Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve block is widely used in clinical practice because of its high accuracy and safety. Residents must pass formal training to master this technique. However, residents are not familiar with the related anatomical structure of nerve block, and lack of basic ultrasonic knowledge, operation skills, simulation training, understanding of the corresponding complications, the optimal concentration and dose of local anesthetic drugs. In order to solve the above problems, we have taken measures such as basic theoretical knowledge learning, application of anatomy and ultrasound software, simulation training and grading training so that residents in standardized training of anesthesiology could fully grasp the clinical application of ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve block techniques.

Objective To investigate the effect of ultrasound-guided quadratus lumborum block (QLB) on postoperative analgesia after caesarean section.Methods Sixty parturientsscheduled for cesarean section, aged 20-40 years, ASA physical status Ⅰ orⅡ, were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 30 each) using a random number table:QLB group (group Q) and control group (group C).Parturients in group Q received bilateral QLB with the use of 20 ml 0.33％ ropivacaine per side after surgery, while QLB was not done in group C.Both groups received patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) after surgery which contains 800 mg tramadol, 40 mg nefopam and 80 ml normal saline.The accumulative consumption of tramadol, the score of numerical rating scale (NRS) for pain at rest and on movement and the bruggrmann comfort scale (BCS) score were recorded at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 hafter operation.The cutaneous sensory block area was determined in group Q at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 hafter operation.The patient′s satisfaction with postoperative analgesia and adverse reactions were also recorded.Results The consumption of tramadol in group Q was significantly decreased compared with that in group C (P<0.05) at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 hafter surgery.NRS for pain at rest at all times, NRS for pain when cough at 12, 24 hafter surgery and NRS for pain when turning over at 4, 48 hafter surgery were significantly lower, while the BCS score was higher in group Q than that in group C (P<0.05).Quadratus lumborum block affected T7-L1 dermatomes at 4, 8, 12 hafter surgery and T8-L1 dermatomes at 24 hafter surgery.The analgesic plane of quadratus lumborum block disappeared at 48 hours after operation.The patient's satisfaction with postoperative analgesia was higher in group Q compared with that in group C (P<0.05).The incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting and dizziness was similar between the two groups.Conclusion Ultrasound-guided quadratus lumborum block can remarkably reduce the consumption of tramadol after caesarean section, lower the postoperative pain score, improve the patient′s comfort and satisfaction.

Objective To evaluate the effect of serratus plane block (SPB) combined with general anesthesia and SPB with patient-controlled nerve analgesia (PCNA) after surgery on the early postoperative quality of recovery in the patients undergoing radical mastectomy.Methods Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ female patients,aged 18-64 yr,weighing 45-70 kg,scheduled for elective unilateral modified radical mastectomy under general anesthesia,were assigned into 3 groups (n=20 each) using a computer software:SPB and general anesthesia plus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) group (SG+PCIA group),SPB and general anesthesia plus SPB with PCNA group (SG+PCNA group),and general anesthesia plus PCIA group (G+PCIA group).Ultrasound-guided ipsilateral SPB was performed before anesthesia induction.Analgesia was maintained with propofol-remifentanilsevoflurane,rocuronium or vecuronium was intermittently injected to maintain muscle relaxation.PCIA solution contained tramadol 800 mg and flurbiprofen axetil 100 mg in 54 ml of normal saline,and the PCA pump was set up to deliver a 2 ml bolus dose,with a 15 min lockout interval and background infusion at a rate of 0.5 ml/h after a loading dose of 5 ml.The location of the indwelling catheter was confirmed again using ultrasound at the end of surgery,PCNA solution contained 1％ ropivacaine 500 mg in 250 ml of normal saline,and the PCA pump was set up to deliver a 5 ml bolus dose,with a 45 min lockout interval and background infusion at a rate of 5 ml/h after a loading dose of 5 ml.The PCA pumps were used until 48 h after surgery.The automatic key was pressed when pain scores (numerical rating scale [NRS] scores) ≥ 4 at rest or during activity (at 45° ipsilateral upper extremity-up tilt).Quality of Recovery-40 (QoR-40) score was used to assess the early postoperative quality of recovery at 24 and 48 h after surgery.NRS scores at rest or during activity were recorded at 6,8,12,24 and 48 h after surgery.The total pressing times of PCA and occurrence of adverse reactions such as respiratory depression,pruritus,infection at the puncture site or pneumothorax were also recorded.Results Compared with group G+PCIA,the postoperative QoR40 scores were significantly increased,NRS scores at rest or during activity were decreased at each time point after surgery,and the total pressing times of PCA were reduced in SG+PCIA and SG+PCNA groups,the incidence of nausea and vomiting was significantly decreased in group SG+PCIA,and the incidence of nausea and vomiting and dizziness was significantly decreased in group SG+PCNA (P＜0.05 or 0.01).Compared with group SG+PCIA,the postoperative QoR-40 scores were significantly increased at 24 h after surgery,and NRS scores at rest or during activity were decreased after surgery in group SG+PCNA (P＜ 0.05 or 0.01).Conclusion SPB combined with general anesthesia and SPB with PCNA after surgery can raise the early postoperative quality of recovery in the patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of quadrates lumborum block for unilateral inguinal hernia repair in elderly patients. Methods Fifty-eight elderly patients with unilateral inguinal hernia of both sexes, aged 65-80 yr, with body mass index of 18-25 kg∕m2 , of American Society of Anesthesiolo-gists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ, scheduled for elective unilateral tension-free repair, were divided into 2 groups ( n=29 each) using a random number table method: iliohypogastric-ilioinguinal nerve block group (group T) and quadrates lumborum block group (group Q). Iliohypogastric-ilioinguinal nerve block with arteria circumflexa ilium profunda as a marker was carried out with 0. 33％ ropivacaine 20 ml under ultra-sound guidance in group T. The anterior approach to quadratus lumborum block was performed with 0. 33％ropivacaine 20 ml under ultrasound guidance in group Q. Operation was started after the height of sensory block was assessed by pin-prick test at 30 min after block. When the blocking effect did not meet the opera-tion requirements, an increment of 1％ lidocaine 2. 5 ml was given every time in the surgical field until op-eration requirements were met. Dexmedetomidine was intravenously infused at a rate of 0. 03-0. 07μg·kg-1 ·min-1 during surgery until the end of surgery to maintain Narcotrend index between 80 and 90. When postoperative visual analogue scale score >3, parecoxib sodium 40 mg was intravenously injected, and if marked pain relief was not found 10 min later, tramadol hydrochloride 50-100 mg was intravenously injected. The upper spread of sensory block and intraoperative requirement for additional local anesthetics were recorded at 30 min after nerve block. The requirement for parecoxib and tramadol was recorded within 48 h after operation. The development of inadvertent intravascular injection of local anesthetics, local anes-thetic intoxication and postoperative nausea and vomiting, nerve block of lower extremity and uroschesis was recorded. Results Skin pain disappeared at the plane of T11-L1 in group T and at the plane of T9-L1 in group Q. Compared with group T, the intraoperative requirement for and consumption of local anesthetics, postoperative requirement for parecoxib and tramadol, and postoperative incidence of nausea and vomiting were significantly decreased in group Q ( P<0. 05) . Conclusion Quadrates lumborum block provides bet-ter efficacy for unilateral inguinal hernia repair than iliohypogastric-ilioinguinal nerve block in elderly pa-tients.

Objective To investigate the effects of Olaparib on cell proliferation and radiosensitization of human non-small cell lung cancer cells.Methods Non-small cell lung H460 and H1299 cell lines were cultured in vitro and the cells in logarithmic growth phase were selected for experiments.MTT and colony formation assays were used to determine cell proliferation and radiosensitization,respectively.Single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) was used to detect irradiation-induced DNA damage.Results The results of MTT assay showed that Olaparib inhibited the proliferation of H460 and H1299 cells in a dose-dependent pattern (all P＜0.05).H1299 cell line was more sensitive to Olaparib than H460 cells.The results of colony formation assay showed that Olaparib enhanced the radiosensitizition of H460 and H1299 cells (all P＜0.05).The results of comet assay showed that Olaparib increased γ ray-induced DNA damage.Conclusions Olapani can enhance the radiosensitization of human non-small cell lung cancer cells,and the radiosensitization effect of Olaparib may be associated with the inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of irradiation-induced DNA damage.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of lumbosacral plexus block combined with the use of dexmedetomidine in elderly patients undergoing proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA).Methods A total of 60 patients received elective PFNA were divided into tracheal intubation combined with inhalation anesthesia group (group G) and ultrasound and nerve stimulator-guided lumbosacral plexus block following with dexmedetomidine infusion group (group N).Then we observed HR,SBP,DBP for both groups at the time entering the theater (T0),immediately after tracheal intubation or after dexmedetomidine infusion (T1),skin incision moment (T2) and 30 minutes after skin incision (T3).Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were assessed for both groups at the time point of 2,6,12,24 and 48 hours after surgery.The number of use of patient controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA),assessment of consciousness status 1-3 days after surgery,adverse reactions were recorded for both groups as well.The following post-surgery data were recorded:the time of first feeding,first urination and first ambulation,the length of hospitalization,the expense of hospital stay.Results HR,SBP,DBP of the group G changed more significantly at T1,T2,T3 than those of T0 (P＜0.05).The VAS scores and the number of use of PCIA of group N were lower than those of group G at all time points after operation (P＜0.05).The group N had lower CAM-CR scores and less adverse reactions of nausea and vomiting and dizziness than those of group G on days 1 to 3 after surgery (P＜0.01).Compare to group G,the group N were early in terms of post-operation first feeding,first urination and first ambulation (P＜0.01).The length of hospitalization was shorter and the cost of the hospital stay was lower in the group N than the group G (P＜0.01).Conclusion Ultrasound and nerve stimulator-guided lumbosacral plexus block combined with low dose of dexmedetomidine could meet the needs of elderly patients undergoing PFNA.

Objective To evaluate the value of perioperative multimodal stratified analgesia guided by PPRS-CYMZ 2.0. Methods One hundred and sixteen patients of both sexes, aged 16-85 yr, of A-merican Society of Anesthesiologists physical statusⅠ-Ⅲ, scheduled for elective surgery in our hospital in August 2016, were included in this study and assigned into empirical analgesia group(group E, n=79) and stratified analgesia group(group S, n=73). The risk of postoperative pain was estimated by an expe-rienced associate chief anesthesiologist based on his clinical experience, and the perioperative analgesic protocol was determined in group E. The risk of postoperative pain was assessed using the perioperative pain risk scale PPRS-CYMZ 2.0 by another experienced associate chief anesthesiologist, the risk was stratified according to the scores, and the corresponding stratified analgesic protocol was determined in group S. Vis-ual analog scale scores and parents′satisfaction with analgesia were recorded on postoperative day 30. The requirement for preventive analgesia, total pressing times of patient-controlled analgesia(PCA)pump in 0-6 h, 6-24 h and 24-72 h periods, PCA background infusion dose and consumption of rescue analgesics were recorded. The development of adverse events during postoperative hospital stay and postoperative re-covery were also recorded. Analgesia-related parameters of medical economics were calculated. Results There was no significant difference in postoperative pain risk stratification between group E and group S(P>0.05), and the majority of patients were at moderate risk. Compared with group E, no significant change was found in visual analog scale scores on postoperative day 30, PCA background infusion dose or incidence of postoperative adverse effects(P>0.05), the requirement for preventive analgesia and satisfaction scores were significantly increased in high risk patients, the consumption of rescue analgesics was decreased in moderate risk patients(P<0.05), no significant change was found in the total pressing times of PCA pump in each time period in low risk patients(P>0.05), the total pressing times of PCA pump was significantly decreased, and the direct analgesic cost per patient and total analgesic cost were decreased in moderate and high risk patients, and the first ambulation time and length of postoperative hospital stay were shortened in high risk patients in group S(P<0.05). Conclusion PPRS-CYMZ 2.0 can achieve perioperative multi-modal stratified analgesia and individualized treatment.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of different temperature of fluids and blood infusion on postoperative recovery quality in elderly patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA).Methods One hundred and fifty-six cases of elderly patients (male 42,female 1 14,aged 65-85 years,ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ)scheduled for selective single TKA were recruited and divided into three groups randomly(n =52 each),normal temperature group (group NT),constant temperature group (group CT)and warming temperature group (group WT).Patients of group NT were infused with blood or fluids of room temperature (22-24 ℃)and surgical area were flushed with fluid of room tem-perature too.Patients of group CT were infused with blood or fluids of 37 ℃ by heating apparatus and temperature of fluids used to flushing was 37 ℃ too.Otherwise,in group WT,the tempreture of blood and fluids for infusion were kept at 37 ℃ and the surgical area were flushed with fluid of 39 ℃. The nasopharyngeal temperature were recorded on time points of before anesthesia (T0 ),30 min (T1 )and 1 h (T2 )after surgery beginning,30 min (T3 )and 1 h (T4 )after surgery.Time of sponta-neous breathing,time of eye opening on call,time of fully conscious,extubation time and Steward scores of patients were recorded too.And the cognitive function were evaluated by Postoperative Quality Recovery Scale (PQRS)on time points of 1 5 min and 40 min after extubation and the 1,3, 30 d after surgery.Results Compared with T0 ,the nasopharyngeal temperature of three groups were significantly decreased at T1-T4 (P <0.05 or P < 0.01 ).The nasopharyngeal temperature of group CT and group WT were significantly higher than in group NT at T1-T4 (P <0.01).And the nasopha-ryngeal temperature of group WT was significantly higher than in group CT at T4 (P <0.05).Com-pared with group NT,time of eye opening on call and spontaneous breathing in groups CT and WT were significantly shorter (P < 0.01 ).Time of fully conscious in group WT was obviously shorter than in group NT (P <0.01),and the Steward score in group WT was significantly higher than in group NT (P <0.05).Compared with before extubation,the cognitive function scores in all patients at 1 5,40 min after extubation and 1,3,30 d after surgery were increased significantly (P <0.01).The cognitive function scores in group CT and group WT at all time points were significantly higher than that in group NT (P <0.05).And the cognitive function scores in group WT was significantly higher than that in group CT at 30 d after surgery (P <0.05).Conclusion The elderly patients undergoing TKA receiving blood transfusion and infusion at 37 ℃ and flushing the area with fluid at 39 ℃ can prevent the occurrence of hypothermia and improve the postoperative recovery quality and cognitive function recovery.

BACKGROUND:Currently the ultrasound-guided continuous femoral nerve block has been widely used as a postoperative analgesia method after knee replacement surgery, but there are stil some technical and practical details issues to be studied. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effect of ultrasound-guided imaging and safety evaluation of different puncture techniques and needle choice in the ultrasound-guided continuous femoral nerve block after total knee arthroplasty.METHODS:One hundred and sixty patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty were randomly divided into four groups, with 40 cases in each group. Continuous femoral nerve block was done after general anesthesia induction. Patients in each group were respectively punctured using 20 G needle (diameter 1.1 mm) out-of-plane approach, 20 G needle (diameter 1.1 mm) in-plane approach, 18 G needle (diameter 1.3 mm) out-of-plane approach, and 18 G needle (diameter 1.3 mm) in-plane approach. Patient-control ed analgesia pump was used 30 minutes before the end of surgery. The operating time of continuous femoral nerve block was recorded. The visual analogue scale scores at rest, active functional exercise and continuous passive movement state on 6, 24, 48, 72 hours after total knee arthroplasty were estimated. The presses of the pump, time of first walk, daily walk times and complication of continuous femoral nerve block were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The operating time of continuous femoral nerve block in group D was shorter than that in other groups (P<0.05). There was no difference of visual analogue scale scores, the presses of the pump, time of first walk, and daily walk times among each group. The incidence of puncture site pain in group C was higher than that in other groups (P<0.05). The best ultrasound imaging was obtained by using 18 G needle in-plane approach for ultrasound-guided continuous femoral nerve block after total knee arthroplasty, and the complication incidence was not increased.

Objective To investigate the effect of controlled low central venous pressure(CLCVP) on blood loss and prognosis in different types of hepatectomy .Methods Two hundred and fifty seven patients underwent standard hepatectomy ,half liver resec‐tion or irregular partial hepatectomy from January 2011 to December 2012 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical U‐niversity were retrospectively studied .Patients treated with CLCVP during hepatectomy were attributed to the CLCVP group .CVP of these patients were lowed to below 5 cm H2 O by minimizing fluid infusion and one or both of the following maneuvers :posture adjustment ,nitroglycerin administration .Alpha agonists were used when necessary to maintain the mean arterial pressure MAP at ≥60 mm Hg .Other patients been maintained with normal level of CVP by adjusting fluid administration were included in normal CVP group (NCVP) .Blood loss and transfusion volume ,length of hospital stay of the two groups were compared ,and the effects of different surgery type on CLCVP blood protection were evaluated .Results In the patients underwent standard hepatectomy or half liver resection ,intraoperative blood loss and transfusion were not statistically different between the two groups .While in the pa‐tients underwent irregular partial hepatectomy ,the CLCVP group suffered less blood loss and transfusion(P<0 .05) .Percentage of the patients with less than 200 mL blood loss and no transfusion of concentrated red cell in CLCVP group was higher than that of in NCVP group(P<0 .05) .Differences between the two groups in postoperative hospital stay were with no significance in all the operation types(P>0 .05) .Conclusion The efficiency of CLCVP on blood protection during hepatectomy is influenced by the sur‐gery type ,the blood protection is found to be significant only in irregular partial hepatectomy .No relationship was found between CLCVP and postoperative hospital stay in all types of hepatectomy .