The incidence of thrombosis-induced cardiovascular diseases is increasing worldwide and poses a serious threat to human health. Three factors, slow speed of blood flow, hypercoagulable blood and vascular damage, have been considered to be causes of thrombosis. Antithrombotic drugs have been classified into three categories based on the mechanism of thrombosis, including anticoagulants, platelet inhibitors and fibrinolytics. The coagulation and anticoagulation systems have drawn increasing attention because of the important role they play in the process of thrombosis. Novel compounds with anticoagulant activity are now emerging, alleviating to some extent some of the problems associated with the clinical use of early approved thrombotic drugs, such as high bleeding risk, slow onset of action and narrow therapeutic windows. In this review, we initially describe the mechanisms of coagulation as well as thrombosis. Meanwhile, a wide range of bioactive compounds and potential antithrombotic candidates reported in recent years have been summarized. In addition, the structure-activity relationship of certain compounds has been discussed, expecting to facilitate the development of molecules with anticoagulant biological activity for the treatment of thrombotic diseases.

Nitrogen is one of the most frequently used fertilizers in growth of Chinese medicinal plants(CMP). As in many other ecosystems, CMP ecosystem is also composed of plant-herbivore-natural enemy(tritrophic) interactions. Nitrogen fertilizer influences the growth and reproduction of CMP, and it is also able to heavily shape the ecosystem functions of CMP ecosystem through bottom-up forces. Understanding the specific effects of nitrogen fertilizer towards each trophic level will be beneficial to improve the resistance of CMP to herbivore and enhance the control efficiency of nature enemies to herbivore, and eventually, maximize the yield and quality of CMP. Most papers published on nitrogen use in plants focused mainly on the impact of nitrogen fertilization on CMP yield and quality. Influences of nitrogen application on CMP ecosystem get little attention at present. Therefore, this review summed up the potential effects of nitrogen fertilization on CMP ecosystem from perspectives of soil and tritrophic interactions. First of all, nitrogen fertilizer might decrease soil microbial biomass and altered the community structures of soil bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Negative effects of nitrogen fertilizer were found on biodiversity of soil bacteria and protozoa. Different fungi species respond differently to nitrogen fertili-zers. Nitrogen deposition can also decrease the soil pH. Decreases in soil microbial diversity and soil acidification can cause negative effects on CMP growth. In addition, nitrogen fertilizer could regulate the pest resistance of CMP including constitutive and inducible resistance. Both positive and negative effects of nitrogen application were found on pest resistance of CMP. Moreover, the development and predation of natural enemies were influenced by nitrogen deposition. Nitrogen influences natural enemies in many ways including plant volatiles, plant nutrient and structure and the supplementary food quality. Nectar and honeydew of plants and preys serve as important food source for natural enemies especially in early season when preys are still not available. Finally, the interactions between herbivores and their natural enemies were also shaped by nitrogen fertilizer in many aspects like increasing the nutritional content of prey and changing control efficiency of natural enemies. Some herbivores have evolved a strategy to sequester secondary metabolites which they absorbed from plant during their feeding. Studies showed that sequestration efficiency of secondary metabolites in prey could also be regulated by nitrogen. Parasitic, emergence, reproduction rate and longevity of parasites were found positively correlated with nitrogen deposition. Hopefully this study will shed light on practicable and economical application of nitrogen in cultivation of CMP.
China ; Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Nitrogen ; Plants, Medicinal ; Soil

Glucocorticoids/urine* ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Marathon Running ; Saliva/chemistry* ; alpha-Amylases/analysis*

As an environment-friendly agriculture, ecological agriculture of Chinese materia medica(CMM) is being implemented in all parts of the country. Due to the stronger dependence on natural environmental conditions, ecological agriculture of CMM shows obvious regional differences in production practice. More mature CMM ecological planting patterns representative of each region were collected. It was found that common types of patterns in various regions of the country mainly included intercropping,intercropping,rotation planting mode, undergrowth planting mode, wild tending planting mode and landscape ecological planting mode. Based on the Construction Plan of National Dao-di Herbs Production Base(2018-2025) and Chinese Medicine Division, this paper systematically sorts out the pattern of ecological planting of CMM in the 8-avenue medicinal materials production areas according to the varieties and regions. The specific pattern of ecological planting of CMM included the ginseng undergrowth planting pattern in northeastern China, the bionics wild ecological planting of the Forsythia suspensa in northern China, the Fritillaria thunbergii-rice rotation in eastern China, the imitation wild planting pattern under the Polygonatum cyrtonema in central China, the planting pattern of the Fructus amomi under forest in southern China, the Ligusticum chuanxiong-rice rotation pattern in the Southwest, wild tending of Glycyrrhiza uralensis in the Northwest, and rhubarb imitation wild planting pattern in Qinghai-Tibet area. Finally, it is expected to provide reference for the screening and popularization of ecological planting patterns of other CMMs in various distribution areas.
China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Ligusticum ; Materia Medica ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Tibet

The ecological agriculture of Chinese materia medica(CMM) has become the most dynamic and promising new field in the global ecological agriculture. The development of ecological planting of CMM has become the national strategy of Chinese traditional medicine agriculture. It has been highly valued and has flourished throughout the country, and has formed some more mature ecological planting models of CMM. Based on the system level, this paper sorts out the common ecological cultivation patterns of CMM, and obtains five basic patterns: landscape pattern at the ecological landscape level, circulation pattern at the ecosystem level, stereo model at the bio-community level, biodiversity patterns at the level of biological populations and well-established models at the level of biological individuals. On this basis, eight common ecological planting techniques of CMM were obtained, includingwild tending techniques, fine agricultural farming techniques, directional cultivation techniques, soil improvement techniques, soil testing and fertilization techniques, mycorrhizal cultivation techniques, green control technology for pests and diseases and facility cultivation techniques.This paper aims to provide theoretical basis for scientific research and popularization and application of CMM ecological planting.
Agriculture ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Materia Medica ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

To explore the clinical features, pathological features, gene test results, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome(PJS).
 Methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 46 hospitalized cases of PJS during 2007 and 2017.
 Results: All 46 patients had mucocutaneous melanin pigmentation and multiple gastrointestinal polyposis. The pigmentation was first noticed often within 5 years old, and 14 cases had family history. The clinical manifestations mainly included black spots, abdominal pain, hematochezia, and anemia. Histological examinations showed that 20 patients were classified as hamartomatous polyps,18 as adenomatous polyps, 14 as inflammatory polyps, and 10 as zigzag polyps. Eleven patients sequenced a panel of 20 genes previously associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) by next-generation sequencing, and the results showed 5 patients with gene mutations, and 3 of them with intussusception and surgical histories were found to have pathogenic germline mutations in the STK11 gene. Endoscopic treatment was the main therapy, but endoscopy combined with laparoscopy or surgical treatment was performed when complications occurred or the polyp was too large. Malignant tumors were found in 3 patients during follow-up.
 Conclusion: PJS is a hereditary disease which is characterized by spots of the skin or mucosa and gastrointestinal multiple polyps. The main pathological features are hamartoma and adenoma. The risks for intussusception and surgical operation are found to be high in the patients with pathogenic germline mutations in the STK11 gene. Endoscopic treatment is the main therapy. PJS patients should be followed up regularly due to the increasing risk for cancer and being easily to relapse.
Child, Preschool ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Germ-Line Mutation ; Humans ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; diagnosis ; pathology ; surgery ; therapy ; Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome ; diagnosis ; surgery ; therapy ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; genetics ; Retrospective Studies

To study the effect of different storage time on the chemical compositions and sulfur dioxide residues of sulfur-fumigated Gastrodiae Rhizoma (GR), and provide scientific basis for solving the quality and safety issues of sulfur-fumigated traditional Chinese medicinal materials. GR, sulfur-fumigated GR and its medicinal slices were stored under the same conditions, and then 8 active ingredients and sulfur dioxide residues were measured respectively. The results showed that the content of gastrodins in sulfur-fumigated GR and its medicinal slices was significantly lower than that in the non-fumigated GR. Moreover, the content of sulfur dioxide residue in sulfur-fumigated GR was significantly higher than that in its medicinal slices. That is to say, sulfur fumigation degree had significantly higher effect on GR quality as compared with its medicinal slices. During the whole storage time (8 months), the content of the eight chemical components in GR was not changed greatly in general. However, after the storage for 4 months, the content of 8 components and sulfur dioxide residues in all of GR samples were significantly changed. In particular, the content of sulfur dioxide residue in GR medicinal materials decreased up to 50% or more.
Drug Storage ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Fumigation ; Gastrodia ; chemistry ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Sulfur ; Sulfur Dioxide ; analysis

Studies on the characteristic chemical markers of sulfur fumigation have become an effective auxiliary way for quality control of traditional Chinese medicine. This study established a quantitative analysis method for the determination of -hydroxybenzyl hydrogen sulfite (-HS) in Gastrodiae Rhizoma (GR) based on UPLC-MS/MS. Then, 37 batches of GR were screened, and the results showed that 27 batches of them were sulfur-fumigated. Especially, the GR samples in Yunnan producing areas were sulfur-fumigated more seriously. Based on the stability of -HS after different storage time and heat treatment methods, it was found that the content of -HS was stable and reliable in the storage period of 8 months and under normal heat treatment (50, 60, 70, 80 °C) conditions. In conclusion, this study shows a high sensitivity, good selectivity and good stability of -HS, which can provide reference for the quality control and sulfur fumigation screening of GR.
China ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; standards ; Fumigation ; Gastrodia ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Sulfites ; analysis ; Sulfur ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

In order to study whether Paris forrestii could be developed as a substitute of Paridis Rhizome, chemical compositions of P. forrestii and P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis were investigated by UPLC-Q-TOF MS. In addition, the contents of eight primary steroidal saponins in 77 batches of P. forrestii samples from different habitats were simultaneously determined by HPLC-UV. The results showed that P. forrestii and P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis have similar chemical compositions, and all 22 major common peaks were identified as steroid derivatives. Meanwhile, there were some differences in the contents of saponins in P. forrestii samples from different habitats. The contents of 4 steroidal saponins in Chinese Pharmacopoeia ranged from 0.068% to 3.30%, and the highest content of the 8 kinds of steroidal saponins was 6.18%, while the lowest was just 0.71%. Moreover, 78% of P. forrestii samples were in conformity with the requirements of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, indicating that P. forrestii samples had relatively stable quality and could be further studied as a substitute for Paridis Rhizome.

Objective To design and manufacture a hypobaric cabin simulator for experimental animals.Methods The simulator was composed of a fully transparent working chamber,an electrical chamber,a pressure control component and a program control component,which had its body made of polymethyl methacrylate plastics,the hatch made of metal plate and support by reinforced metal bar.The air inside chamber was exhausted by the diaphragm vacuum pump,the air inflow was controlled by proportional valve,and the inner pressure and the speed of rise and decline were exactly controlled by the balance of inflow and exhaust.Results The new type of hypobaric cabin simulator had the characteristics of accurate pressure control,low fluctuation range and controllable up and down time,low noise as well as adaptable air exchange rate.Conclusion The new type of hypobaric cabin simulator matches the national standard for experimental animals,and can be used in making the animal model of high altitude diseases.