Objective To investigate the factors affecting the distribution of Pomacea and project the trends in the spread of suitable distribution areas of Pomacea in 2050 and 2070 in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, so as to provide insights into Pomacea control in the prefecture. Methods The longitudes and latitudes of Pomacea sampling sites were captured based on Pomacea field survey data in 12 cities (counties) of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture from 2023 to 2024. A total of 19 climatic factors (annual mean temperature, mean diurnal range, isothermality, temperature seasonality, maximum temperature of the warmest month, minimum temperature of the coldest month, temperature annual range, mean temperature of the wettest quarter, mean temperature of the driest quarter, mean temperature of the warmest month, mean temperature of the coldest month, annual precipitation, precipitation of the wettest month, precipitation of the driest month, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of the wettest quarter, precipitation of the driest quarter, mean temperature of the warmest quarter, and mean temperature of the coldest quarter) and representative concentration pathways (RCPs) were retrieved from the world climate database (www.worldclim.org). All climatic variables were employed to create a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model. The predictive accuracy of the model was assessed with the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), and the contributions of these 19 climatic factors to the distribution of Pomacea were analyzed in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture using Jackknife test. In addition, the suitable distribution areas of Pomacea were predicted with the MaxEnt model in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in 2024 and in 2050 and 2070 under RCP4.5. Results Data pertaining to 91 Pomacea sampling sites were captured. ROC analysis revealed the MaxEnt model had an AUC value of 0.885 ± 0.088 for predicting the suitable distribution areas of Pomacea in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture. Of the 19 climatic factors, the maximum temperature of the warmest month had the highest contribution to the distribution of Pomacea in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, followed by mean temperature of the driest quarter, mean temperature of the wettest quarter and minimum temperature of the coldest month. The suitable distribution area of Pomacea was predicted to be 14 555.69 km² in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in 2024, and would expand gradually to the southeastern part of the prefecture in the future due to climatic factors. The suitable distribution areas of Pomacea were projected to expand to 21 475.61 km² in 2050 and 25 782.52 km² in 2070 in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, respectively. Conclusions Temperature is an important contributor to the distribution of Pomacea in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, and the suitable distribution area of Pomacea will gradually expand to the southeastern part of the prefecture in 2050 and 2070.

Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Leishmania infection and transmitted by sandflies. There are three main forms of leishmaniasis, including cutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. China is mainly endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, which is a class C notifiable infectious disease in the country. Following concerted efforts, the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis had been controlled in most endemic foci of China by the end of 1958, with a few cases reported in western China. Due to global climate changes and population mobility, resurgence of visceral leishmaniasis has recently occurred in historical endemic areas of central and western China, which is characterized by gradual expansion of endemic areas and remarkable rebounding epidemics. Hereby, we summarize the national and global epidemiology and control strategy of visceral leishmaniasis, propose 8 key research areas and 12 key research topics for visceral leishmaniasis control, and recommend the establishment of the joint prevention and control mechanism of “human-animals-vectors” and the working mechanism of animal prevention for human diseases based on the One Health approach, so as to combat the resurgence of visceral leishmaniasis in China.

With the growth of the global economy , changes in climate and ecological environments, and increased mobility of humans and animals, the transmission risk of vector-borne tropical diseases continues to rise. To address this challenge, strengthening surveillance of vector-borne tropical diseases is urgent. This consensus brought together 29 renowned experts in related professional fields from 26 institutions in China, who, through analyzing the epidemic trend and hazard situation of vector-borne tropical diseases and summarizing the working experiences of experts, have firstly reached following consensus: the burden of vector-borne tropical diseases is heavy with great threats to human health; China has achieved remarkable results in prevention and control of vector-borne tropical diseases , but still needs to strengthen the surveillance and response actively. Secondly, a unanimous consensus has been reached on the aspects of surveillance definition, objectives, contents, and methods of vector-borne tropical diseases. Thirdly, detail requirements have been agreed including: strengthening the concept of early surveillance and forecast, standarding the function, evaluation steps, and construction requirements of surveillance system for vector-borne tropical diseases. Fourthly, key tasks were put forward that need to be investigated and strengthened in the future. This expert consensus provides a standardized reference for the construction of the surveillance pathway and surveillance system for vector-borne tropical diseases in China.

Objective To perform a bibliometric analysis of researches on the Plasmodium falciparum repetitive interspersed families of polypeptides (RIFIN) protein from 1993 to 2022 and identify the hot topics in the RIFIN protein research, so as to provide insights into future researches on RIFIN protein. Methods RIFIN protein-associated publications were retrieved in the Web of Science Core Collection from 1993 to 2022 and all bibliometric analyses were performed using the software CiteSpace 6.2.4.0. The annual number of RIFIN protein-associated publications was analyzed from 1993 to 2022, and country, author and institution collaboration networks were created. Keywords were extracted from RIFIN protein-associated publications for plotting keyword co-occurrence, clustering, burst and timeline maps to identify the hot topics in the RIFIN protein research. Results A total of 745 English RIFIN protein-associated publications were included in the final bibliometric analysis, and there were 18 to 36 publications each year from 1993 to 2022. The top three countries with the highest activity in the RIFIN protein research included the United States, the United Kingdom and France, universities and research institutes were highly active in the RIFIN protein research; however, no authors were identified with a high activity in the RIFIN protein research. There were three keyword clusters in the RIFIN protein-associated publications, including repetitive DNA sequence, molecular epidemiology and antigenic variation. Keyword co-occurrence, burst and timeline analyses showed that previous RIFIN protein-associated publications mainly focused on gene properties and functions, involving keywords of repetitive DNA sequence and evolution, and recent hot topics for the RIFIN protein research shifted to genetic diversity and immune response, involving keywords of genetic diversity, antigenic variation and binding. Conclusions The annual number of RIFIN protein-associated publications was relatively stable from 1993 to 2022. This bibliometric analysis may provide insights into future researches on the RIFIN protein.

Intracranial atherosclerotic disease is one of the main causes of ischemic stroke. Imaging evaluation plays an important role in the formulation of treatment strategies. More and more studies have shown that the changes in hemodynamics after stenosis may have higher predictive value for stroke onset/recurrence compared to the degree of stenosis. This article reviews the evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics in intracranial atherosclerotic diseases.

Objective To study the relationship between serum betatrophin and early growth of macrosomia.Method Full-term macrosomia born in the Maternity and Children's Branch of Ruian People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province from January to June 2018 followed up to 6 months and their mother were enrolled in the prospective case-control study as the fetal macrosomia group.The full-term infants appropriate for gestational age,who met all the above requirements were randomly enrolled in the AGA group in a 1∶1 ratio.Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the level of blood betatrophin at birth and 6 months respectively,and the relationship between serum betatrophin level and the growth and development of infants was analyzed.Result A total of 4 823 live births were delivered during the study period,308 of them were full-term macrosomia,the incidence was 6.4％.30 cases were included in the macrosomia group and the AGA group,respectively.The level of blood betatrophin at birth and 6 months in the macrosomia group were higher than that in the AGA Group [(1 088.3 ± 67.8) ng/L vs.(929.5 ± 81.0) ng/L,(1 057.1 ± 114.2) ng/L vs.(976.4 ±76.6) ng/L],and the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.01).The incidence of overweight was 26.7％ (8/30) in the macrosomia group and 6.7％ (2/30) in AGA group at 6 months of age,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).The level of blood betatrophin in overweight infants was statistically significantly higher than that in non-overweight infants (P ＜ 0.001).There was a positive correlation (P ＜ 0.001) between the level of blood betatrophin at the age of 6 months and the weight,body length,Z-score of weight/body length,triglyceride level at birth and the age of 6 months,and the level of umbilical blood betatrophin.But it was not correlated to gender,feeding pattern,other components of blood lipid,blood glucose and insulin in the cord blood and mother's blood,and the level of blood betatrophin in mother's blood (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The betatrophin is involved in the regulation of infant growth and development,which is associated with the occurrence of overweight.

Objective:To analyze the research status, research hotspots and frontier trends of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of influenza in the past 20 years through the knowledge graph, so as to provide reference basis for further research.Methods:The related literatures of TCM in the treatment of influenza were collected in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) from 2000 to 2019. The relevant graphs of authors, research institutions and key words were drawn by CiteSpace 5.6, the distribution and cooperation of main research forces in this field were analyzed, and the research frontiers and hot spot information in this field were discussed.Results:A total of 3 048 related literatures were obtained, involving 949 authors and 242 research institutions. The analysis of the number of articles showed that the volume of articles related to the treatment of influenza with TCM fluctuated greatly in the past 20 years, which was obviously affected by the sudden hot spots around 2010, but showed an overall upward trend, with an average annual volume of about 152 articles. The analysis of the author's cooperation map showed that a total of 77 core authors had published more than 5 articles, accounting for only 8.1% of all authors, and 5 authors had published more than 30 articles. Five major teams had been formed with Gu Ligang, Liu Qingquan, Lu Fangguo, Cui Xiaolan and Zhang Fengxue as the core. The analysis of the cooperation map of research institutions showed that the cooperation among institutions was not good, and only the scientific research institutes in Beijing and Guangzhou had formed a closely related cooperation network. The keyword co-occurrence map showed that 8 keywords appeared more than 100 times, especially ultra-high-frequency keywords, influenza virus ranked first ( n = 518). There were 14 key nodes, such as influenza virus, TCM treatment, viral pneumonia and so on, which supported the current research field of TCM in the treatment of influenza. Fourteen clusters were formed to classify the current research hotspots, including the nomenclature of influenza, virus type, TCM treatment, western medicine knowledge, etc., and the map showed that the clustering was reasonable and the structure was significant. Timeline graph showed that parainfluenza virus, virus disease, pharmacodynamics, heat-clearing and detoxifying drugs, bacteriostasis and experimental research had all been studied for more than 8 years, revealing the research hotspots and trends of TCM in the treatment of influenza. Conclusions:The overall research related to the treatment of influenza with TCM is relatively perfect. In the future, the close cooperation among authors and institutions should be strengthened. The molecular mechanism research, clinical and animal trials of TCM should be further studied, so as to improve the research system of TCM treatment of influenza.

Objective To study the polymorphism of glucocerebrosidase ( GBA) gene of N370S, V394L, L444P, R120W, R359X, R496H, R353W and RecNcil in the patients with Parkinson's disease ( PD) in Han, Uygur and Kazak in Xinjiang and to investigate the relationship between GBA gene polymorphism and Parkinson's disease.Methods GBA gene polymorphism was analyzed by improved multiplex ligation detection reaction technique in 294 sporadic PD patients (100 cases of Uygur, 134 cases of Han, 60 cases of Kazak) and 305 healthy controls (109 cases of Uygur, 122 cases of Han, 74 cases of Kazak) in Xinjiang area.Results There were two L444P loci polymorphisms that were heterozygous mutations in 294 cases of PD patients and the mutation frequency was 0.7%.Three hundred and five cases of control group did not show L 444P polymorphism.There were no significant differences in L 444P genotype and allele frequency distribution between PD group and control group ( AA:99.3%vs 100.0%, GA:0.7%vs 0, P>0.05;G:0.3%vs 0, A:99.7%vs 100.0%, P>0.05);L444P genotype and allele frequency distribution in Han and Uygur patients with PD showed no significant differences ( AA:99.3% vs 99.0%, GA:0.7%vs 1.0%, P>0.05;G:0.4%vs 0.5%, A:99.6%vs 99.5%,P>0.05);N370S, V394L, R120W, R359X, R496H, R353W, RecNcil loci polymorphisms were not found in the PD and control groups.Conclusion The GBA gene of N370S, V394L, R120W, R359X, R496H, R353W, RecNcil showed no polymorphism in Xinjiang Han and Uygur population and there was no association of L 444P polymorphism with Parkinson's disease in Han and Uygur populations in Xinjiang .

Objective To clone and express cathepsin B gene of Echinococcus granulosus(EgCatB)and analyze EgCatB protein by using bioinformatics tools and online databases. Methods The total RNA of E. granulosus was extracted and reverse?ly transcribed into cDNA as the template sequence for PCR. The EgCatB gene was cloned by using the In?Fusion PCR cloning method and expressed by a wheat germ cell?free system,and then the recombinant protein was identified by Western blotting. The signal peptide,transmembrane helices and subcellular location of the EgCatB sequence were predicted by the online soft?ware SignalP 4.1,TMHMM sever v. 2.0 and TargetP 1.1 respectively. Subsequently,the homologue sequence and conserved sites were aligned by using BLASTP and GeneDoc software. Finally,the structures and the glycosylation modification site of the EgCatB encoding protein were analyzed and predicted in turn by ProtParam,SMART,Predictprotein,Swiss?model,NetOGlyc 4.0 and NetNGlyc 1.0 approaches. Results The EgCatB gene was successfully amplified from cDNA of E. granulosus and ex?pressed in the soluble fractions. The molecular weight of the expressed protein was estimated 35 kDa. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that EgCatB was a classical secreted protein containing a Pept_C1 domain. The homology analysis indicated that the amino acid sequence of EgCatB was highly conserved in the active enzyme sites. The protein structure prediction showed a cata?lytic active center was formed through Gln106,Cys112,His282 and Asn302. It was found that there were nine O?glycosylation sites in the EgCatB sequence,but no N?glycosylation sites. Conclusions The EgCatB gene is cloned and expressed successfully,and the recombinant protein is analyzed by bioinformatics approaches and structure predication. The study provides useful informa? tion for further functional study of the EgCatB protein.

Objective To find out current distribution of Oncomelania snails and Schistosoma infection in snails in Zhejiang Province, so as to improve the project of schistosomiasis control. Methods Investigation spots were selected by stratified cluster sampling method, 100 villages of 34 counties were selected from 7 106 villages of 55 counties as survey spots. Synchronously systematic and environmental samplings were used for the survey. Snails were dissected to determine the infection status and spots with sham snails were set to assess the quality of the survey. Results The result showed that snails were found in 223 strips, 1 572 frames and 73 300 m 2 area in 32 villages of 21 counties. Snails were found in an area covering 72 640 m 2 in 29 villages of 18 counties in hilly region, which accounted for 99.1% of total snail habitats. The significantly larger area with snails was revealed in hilly region than that in water network region (t=3.04, P