Objective:To investigate the effect of BOPPPS teaching model combined with virtual simulation technologyin the teaching of Prevention and treatment of Major Infectious Diseases,in order to explore innovative teaching model and provide evidence for improving students'comprehensive ability to deal with major infectious disease events.Methods:Undergraduates from three classes of preventive medicine major in a medical university were selected as the research objects.One class was given the new teaching model,and the other two classes were given the traditional teaching model.The total scores,the theoretical score and the skill score were compared between the two groups.Results:A total of 141 students participated in the survey,49 students in the new teaching model group,and 92 students in the traditional teaching model group.The results showed that compared with the traditional model group,the total score,the theoretical score,the skill score of the new model group was significantly higher(P＜0.01).However,there was no significant difference between male and female students in each group(P＞0.05).Conclusions:Compared with the traditional teaching model,the students in the new teaching model has a good teaching effect,which can improve the students'theoretical knowledge level,cultivate the students'emergency response ability,and improve the students'comprehensive ability of discovery,analysis and solution.Boys and girls have the same acceptance of the two teaching models,and gender does not affect the teaching effect.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of Astragali Radix （AR）-Angelicae Sinensis Radix （ASR） drug pair on supplementing Qi and activating blood circulation in rats with Qi deficiency and blood stasis and provide a theoretical basis for clinical rational medication and identification and quality control of compound pharmacodynamic substances from the three aspects of characteristic map， identification of pharmacodynamic substances， and comparison of blood components. MethodHigh-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was employed to establish the fingerprint of AR∶ASR （3∶1）， and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS） was employed to analyze the ingredients of the decoction. Adult male Wistar rats with SPF grades were selected and randomly divided into a blank group， a model group， a 3∶1 group， and a 5∶1 group. The rat model of Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome was prepared by controlling food intake and swimming in cold water every day. In parallel， each group was given medicine （or water） once a day. The dose of drug groups was 10.2 g∙kg^-1， and the model group and blank group were given the same amount of distilled water for 15 d. Animal behavior， body weight， whole blood and plasma viscosity， thymus index， spleen index， the levels of adenosine triphosphate （ATP）， adenosine diphosphate（ADP）， von willebrand factor （vWF）， and ATP/ADP value in serum of rats were recorded. The morphology of vascular endothelium was observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining and scanning electron microscopy. UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS was used to analyze prototype and metabolic components in serum. ResultThe fingerprint of AR-ASR drug pair （AR-ASR 3∶1） was established. UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS identified 49 chemical components in vitro and preliminarily identified 11 prototype components absorbed into blood in vivo. As compared with the blank group， the body mass decreased significantly （P<0.01）， the whole blood （high shear， middle shear， and low shear） viscosity and plasma viscosity were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， the thymus index and spleen index decreased significantly （P<0.05， P<0.01）， serum ATP content decreased significantly （P<0.01）， ADP content increased significantly （P<0.01）， ATP/ADP value decreased significantly （P<0.01）， and vWF content increased significantly （P<0.01）. The results of HE staining and scanning electron microscopy showed that the vessels were partially damaged， showing the structural disorder of the intima， the bulge， defect， and roughness of the endothelium， and the obvious cell adhesion and migration in the model group. As compared with the model group， the body mass also increased significantly （P<0.01）. The results of whole blood and plasma viscosity showed that the whole blood low shear viscosity was significantly decreased in the 3∶1 group （P<0.05）. The results of thymus index and spleen index showed that 5∶1 group significantly increased the thymus index of rats （P<0.05）. The results of serum ATP and ADP levels showed that the 5∶1 group had more significant effects on ATP and ADP levels （P<0.05）， and both groups significantly reduced ATP/ADP values （P<0.01）. The results of serum vWF level showed that the vWF content in the 3∶1 group decreased significantly （P<0.05）. The results of HE staining and scanning electronic microscopy showed that the damage of vascular endothelium was improved in the treatment group and the structure of intima was neat. ConclusionAR-ASR drug pair can improve the macro and micro indexes of rats with qi deficiency and blood stasis in the 3∶1 and 5∶1 groups. Overall， the 5∶1 ratio has a better effect on supplementing Qi but 3∶1 ratio has a better effect on promoting blood circulation.

Neural recording electrodes enable the acquisition and collection of electrical signals from neu-rons,and these recorded neural electrical signals are an important means of understanding neuronal activity.As a major component of the brain-machine interface,neu-ral recording electrodes serve as a bridge between the nervous system and external devices.The extracted information can be used to understand the state of the brain and acts as a feedback signal to regulate external devices,thus providing important information for the clini-cal treatment of neurological diseases.Moreover,the electrodes can be used as a vehicle for drug injection to directly treat diseases.Since the time that Strumwas-ser used microwires to achieve long-term recordings of neural activity in hibernating squirrels,implantable elec-trode technology has gradually improved over three gen-erations of development,and progress has been made in improving the biocompatibility,mechanical performance(size,shape,density,etc.),and signal-to-noise ratio.Implantable neural recording electrodes can acquire sig-nals from cortical and deep neural clusters,with the advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio,information con-tent,and spatial/temporal resolution.However,there is still a need to improve the structure and performance of these electrodes;for example,their high invasiveness and lack of biocompatibility pose technical difficulties in the process of translation to the clinic.This paper reviews the basic requirements for electrodes,main recording methods and signal types,common types of implant-able neural recording electrodes,and their challenges and future development directions.With the continuous development of electrode materials,equipment,systems,and neurotechnology,it should be possible to apply neu-ral recording electrodes in clinical practice,to promote safe and efficient treatment of human diseases.

Objective: To observe the efficacy of acupuncture combined with sitting-position knee-adjustment manipulations in treating patellofemoral osteoarthritis. Methods: Ninety-two patients with patellofemoral osteoarthritis were randomized into an observation group and a medication group, with 46 cases in each group. The observation group received acupuncture and sitting-position knee-adjustment manipulations, and the medication group received oral celecoxib capsules. After 8-week treatment, changes in the short-form McGill pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ) and Lysholm knee scoring scale (LKSS) scores were observed, and the clinical efficacy was compared.Results: The total effective rate was 87.0％ in the observation group and 63.0％ in the control group; the between- group difference was statistically significant. Before treatment, there were no significant differences in the SF-MPQ score or LKSS score (P>0.05). After 8-week treatment, the SF-MPQ [including pain rating index (PRI), visual analog scale (VAS), and present pain intensity (PPI)] and LKSS scores showed notable changes in both groups (P<0.05); the SF-MPQ and LKSS scores in the observation group were significantly different from those in the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion: Combining acupuncture and sitting-position knee-adjustment manipulations can reduce pain and ameliorate joint function in patients with patellofemoral osteoarthritis, producing more significant efficacy than oral celecoxib capsules.

Objective:To explore the effect of digital technology in the surgical treatment of patients with fronto-orbital fibrous dysplasia.Methods:The clinical data of 2 patients with fronto-orbital fibrous dysplasia admitted to the Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in February 2016 and February 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were both male, aged 18 and 16 years, respectively. Preoperative CT scan was performed on the patient to obtain imaging data, imported into Mimics 10.01 for three-dimensional(3D) reconstruction and image analysis of the skull, and the resection range of fibrous dysplasia lesions was designed. Then, the 3D skull defect model was 3D printed, and a personality covering the skull defect was made. Titanium prosthesis was used, and then the bone extraction range of the autologous skull outer plate was designed and simulated to repair the orbital bone defect. Surgery was performed according to the design plan. Postoperatively, the recovery and complications of the patients were observed, skull CT scan was performed, orbital volume, proptosis was measured, visual acuity was checked, and the surgical effect was evaluated.Results:The intraoperative macroscopic lesion boundary in 2 patients was consistent with the preoperative simulation design, and the intraoperative temporal bone was normal bone. One patient recovered well after the operation, and the other had cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea 1 day after the operation, without special treatment, and recovered spontaneously after 2 weeks. CT scans after the operation showed that the personalized prosthesis was well integrated with the skull, and the shape of the fronto-orbital area was satisfactory, which was close to the normal anatomical shape. The orbital volume of the affected side of 2 cases was enlarged after operation, which increased by 2.99 ml and 9.99 ml respectively compared with that before operation; the exophthalmos were improved after operation, and decreased by 3.32 mm and 5.11 mm respectively compared with that before operation. Directional movement is good. Patients and their families were satisfied with the morphology.Conclusions:The use of digital technology in the preoperative simulation design of fronto-orbital fibrous dysplasia is helpful for the operator to accurately formulate the surgical plan, improve the utilization efficiency of the grafted bone, and obtain satisfactory postoperative results.

Objective:To explore the effect of digital technology in the surgical treatment of patients with fronto-orbital fibrous dysplasia.Methods:The clinical data of 2 patients with fronto-orbital fibrous dysplasia admitted to the Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in February 2016 and February 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were both male, aged 18 and 16 years, respectively. Preoperative CT scan was performed on the patient to obtain imaging data, imported into Mimics 10.01 for three-dimensional(3D) reconstruction and image analysis of the skull, and the resection range of fibrous dysplasia lesions was designed. Then, the 3D skull defect model was 3D printed, and a personality covering the skull defect was made. Titanium prosthesis was used, and then the bone extraction range of the autologous skull outer plate was designed and simulated to repair the orbital bone defect. Surgery was performed according to the design plan. Postoperatively, the recovery and complications of the patients were observed, skull CT scan was performed, orbital volume, proptosis was measured, visual acuity was checked, and the surgical effect was evaluated.Results:The intraoperative macroscopic lesion boundary in 2 patients was consistent with the preoperative simulation design, and the intraoperative temporal bone was normal bone. One patient recovered well after the operation, and the other had cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea 1 day after the operation, without special treatment, and recovered spontaneously after 2 weeks. CT scans after the operation showed that the personalized prosthesis was well integrated with the skull, and the shape of the fronto-orbital area was satisfactory, which was close to the normal anatomical shape. The orbital volume of the affected side of 2 cases was enlarged after operation, which increased by 2.99 ml and 9.99 ml respectively compared with that before operation; the exophthalmos were improved after operation, and decreased by 3.32 mm and 5.11 mm respectively compared with that before operation. Directional movement is good. Patients and their families were satisfied with the morphology.Conclusions:The use of digital technology in the preoperative simulation design of fronto-orbital fibrous dysplasia is helpful for the operator to accurately formulate the surgical plan, improve the utilization efficiency of the grafted bone, and obtain satisfactory postoperative results.

Objective:To optimize water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology of Xiaoaiping capsules. Methods:With the content of Tenacissoside G and dry extract yield rate as the index, to investigate the effects of extraction times, extraction time and the amount of water on extraction technology by orthogonal test; and investigate the influence of the concentration of alcohol precipitation, the relatively density of concentrated liquid and storage time on alcohol precipitation technology by orthogonal test.Results:The optimal water extraction technology was 6-fold water, decocting 3 times for 1.5 h each time. The optimal alcohol precipitation technology was concentrating the water extraction to the density of 1.15 (60 ℃), and add alcohol after cooling with 70% alcohol standing for 12 hand then removing the precipitation.Conclusions:The optimized water extraction and alcohol precipitation process is stable, feasible and reproducible, which could provide reference for the extraction and purification of Xiaoaiping capsules.

Objective: To summarize and critically assess the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of acupuncture in treating dry eye syndrome (DES) according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and the Cochrane Collaboration recommendations. Methods: A search of PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov and Embase was made from their inception to August 2016, as well as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean databases. Two reviewers independently selected RCTs and assessed the methodological quality. Meta-analysis and the level of evidence were processed by RevMan 5.3 and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results: After selection, 8 trials were subjected to our systematic review. The methodological quality was low generally. The 3-10 weeks follow-up showed that acupuncture improved the tear film break-up time (BUT) (MD=1.33, 95%CI=1.01-1.66, 619 participants). The mean difference of Schirmer's test was 1.73 mm (95%CI=1.28-2.18, 618 participants) between the acupuncture group and the control group. The subjective variables exhibited no significant differences. Conclusion: The low methodological quality of the trials does not suggest drawing firm conclusions on the value of acupuncture therapy for DES. Acupuncture treatment may have some effects on the tear film BUT and Schirmer's test, but not on the subjective symptoms. Well-planned large-scale high-quality RCTs are needed to make it clear whether acupuncture is effective in treating DES.

Objective:To observe the therapeutic effect of warm needling moxibustion for erectile dysfunction (ED).
Methods:A total of 46 eligible ED patients were randomized into a treatment group (n=24) and a control group (n=22). The treatment group was intervened by warm needling moxibustion while the control group by conventional acupuncture treatment, for a total of 4 courses. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by the international index of erectile function 5 (IIEF-5).
Results:After 4 courses of treatment, the overall effective rate was 91.3% in the treatment group (23 completed), versus 75.0% in the control group (20 completed), with a significant difference (P<0.05). After the treatment, the change of IIEF-5 score in the treatment group was significantly different from that in the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion:Warm needling moxibustion can produce a more significant efficacy than conventional acupuncture in the treatment of ED.

Objective To investigate whether inhibiting the expression of typeⅠ collagen gene is one of the mechanisms of action of electroacupuncture in improving knee osteoarthritis.Methods Forty male adult SD rats were randomized into normal, model, medication and electroacupuncture group, 10 rats each. A rat model of MIA-induced knee osteoarthritis was made by injecting monomer sodium iodoacetate (MIA) and driving rat movement. After model making, the medication group received an oral gavage of celecoxib dissolved in 10% DMSO and the electroacupuncture group, electroacupuncture at points Zusanli and Yanglingquan. Pain thresholds and the levels of cartilage expression of typeⅠ collagen mRNA were compared between various groups of rats before and after treatment.Results There was a statistically significant difference in pain threshold between the model, medication or electroacupuncture group of rats and the normal group after model making (P<0.01) and between the medication or electroacupuncture group of rats and the model group before sacrifice (P<0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in pain threshold between the medication and andelectroacupuncture groups of rats before sacrifice (P>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the expression of typeⅠ collagen mRNA between the model, medication or electroacupuncture group of rats and the normal group (P<0.01) and between the medication or electroacupuncture group of rats and the model group before sacrifice (P<0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in the expression of typeⅠ collagen mRNA between the electroacupuncture and medication groups of rats before sacrifice (P>0.05).Conclusion The mechanisms of actions of electroacupuncture and medication in treating knee osteoarthritis may be related to inhibiting the expression of typeⅠ collagen mRNA.