Objective: To explore the cross sectional and longitudinal associations between 24 hour movement behaviors and physical fitness in preschool children, and to adopt the method of equal time substitution analysis to evaluate the impact of time redistribution of different activity behaviors on physical fitness scores,so as to provide a scientific basis for promoting the health of preschool children. Methods: A total of 193 preschool children aged 3-6 years were selected from three Shanghai districts (Jing an, Baoshan, Jiading) from October to December 2023 by the stratified cluster random sampling method. The 24 hour movement behaviors were monitored via 7 day accelerometry, and physical fitness was measured according to the National Physical Fitness Measurement Standards (Revised 2023, preschool section). From October to December 2024, the follow up of physical fitness among preschool children used the same testing method. The comparison between groups was conducted by t-test. Compositional regression analyses evaluated the relationship of 24 hour movement behaviors and physical fitness among preschool children. Results: At baseline, moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) time was significantly higher in boys [(84.10±25.78)min/d] than in girls [( 70.44± 25.98)min/d]; the composite physical fitness score was significantly higher in boys (71.65±8.69) than in girls (68.84±9.89), and the differences were statistically significant ( t =3.65, 2.10, both P <0.01). After adjusting for gender, age and body mass index, the results of component multiple linear regression analysis showed that MVPA time proportion was positively correlated with the composite physical fitness score at baseline among preschool children ( β =6.61), but was negatively correlated with two legged continuous hopping time at 1 year ( β =-1.12) (both P <0.05). Light physical activity (LPA) time proportion was negatively correlated with walking on the balance beam time at 1 year ( β =-4.44), and sedentary behavior (SB) time proportion was negatively correlated with the composite score of physical fitness at baseline ( β =-6.55) (both P <0.05). Isotemporal substitution analysis revealed that replacing 10 minutes of sleep (SP), SB, and LPA with MVPA increased the baseline physical fitness composite score by 0.750, 0.689 and 0.575 units, respectively; at 1 year follow up, the composite score increased by 1.440, 1.419 and 1.430 units, respectively (all P <0.05). Conversely, replacing MVPA with 10 minutes of SP, SB, and LPA,resulted in decreases in baseline physical fitness composite scores of 0.836, 0.777 and 0.669 units, and reductions of 1.613, 1.592 and 1.598 units at 1 year follow up (all P < 0.05 ). Conclusions Preschool children s 24 hour movement behaviors, especially MVPA, are closely related to physical health. Implementing appropriate strategies to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary time may improve the physical fitness of preschoolers.

The interaction of gut microbiota and its metabolites with the host not only plays an important role in maintaining gut homeostasis and host health, but also is a key link in responding to pathogen infections. A thorough understanding of the changes in gut microbiota and its metabolites during infection, as well as their role and mechanism in host defense against infection, is helpful to guide anti-infection treatment. This review focuses on the role of gut microbiota and their metabolites in host defense against bacterial, fungal, and viral infections, and reveals that they can exert anti-infection effects through resistance mechanisms (inducing antimicrobial substances, training immunity, inhibiting pathogen respiration, directly neutralizing pathogens, immune regulation) and tolerance mechanisms (altering energy metabolism patterns of microbiota, cell proliferation and tissue damage repair, maintaining physiological signal transduction in extraintestinal organs, inflammation regulation, maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier), and also summarizes measures to regulate gut microbiota against pathogen infections, in order to provide more ideas for novel anti-infection prevention and treatment strategies targeting gut microbiota and its metabolites.

Objective This study aimed to explore the spatial heterogeneity and risk factors for dental caries in 12-year-old children in Shanxi province,China. Methods The data encompassed 3,721 participants from the two most recent oral health surveys conducted across 16 districts in Shanxi Province in 2015 and 2018.Eighteen specific variables were analyzed to examine the interplay between socioeconomic factors,medical resources and environmental conditions.The Geo-detector model was employed to assess the impacts and interactions of these ecological factors. Results Socioeconomic factors(Q=0.30,P<0.05)exhibited a more substantial impact compared to environmental(Q=0.19,P<0.05)and medical resource factors(Q=0.25,P<0.05).Notably,the urban population percentage(UPP)demonstrated the most significant explanatory power for the spatial heterogeneity in caries prevalence,as denoted by its highest q-value(q=0.51,P<0.05).Additionally,the spatial distribution's heterogeneity of caries was significantly affected by SO2 concentration(q=0.39,P<0.05)and water fluoride levels(q=0.27,P<0.05)among environmental factors. Conclusion The prevalence of caries exhibited spatial heterogeneity,escalating from North to South in Shanxi Province,China,influenced by socioeconomic factors,medical resources,and environmental conditions to varying extents.

Infection is a common medical problem at present. Different pathogens can lead to different infections. Severe infections can ultimately lead to sepsis, resulting in multiple organ dysfunction and the high mortality of patients. Therefore, studying the occurrence and development of severe infections is essential to improve the survival rate of patients. More and more studies have revealed the important role of connection between intestine and liver in infectious diseases. The maintenance of intestinal mechanical barrier and biological barrier function and the regulation of intestinal flora metabolites can reduce infectious liver injury. Bile acids are important metabolites in the liver, which can inhibit the progression of certain infectious intestinal injuries and promote intestinal damage caused by certain pathogens. In this article, the mechanism of action of the intestinal-liver axis in infection was reviewed to find a new target for the treatment of clinical infection.

Objective:To explore the effects of neutrophilic granule protein (NGP) on the expression of lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in inflammatory macrophages and its mechanism.Methods:NGP-high-expressed RAW264.7 cells (NGP/RAW cells) and negative control RAW264.7 cells (NC/RAW cells) were cultured in vitro. Primary peritoneal macrophages of NGP-high-expressed mice and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were extracted, then cultured in vitro. The cell inflammatory model was established by stimulating with 10 mg/L lipopolysaccharide (LPS, LPS group), and the phosphate buffer solution (PBS) control group was set up. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the level of LCN2 in different types of cells. The protein expression of phosphorylated signal transduction and activator of transcription 1 (p-STAT1) was detected with Western blotting. Other NGP/RAW cells and NC/RAW cells were treated with 10 mg/L LPS, 5 mg/L STAT1 pathway inhibitor (fludarabine)+10 mg/L LPS, respectively. The PBS control group was set up. ELISA was used to detect the level of LCN2. Results:In different types of cells, the levels of LCN2 were increased significantly after LPS stimulation in the LPS group as compared with those in the PBS control group, and peaked at 24 hours (μmol/L: 25.61±1.02 vs. 0.46±0.02 in NC/RAW cells, 74.51±2.14 vs. 0.25±0.04 in NGP/RAW cells, 10.13±0.22 vs. 0.01±0.01 in primary macrophages of wild-type C57BL/6 mice, 28.35±0.61 vs. 0.08±0.01 in primary macrophages of NGP-high-expressed mice, all P < 0.05), indicating that the expression of LCN2 in macrophages altered during inflammation reaction. The level of LCN2 in NGP/RAW cells was found significantly increased at different time points after LPS stimulation comparing with that in NC/RAW cells (μmol/L: 8.32±0.22 vs. 3.12±0.11 at 6 hours, 23.12±0.86 vs. 8.12±0.32 at 12 hours, 74.51±2.14 vs. 25.61±1.02 at 24 hours, all P < 0.05), along with the expression of p-STAT1 was significantly up-regulated. The level of LCN2 in the primary macrophages of NGP-high-expressed mice was also significantly increased at 24 hours after LPS stimulation comparing with that in the primary macrophages of wild-type C57BL/6 mice (μmol/L: 28.35±0.61 vs. 10.13±0.22, P < 0.05). However, after pretreated with STAT1 pathway inhibitors, the production of LCN2 in NGP/RAW cells was decreased significantly comparing with that in the LPS group (μmol/L: 6.81±0.19 vs. 22.54±0.58, P < 0.05). But the inhibitors had no significant effect on LCN2 production in NC/RAW cells showing no significant difference as compared with LPS group (μmol/L: 8.04±0.20 vs. 7.86±0.15, P > 0.05), indicating that NGP could up-regulate the expression of LCN2 in macrophages stimulated by LPS by promoting STAT1 activation. Conclusion:NGP could positively regulate LCN2 expression in inflammatory macrophages by activating STAT1 pathway.

Objective To verify that curcumol can inhibit erastin-induced ferroptosis in HT22 cells and play a role of cell protection.Methods Firstly,the effect of 0.5 μmol·L-1 Erastin at different time gradients(0,4,8,12,24 h)on the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins in HT22 cells were abserved by Western blot,Then HT22 cells were divided into normal control group,DMSO group,Erastin treatment group(0.5 μmol·L-1 Erastin treatment for 24),and curcumol group(0.5 μmol·L-1 Erastin treatment for 24 h+50 μmol·L-1 curcumin treatment for 48 ho).The expression levels of ferroptosis-related proteins in HT22 cells were detected by Western blot,cell iron ion kit and cell ferrous content kit were used to detect the levels of total iron and ferrous iron in cells,cell viability was detected by CCK-8 kit,and cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin V/PI apoptosis kit.Results After Erastin stimulation,the levels of xCT(P<0.05),NCOA4(P<0.001)and ACSL4(P<0.01)were up-regulated,while GPX4(P<0.001),FPN(P<0.01)and FTH1(P<0.05)were decreased in HT22 cells.The ferritin-related protein levels,iron levels,cell viability and apoptosis rate of DMSO group were basically the same as those of normal control group.Compared with Erastin group,the cell viability of neurons(P<0.001)and the GPX4 enzyme level of the cells(P<0.01)in the curcumol treatment group was significantly increased,the apoptosis rate(P<0.001)and the total iron and ferrous iron contents of the cells(P<0.001)were decreased oppositely.In addition,the expression levels of Xct(P<0.001),NCOA4(P<0.001),and ACSL4(P<0.001)were significantly down-regulated,the expression levels of FTH1(P<0.01)and GPX4(P<0.001)were significantly up-regulated(P<0.01).Conclusion Curcumol could protect HT22 cells by inhibiting erastin-induced ferroptosis.

Traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome (TSOFS) is a symptom complex caused by nerve entrapment in the supraorbital fissure after skull base trauma. If the compressed cranial nerve in the supraorbital fissure is not decompressed surgically, ptosis, diplopia and eye movement disorder may exist for a long time and seriously affect the patients′ quality of life. Since its overall incidence is not high, it is not familiarized with the majority of neurosurgeons and some TSOFS may be complicated with skull base vascular injury. If the supraorbital fissure surgery is performed without treatment of vascular injury, it may cause massive hemorrhage, and disability and even life-threatening in severe cases. At present, there is no consensus or guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS that can be referred to both domestically and internationally. To improve the understanding of TSOFS among clinical physicians and establish standardized diagnosis and treatment plans, the Skull Base Trauma Group of the Neurorepair Professional Committee of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Neurosurgery Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Traumatology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and Editorial Committee of Chinese Journal of Trauma organized relevant experts to formulate Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome ( version 2024) based on evidence of evidence-based medicine and clinical experience of diagnosis and treatment. This consensus puts forward 12 recommendations on the diagnosis, classification, treatment, efficacy evaluation and follow-up of TSOFS, aiming to provide references for neurosurgeons from hospitals of all levels to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental synaptopathy caused by loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP); abnormal synaptic plasticity is the leading pathological cause of cognitive impairment, fear and anxiety, hyperactivity and stereotyped behavior in FXS patients. In recent years, breakthroughs have been made in functional study of synaptic plasticity in FXS, providing a new theoretical basis for FXS. This article mainly summarizes the dysregulation and influencing factors of synaptic plasticity in FXS, as well as the strategy of targeted synaptic plasticity in FXS, so as to deepen the understanding of medical workers.

Bioactive glass (BG) has been widely used in the preparation of artificial bone scaffolds due to its excellent biological properties and non-cytotoxicity, which can promote bone and soft tissue regeneration. However, due to the brittleness, poor mechanical strength, easy agglomeration and uncontrollable structure of glass material, its application in various fields is limited. In this regard, most current researches mainly focus on mixing BG with organic or inorganic materials by freeze-drying method, sol-gel method, etc., to improve its mechanical properties and brittleness, so as to increase its clinical application and expand its application field. This review introduces the combination of BG with natural organic materials, metallic materials and non-metallic materials, and demonstrates the latest technology and future prospects of BG composite materials through the development of scaffolds, injectable fillers, membranes, hydrogels and coatings. The previous studies show that the addition of BG improves the mechanical properties, biological activity and regeneration potential of the composites, and broadens the application of BG in the field of bone tissue engineering. By reviewing the recent BG researches on bone regeneration, the research potential of new materials is demonstrated, in order to provide a reference for future related research.
Bone Regeneration ; Bone and Bones ; Freeze Drying ; Glass ; Hydrogels

In recent years, the biopharmaceutical industry has developed rapidly, creating urgent demand for high-quality, innovative, and application-oriented talents. In the context of "first-class undergraduate education", it is of great significance to reform and explore biopharmaceutics blended learning to foster professional talents who can adapt to the industrial development. The blended teaching of biopharmaceutics course in Hubei University was based on small private online course (SPOC) and ChaoXing platform, aiming to meet the first-class "AIC (advanced, innovation, challenge)". The course strengthened the three phases of teaching: before, during, and after class, and innovated teaching methods actively to achieve curriculum goals, and integrated typical cases organically. In addition, the course improved the discriminative power of assessment by strengthening the formative performance evaluation. Moreover, the course provided guidance for students to improve the learning efficiency through investigating the students' learning behavior and employing the marginal utility curve to analyze the characteristics of group activities. Furthermore, the course also offered students personalized learning guidance based on their career planning. The reform of biopharmaceutics blended teaching has achieved significant outcomes, such as improving students' satisfaction, students' innovation and entrepreneurship ability, and curriculum construction level, thus may serve as a reference for the teaching reform and research of the related courses.
Humans ; Biopharmaceutics ; Curriculum ; Learning ; Students