAT3 proteins and their phosphorylation in gastric mucosa were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with the control group,the gastric mucosa of the model group showed a large number of inflammatory cells in-filtrated by HE staining.The contents of TNF-α and IL-6 significantly increased(P＜0.01),while the contents of GAS and MTL significantly decreased(P＜0.01).The mRNA expressions of JAK2 and STAT3 significantly increased(P＜0.05).p-JAK2and p-STAT3 significantly increased(P＜0.01).Compared with the model group,gastric mucosal inflammation was improved in each administration group.The con-tents of TNF-α and IL-6 decreased significantly,while the contents of GAS and MTL increased significantly.The mRNA expressions of JAK2 and STAT3 were sig-nificantly reduced.The expressions of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 significantly decreased(P＜0.05).Conclu-sions HPS can improve gastric mucosal inflammation and repair gastric mucosal damage in rats,and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Aim To investigate the mechanism of py-roptosis mediated by the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway and the intervention effect of Radix Angelica Sinensis and Radix Astragalus ultrafiltration extract(RAS-RA)in radiation-induced pulmonary fi-brosis.Methods Fifty Wistar rats were randomly di-vided into five groups,with ten rats in each group.Ex-cept for the blank control group,all other groups of rats were anesthetized and received a single dose of 40 Gy X-ray local chest radiation to establish a radiation-in-duced pulmonary fibrosis rat model.After radiation,the rats in the RAS-RA intervention groups were orally administered doses of 0.12,0.24 and 0.48 g·kg-1 once a day for 30 days.The average weight and lung index of the rats were observed after 30 days of contin-uous administration.Hydroxyproline(HYP)content in lung tissue was determined by hydrolysis method.The levels of IL-18 and IL-1 β in serum were detected by ELISA.Lung tissue pathological changes were ob-served by HE and Masson staining.Ultrastructural changes in lung tissue were observed by transmission e-lectron microscopy.The expression levels of NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pyroptosis pathway-related proteins and fibrosis-related proteins in lung tissue were detec-ted by Western blot.Results Compared with the blank group,the HYP content in lung tissue and the levels of IL-18 and IL-1 β in serum significantly in-creased in the model group(P＜0.01).HE and Mas-son staining showed inflammatory cell infiltration and collagen fiber deposition.Transmission electron mi-croscopy revealed increased damaged mitochondria,disordered arrangement,irregular morphology,shallow matrix,outer membrane rupture,mostly fractured and shortened cristae,mild expansion,increased electron density of individual mitochondrial matrix,mild sparse structure of lamellar bodies,partial disorder,unclear organelles,and characteristic changes of pyroptosis.Western blot analysis showed increased expression of caspase-1,GSDMD,NLRP3,CoL-Ⅰ,α-SMA,and CoL-Ⅲ proteins(P＜0.01).Compared with the model group,the RAS-RA intervention group showed signifi-cant improvement in body mass index and lung index of rats,decreased levels of IL-18 and IL-1 β inflammatory factors(P＜0.01),improved mitochondrial structure,reduced degree of fibrosis,and decreased expression of caspase-1,GSDMD,NLRP3,COL-Ⅰ,COL-Ⅲ,and α-SMA proteins in lung tissue(P＜0.01).Conclusion RAS-RA has an inhibitory effect on radiation-in-duced pulmonary fibrosis,and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of pyroptosis through the regu-lation of the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway.

Cardiac contractility modulation(CCM),as a new implantable electronic therapy device for treating chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction(HFrEF),has rapidly become a hot topic in the cardiovascular field due to its ability to enhance ventricular myocardial contractility,improve patients'symptoms and signs,cardiac function indexes and even long-term prognosis.This article reviews the mechanism and clinical studies of CCM in treating HFrEF,and based on its mechanism and signal transduction algorithm,further analyzes and prospects its efficacy in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,cardiac resynchronization therapy non-response,and HFrEF with concomitant atrial fibrillation,aiming to promote CCM to meet the needs of more diverse clinical situations in heart failure patients.

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of implantable D-shant atrial shunt device in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH)and right heart failure.A 53-year-old female patient diagnosed with severe idiopathic PAH and right heart failure,her WHO FC grade was Ⅳ.The right heart catheter and implantation of D-shant atrial shunt device were performed under local anesthesia on November 30,2021.A 6 mm×4 cm peripheral artery balloon was selected to dilate the atrial septum and a D-shant atrial shunt device with a fixed 4 mm diameter orifice was implanted into the heart.The clinical symptoms and hemodynamics of the patient was improved after the intervention.Implantation of atrial shunt device as a palliative therapy to established a right to left shunt is another strategy for treating patients with severe PAH in late period,which has good effectiveness and safety.It could be the last replacement therapy to improve symptoms and prolonged lives to drug resistant and severe PAH patients.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of low-dose recombinant interleukin-2(rIL-2)therapy on immunocyte subsets and its side effects in children with solid tumor.Methods:A total of 22 children(11 males and 11 females)with solid tumor in our department from December 2012 to November 2017 were selected,with a median age of 9(3-16)years old when starting IL-2 therapy.ALL surgeries and chemotherapy of children had been completed before low-dose rIL-2 therapy,and 17 cases achieved complete remission(CR)and 5 cases achieved partial remission(PR).A low-dose rIL-2 therapy was given 1 month after chemotherapy for 1 year:4 × 105 IU/(m2·d),s.c.for every other day,3 times per week.The immunocyte subsets were detected every 3 months until the end of treatment,meanwhile,disease condition and therapy-related side effects were followed up.Results:After low-dose rIL-2 therapy in 22 children,the absolute values of CD3+T cells,CD3-CD56+natural killer cells,CD3+CD4+helper T cells(Th)and CD3+CD8+cytotoxic T cells were up-regulated remarkably,as well as Th/suppressor T cells(all P＜0.05).While,there were no significant differences in absolute value and proportion of CD4+CD25+CD127-Treg cells during therapy.Among the 17 children who achieved CR before rIL-2 therapy,14 cases continued to maintain CR after therapy,while 3 cases relapsed,and with 2 died after treatment abandonment.The 5 children who achieved PR before low-dose rIL-2 therapy were evaluated CR by PET/CT scan after treatment.In the early stage of low-dose rIL-2 therapy,1 child developed skin rashes at the injection sites,and 2 children ran a slight to mild transient fever.Their symptoms disappeared without any organ damage after symptomatic treatment.Conclusion:Low-dose rIL-2 therapy has good drug tolerance,and changes the distribution of anti-tumor immune-cell subgroup in peripheral blood of children with solid tumor remarkably without up-regulation of absolute value and ratio of Treg cells.