Purpose: To compare the accuracy of nine intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas. Methods: This study is retrospective consecutive case series. A total of 228 eyes of 228 patients who underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery between October 2015 and March 2021 were included. The accuracy of nine IOL calculation formulas (Kane, Emmetropia verifying optical version, Hill-radial basis function, Olsen, Barrett Universal II [Barrett II], Haigis, Holladay, Hoffer, and SRK/T) was compared and analyzed using differences between the predicted refractive power and actual refractive power at 2 months after cataract surgery. Mean prediction error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), median absolute error (MedAE), and the percentage of eyes that were within ± 0.50 diopters (D), ± 0.75 D, and ± 1.00 D of the target refraction were calculated for each formula. Results: For all eyes, Haigis formula was the most accurate in MAE, followed by Barrett II formula. Comparing the probability of MAE within 0.50 D, Haigis formula showed the highest accuracy. A total of 20 eyes of 20 patients had more than 25 mm axial length. Regarding MAE, Hoffer Q was the most accurate, followed by the Olsen formula. Comparing the probability of MAE within 0.50 D, the Hoffer Q formula was the most accurate. A total of 24 eyes of 24 patients had more than 46 D keratometry. Regarding MAE and MedAE, Haigis was the most accurate, followed by the Barrett II formula. Comparing the probability of MAE within 0.5 D, Holladay formula was the most accurate. Conclusions Barrett II and Haigis formulas showed greater accuracy for all patients when we determined IOL power before cataract surgery. Hoffer Q, Olsen, and Barrett II formulas showed higher accuracy for long axial length. And Haigis and Barrett II were the most accurate for steep keratometry.

Purpose: We present a dehazing algorithm using dark channel prior (DCP) and bright channel prior (BCP) to enhance the quality of retinal images obtained through conventional fundus photography. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on retinal images from patients who visited Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital between January 2000 and September 2022. These images were captured using a digital fundus camera (KOWA Nonmyd 8S Fundus Camera, KOWA Company, Nagoya, Japan) without pupil dilation. We used two mathematical algorithms: DCP only and DCP and BCP combined. The original, DCP-processed, and DCP & BCP-processed images were compared. Fisher's exact test was used to identify significant quality improvements. Results: The DCP and the newly proposed DCP plus BCP algorithm effectively eliminated haze and enhanced the contrast of cataract images. Notably, DCP demonstrated limited improvements in fundus photographs from patients with small pupils, whereas the proposed DCP plus BCP method effectively revealed previously obscured retinal details and vessels. However, these methods exhibited limited performance in severe cataracts compared to the clear images obtained after surgery. The quality enhancement with the proposed method was significant in photographs of patients with cataracts (p = 0.032) and small pupils (p < 0.01). Conclusions Our algorithm produced clearer images of blood vessels and optic disc structures, while significantly reducing artifacts in fundus images from patients with small pupils or cataracts. The proposed algorithm can provide visually enhanced images, potentially aiding physicians in the diagnosis of retinal diseases in patients with cataracts.

Objective: This study investigates NOX4, an enzyme producing hydrogen peroxide, in endochondral ossification and bone remodeling. NOX4’s role in osteoblast formation and osteogenic signaling pathways is explored. Methods: Using NOX4-deficient (NOX4−/− ) and ovariectomized (OVX) mice, we identify NOX4’s potential mediators in bone maturation. Results: NOX4−/− mice displayed significant differences in bone mass and structure.Compared to the normal Control and OVX groups. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed NOX4−/− mice had the highest trabecular bone volume, while OVX had the lowest. Proteomic analysis revealed significantly elevated MPO and OPN levels in bone marrow-derived cells in NOX4−/− mice. Immunohistochemistry confirmed increased MPO, OPN, and collagen II (COLII) near the epiphyseal plate. Collagen and chondrogenesis analysis supported enhanced bone development in NOX4−/− mice. Conclusions and Relevance: Our results emphasize NOX4’s significance in bone morphology, mesenchymal stem cell proteomics, immunohistochemistry, collagen levels, and chondrogenesis. NOX4 deficiency enhances bone development and endochondral ossification, potentially through increased MPO, OPN, and COLII expression. These findings suggest therapeutic implications for skeletal disorders.

Purpose: We compared the accuracies of formulae used to calculate intraocular lens (IOL) powers when predicting postoperative refraction, by the type of lens. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 445 eyes (332 patients) that had undergone phacoemulsification and posterior chamber lens implantation between January 2017 and December 2019. Axial length was measured via optical low-coherence reflectometry (Lenstar LS900; Haag-Streit, Bern, Switzerland). The IOLs implanted were all one-piece acrylic IOLs, thus, the ALCON SN60WF (215 eyes), the TECNIS ZCB00 (139 eyes), and the MBI SAL302AC (91 eyes). The mean absolute errors (MAEs) and mean numerical errors (MNEs) were calculated using the SRK-2, SRK/T, Hoffer Q, Holladay, Olsen, and Barrett formulae 1-2 weeks after surgery. Results: For the ALCON SN60WF, the Hagis formula yielded the lowest power and thus tended to be myopic, but we found no significant difference in the MAE. For the TECNIS ZCB00, the Olsen formula yielded the lowest power and thus tended to be myopic, and the Barrett formula yielded the lowest MAE. For the MBI SAL302AC, all MAEs and MNEs were similar. Conclusions Depending on the IOL type, the IOL power calculation formulae differed in terms of predicting postoperative refraction.

Purpose: We compared the accuracies of formulae used to calculate intraocular lens (IOL) powers when predicting postoperative refraction, by the type of lens. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 445 eyes (332 patients) that had undergone phacoemulsification and posterior chamber lens implantation between January 2017 and December 2019. Axial length was measured via optical low-coherence reflectometry (Lenstar LS900; Haag-Streit, Bern, Switzerland). The IOLs implanted were all one-piece acrylic IOLs, thus, the ALCON SN60WF (215 eyes), the TECNIS ZCB00 (139 eyes), and the MBI SAL302AC (91 eyes). The mean absolute errors (MAEs) and mean numerical errors (MNEs) were calculated using the SRK-2, SRK/T, Hoffer Q, Holladay, Olsen, and Barrett formulae 1-2 weeks after surgery. Results: For the ALCON SN60WF, the Hagis formula yielded the lowest power and thus tended to be myopic, but we found no significant difference in the MAE. For the TECNIS ZCB00, the Olsen formula yielded the lowest power and thus tended to be myopic, and the Barrett formula yielded the lowest MAE. For the MBI SAL302AC, all MAEs and MNEs were similar. Conclusions Depending on the IOL type, the IOL power calculation formulae differed in terms of predicting postoperative refraction.

It is known that top-down associative inputs terminate on distal apical dendrites in layer 1 while bottom-up sensory inputs terminate on perisomatic dendrites of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons (L2/3 PyNs) in primary sensory cortex. Since studies on synaptic transmission in layer 1 are sparse, we investigated the basic properties and cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission in layer 1 and compared them to those in perisomatic dendrites of L2/3 PyNs of rat primary visual cortex. Using extracellular stimulations of layer 1 and layer 4, we evoked excitatory postsynaptic current/potential in synapses in distal apical dendrites (L1-EPSC/L1-EPSP) and those in perisomatic dendrites (L4-EPSC/L4-EPSP), respectively. Kinetics of L1-EPSC was slower than that of L4-EPSC. L1-EPSC showed presynaptic depression while L4-EPSC was facilitating. In contrast, inhibitory postsynaptic currents showed similar paired-pulse ratio between layer 1 and layer 4 stimulations with depression only at 100 Hz. Cholinergic stimulation induced presynaptic depression by activating muscarinic receptors in excitatory and inhibitory synapses to similar extents in both inputs. However, nicotinic stimulation enhanced excitatory synaptic transmission by ~20% in L4-EPSC. Rectification index of AMPA receptors and AMPA/NMDA ratio were similar between synapses in distal apical and perisomatic dendrites. These results provide basic properties and cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission between distal apical and perisomatic dendrites in L2/3 PyNs of the visual cortex, which might be important for controlling information processing balance depending on attentional state.
Animals ; Automatic Data Processing ; Dendrites ; Depression ; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Kinetics ; Pyramidal Cells ; Rats ; Receptors, AMPA ; Receptors, Muscarinic ; Synapses ; Synaptic Transmission ; Visual Cortex

PURPOSE: To investigate optic nerve head size and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness according to refractive status and axial length. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 252 eyes of 252 healthy volunteers underwent ocular biometry measurement as well as optic nerve head and RNFL imaging by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Correlation and linear regression analyses were performed for all subjects. The magnification effect was adjusted by the modified axial length method. RESULTS: Disc area and spherical equivalent were positively correlated (r = 0.225, r² = 0.051, p = 0.000). RNFL thickness showed significant correlations with spherical equivalent (r = 0.359, r² = 0.129, p = 0.000), axial length (r = -0.262, r² = 0.069, p = 0.000), disc radius (r = 0.359, r² = 0.129, p = 0.000), and radius of the scan circle (r = -0.262, r² = 0.069, p = 0.000). After adjustment for the magnification effect, those relationships were reversed; RNFL thickness showed negative correlation with spherical equivalent and disc radius, and positive correlation with axial length and radius of the scan circle. The distance between the disc margin and the scan circle was closely correlated with RNFL thickness (r = -0.359, r² = 0.129, p = 0.000), which showed a negative correlation with axial length (r = -0.262, r² = 0.069, p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Optic disc radius and RNFL thickness decreased in more severely myopic eyes, but they increased after adjustment for magnification effect. The error due to the magnification effect and optic nerve head size difference might be factors that should be considered when interpreting optical coherence tomography results.
Biometry ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Healthy Volunteers ; Linear Models ; Methods ; Myopia* ; Nerve Fibers* ; Optic Disk* ; Optic Nerve* ; Radius ; Retinaldehyde* ; Tomography, Optical Coherence*

PURPOSE: To examine the changes in meibomian glands associated with aging in a normal Korean population and to estimate the differences between the upper and lower eyelid in each age group. METHODS: We performed meibography on adult subjects using an infrared charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Each eyelid was scored based on the loss of meibomian glands, and the meiboscores of the upper and lower eyelids were summed to obtain a score for each eye. Meiboscores were evaluated according to age, sex, and upper and lower eyelid meiboscores in each age group. RESULTS: One hundred seventeen eyes of 117 people were enrolled in this study. The study subjects had an average age of 50.4 +/- 19.1 years (range, 20-92; male, 56; female, 61). There was a significant positive correlation between age and total meiboscore, upper and lower eyelid meiboscore (r = 0.578, p < 0.001; r = 0.550, p < 0.001; r = 0.524, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the meiboscores of the upper and lower eyelids in any age group, though meiboscores were significantly higher since 40 year-old group than 20 year-old group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Based on noncontact meibography in normal adult eyes, the authors concluded that prevalence of changes in the meibomian glands was about 60% and changes in meibomian glands increase with age.
Adult ; Aging ; Eyelids ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Meibomian Glands* ; Prevalence

PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) according to position using a portable rebound tonometer. METHODS: We measured the IOP values of 20 healthy volunteers (40 eyes) in the sitting, supine, right lateral decubitus and left decubitus positions with a portable rebound tonometer, and then analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. IOP in sitting position was also measured with a non-contact tonometer and a Goldmann applanation tonometer, and analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation analysis. Agreement among the 3 tonometers was calculated using the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: The IOP measured with rebound tonometer in the supine position was significantly higher than in the sitting position (p = 0.002). However, there was no significant difference in IOP between the supine and decubitus positions. In the decubitus position, there was no significant difference in IOP between the dependent and non-dependent eyes. IOP measurement using the rebound tonometer showed positive correlation with that of the noncontact and Goldmann applanation tonometers. CONCLUSIONS: In normal subjects, IOP measurement obtained with a rebound tonometer in the supine position was significantly higher than in the sitting position, but there was no significant difference in IOP between the supine and decubitus positions. A rebound tonometer may be useful for patients whose intraocular pressure measurement with Goldmann applanation tonometer or non-contact tonometer is impossible. When using a portable rebound tonometer in bed-ridden or pediatric patients, we should pay attention to the interpretation of IOP in the supine position.
Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Iron-Dextran Complex* ; Supine Position

PURPOSE: To compare subjective quality of life (QOL) of a glaucoma group with a control group. METHODS: The Korean version of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire 25 (NEI-VFQ-25) was completed by 105 glaucoma clinic patients including 54 glaucoma group and 56 control group. We compared questionnaire scores and previous performed visual field parameters between a glaucoma group and a control group. RESULTS: The glaucoma group results were: Mean age: 55.73 +/- 15.17 years; mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA; log MAR) 0.05 +/- 0.09 in better eyes and 0.06 +/- 0.09 in worse eyes; and mean intraocular pressure (IOP) 15.94 +/- 2.93 mm Hg in better eyes and 15.49 +/- 3.18 mm Hg in worse eyes. Control group scores were: Mean age: 51.85 +/- 11.36 years; mean BCVA (log MAR) 0.04 +/- 0.07 in better eyes and 0.06 +/- 0.08 in worse eyes; and mean IOP 16.40 +/- 2.50 mm Hg in better eyes and 16.13 +/- 2.16 mm Hg in worse eyes. Age, BCVA, and IOP were not significantly different between groups, but visual field index (VFI) score and visual function questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25) total score were significantly lower in the glaucoma group (p < 0.01). Additionally, visual field parameters and QOL had a significant relationship in the glaucoma group, especially in better eyes. CONCLUSIONS: The QOL of glaucoma patients was lower than that of normal controls regardless of visual acuity. The degree of visual field loss in the better eye may affect QOL more significantly.
Glaucoma* ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; National Eye Institute (U.S.) ; Quality of Life* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields