Background: Emerging infectious diseases, such as Middle East respiratory syndrome or coronavirus disease 2019, pose a continuous threat to public health, making a risk assessment necessary for infectious disease control and prevention. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the risk assessment methods for infectious diseases used by major foreign countries and organizations. Methods: We conducted an investigation and comparative analysis of risk assessment and risk determination methods for infectious diseases. The risk assessment tools included the strategic toolkit for assessing risks, influenza risk assessment tool, pandemic severity assessment framework, and rapid risk assessment methodology. Results: The most frequently reported risk elements were disease severity, antiviral treatment, attack rate, population immunity, and basic productive ratio. The risk evaluation method was evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively by the stakeholders at each institution. Additionally, the final risk level was visualized in a matrix, framework, and x and y-axis. Conclusion Considering the risk assessment tools, the risk element was classified based on the duplicate of each indicator, and risk evaluation and level of risk assessment were analyzed.

Background: The emergence of new infectious diseases threatens public health, increasing socioeconomic damage, and national risks. This study aimed to develop an evidence-based risk assessment tool to quickly respond to new infectious diseases. Methods: The risk elements were extracted by reviewing the risk assessment methods of the World Health Organization, United States, Europe, United Kingdom, and Germany, and the validity and priority of elements were determined through expert meetings and Delphi surveys. Then, the scale and level for each risk element were defined and a final score calculation method according to the risk evaluation result was derived. The developed risk assessment tool was verified using data at the time of domestic transmission of an emerging infectious disease. Results: In case of spread of actual infectious diseases, priority is determined based on the criticality of the elements in each area of transmissibility and severity, from which the weighted score of the risk assessment is derived. Then, the risk score for each element was calculated by multiplying the average value of the risk evaluation by its weight and the evaluation risk assessment score for the two areas was calculated. At last, the final score is plotted in a matrix where the x-axis indicates the transmissibility and the y-axis the severity and plotted on the coordinate plane for time series use. Conclusion With respect to transmissibility and severity, this risk assessment method to respond to new and re-emerging infectious diseases enables rapid and evidence-based evaluation by quantitatively and qualitatively assessing various risk elements.

PURPOSE: Tumor marker concentrations in a given specimen measured by different analyzers vary according to assay methods, epitopes for antibodies used, and reagent specificities. Although great effort in quality assessment has been instituted, discrepancies among results from different analyzers are still present. We evaluated the assay performance of the UniCel(TM) DxI 800 automated analyzer in measuring the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen (CA) 125, CA 15-3 and CA 19-9 tumor markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The linearity and precision performance of the five tumor marker assays were evaluated, and concentrations of the respective markers as measured by DxI were compared to those measured by other conventional analyzers (ADVIA Centaur(TM) and Vitros(TM) ECi) using 200 specimens collected from 100 healthy persons and 100 patients with respective cancers. RESULTS: The linear fits for all five tumor markers were statistically acceptable (F=4648 for AFP, F=15846 for CEA, F=6445 for CA 125, F=2285 for CA 15-3, F=7459 for CA 19-9; p<0.0001 for all). The imprecision of each tumor marker assay was less than 5% coefficient of variation, except for low and high concentrations of AFP. The results from UniCel(TM) DxI 800 were highly correlated with those from other analyzers. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that UniCel(TM) DxI 800 has good linearity and precision performance for the tumor markers assayed in this study. However, there were discrepancies between assaying methods. Efforts to standardize tumor marker assays should be undertaken, and the redetermination of cut-off levels is necessary when developing methods of analyzing tumor markers.
CA-125 Antigen/blood ; CA-19-9 Antigen/blood ; Carcinoembryonic Antigen/blood ; Humans ; Immunoassay/*instrumentation/*methods ; Tumor Markers, Biological/*blood ; alpha-Fetoproteins/metabolism

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to measure the association between the adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain-containing (ADIPOQ) gene variants and obesity in Koreans. METHODS: Three single nucleotide polymorphisms located in the ADIPOQ gene were genotyped in a population-based cross-sectional study of 986 healthy Koreans. Three different case-control groups (i.e. G1, G2, and G3) were defined according to body mass index (BMI) and serum adiponectin levels. Allelic and genotypic associations of this gene with obesity were measured using multivariate logistic regression analyses in each group. RESULTS: The G allele of -11377C>G, a polymorphism located in the promoter region of the ADIPOQ gene (odds ratio (OR), 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.94) and most haplotypes including this allele significantly increased the risk for obesity. However, the OR decreased from 3.98 (G1 group) to 2.90 (G2 group) and 2.30 (G3 group) when a less strict definition of obesity was used. Most haplotypes, including this allele, significantly increased the risk of obesity. The statistical evidence from the GG genotype of -11377C>G (OR, 3.98) and the GT/GT diplotype composed of -11377G>C and +45T>G (OR, 5.20) confirmed the contribution of the G allele toward a predisposition for obesity. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the contribution of the ADIPOQ gene toward susceptibility to obesity in healthy Koreans. The high-risk genotypes and haplotypes identified here may provide more information for identifying individuals who are at risk of obesity.
Adiponectin ; Alleles ; Body Mass Index ; Case-Control Studies ; Collagen ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Logistic Models ; Obesity ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Promoter Regions, Genetic

Two trials with 15 test items of external quality assessment survey were performed in 2009. The test items were constituted three immunoassay categories, i.e., tumor markers, thyroid hormones and immunoproteins (IgG, IgM, IgA, C3 and C4). Fifteen test items commonly used in clinical laboratories and performed by immunoassay method were surveyed as scheduled. The number of participated laboratory of external quality assessment for Immunoassay Subcommittee were 494 institutions in the first trial survey and 519 institutions in the second survey. All of the fourteen control materials consisted of 12 home-made pooled sera and 2 commercial control sera (Liquimmune(R), Liquid Assayed Immunoassay Control, Microgenics Co, USA) were used for the two trials in 2009 survey. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Laboratories participating in external quality control program of immunoassay were 494 and 519 laboratories and the response rate were 97.6% and 98.3% in 2009. 2. Chemiluminiscence immunoassay autoanalyzers were most commonly used for immunoassay testing in the clinical laboratories for detecting tumor markers and hormones. 3. Stability tests of home-made control materials were performed and confirmed the CV values were in acceptable ranges. 4. Workshops titled "National health examination for tumors" and "Standardization and harmonization of laboratory tests" were held on September 4, 2009 and December 16, 2009 in cooperation with Annual Autumn Academic Conferences of Clinical Laboratory and Quality Control, and Immunoserology Subcommittee, respectively. The quality of the participating laboratories seems to be continuously improved. And, this year, new sixty eight laboratories were participated to our Immunoassay Subcommittee.
Congresses as Topic ; Immunoassay ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoproteins ; Korea ; Quality Control ; Thyroid Hormones ; Biomarkers, Tumor

Two trials of external quality assessment were performed in 2008. The first and the second trials assessed by three test categories, i.e., tumor markers, thyroid hormones and immunoproteins (IgG, IgM, IgA, C3 and C4). Fifteen test items using immunoassay method were surveyed as scheduled. The number of participated laboratory of external quality assessment for Immunoassay Subcommittee were 437 institutions in the first trial survey and 476 institutions in the second survey.Fourteen control materials consisted of 12 home-made pooled sera and 2 commercial control sera (Liquimmune(R), Liquid Assayed Immunoassay Control, Microgenics Co, USA) were used. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Laboratories participating in external quality control program of immunoassay were 437 and 476 laboratories and the response rate were 94.6% and 98.7% in 2008. 2. Chemiluminiscence immunoassay autoanalyzers were most commonly used for immunoassay testing in the clinical laboratories for detecting tumor markers and hormones. 3. Some analyzers of a few test items showed variations of the test results of the same control material probably due to personal factors of the institution. 4. Workshops titled "Quality control of Immunoassay" and " Quality control of tumor markers" were held on September 5, 2008 and December 3, 2008 in cooperation with Annual Autumn Academic Conferences of Clinical laboratory and Quality Control and Immunoserology Subcommittee. The quality of the participating laboratories seems to be thought being continuously improved. And, this year, about 51 laboratories are newly participated to our Immunoassay Subcommittee.
Congresses as Topic ; Humans ; Immunoassay ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoproteins ; Quality Control ; Thyroid Hormones ; Biomarkers, Tumor

BACKGROUND: HIV serologic testing is essential for blood donor screening, and the test results should be accurate. It is important that clinical laboratories perform quality control, quality management and standardization for obtaining accurate laboratory results. The Korean National Institute of Health, the Division of AIDS and the Center for Immunology and Pathology have all performed annual external quality surveillance assessment (EQS, EQA) with using a 5 sera panel for all the Korean HIV testing laboratories that have collaborated with the Quality Assurance Committee of the Korean Society of Laboratory Medicine since 2005. The results of HIV testing in the clinical laboratories during the year 2007 were analyzed. METHODS: The results for the clinical laboratories that participated in the HIV EQAS during 2007 were collected and analyzed. The HIV test results and questionnaire data were sent to the web site "http://hivqa.nih.go.kr". Three hundred thirty two results from 303 institutions in 2007 were analyzed. RESULTS: The most widely used HIV testing method was an automated chemiluminescent immunoassay, such as the Abbott AxSym and the Architect system or the Roche Elecsys. About 5% of erroneous results were reported among 332 results. The causes of error were mostly clerical errors and specimen errors. CONCLUSION: The current status for HIV testing in Korean clinical laboratories was that fully automated immunoassay analyzers were used along with manual POCT tests.
Blood Donors ; HIV ; Humans ; Immunoassay ; Mass Screening ; Quality Control ; Serologic Tests ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Two trials of external quality assessment were performed in 2007. The first and the second trials assessed by three test categories, tumor markers, thyroid hormones and immunoproteins(IgG, IgM, IgA, C3 and C4). All of fifteen test items using immunoassay method were surveyed. The response rates of external quality assessment for Immunoassay Subcommittee were 98.3%in first trial and 98.8% in second trial in 2007. Fourteen control materials consisted of 12 home-made pooled sera and 2 commercial control sera (LyphoCheck, BioRad, USA) were used for external survey. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Laboratories participating in external quality control program of immunoassay were 400 laboratories and the response rates were 95.4% and 98.8% in 2007. 2. Recently chemiluminescence immunoassay autoanalyzers were most commonly used for immunoassay testing in the clinical laboratories. 3. Still some test items show big variations of the test results of the same control material according to reagents and autoanalyzers. 4. A workshop for "Quality control practices of Immunoassay" was held on September 7th, 2007 in cooperation with Annual Autumn Academic Conferences of Clinical Laboratory and Quality Control. The quality of the participating laboratories seems to be continuously improved. And, this year, many laboratories are newly participated to Immunoassay Subcommittee. A new surveillance system for the individual laboratory according to its performance by method and analyzer is on scheduling for special performance-based QC.
Congresses as Topic ; Immunoassay ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin M ; Indicators and Reagents ; Luminescence ; Quality Control ; Thyroid Hormones ; Biomarkers, Tumor

Two trials of external quality assessment were performed in 2007. The first and the second trials assessed by three test categories, tumor markers, thyroid hormones and immunoproteins(IgG, IgM, IgA, C3 and C4). All of fifteen test items using immunoassay method were surveyed. The response rates of external quality assessment for Immunoassay Subcommittee were 98.3%in first trial and 98.8% in second trial in 2007. Fourteen control materials consisted of 12 home-made pooled sera and 2 commercial control sera (LyphoCheck, BioRad, USA) were used for external survey. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Laboratories participating in external quality control program of immunoassay were 400 laboratories and the response rates were 95.4% and 98.8% in 2007. 2. Recently chemiluminescence immunoassay autoanalyzers were most commonly used for immunoassay testing in the clinical laboratories. 3. Still some test items show big variations of the test results of the same control material according to reagents and autoanalyzers. 4. A workshop for "Quality control practices of Immunoassay" was held on September 7th, 2007 in cooperation with Annual Autumn Academic Conferences of Clinical Laboratory and Quality Control. The quality of the participating laboratories seems to be continuously improved. And, this year, many laboratories are newly participated to Immunoassay Subcommittee. A new surveillance system for the individual laboratory according to its performance by method and analyzer is on scheduling for special performance-based QC.
Congresses as Topic ; Immunoassay ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin M ; Indicators and Reagents ; Luminescence ; Quality Control ; Thyroid Hormones ; Biomarkers, Tumor

Orofacial clefts, including cleft lip with or without palate (CL/P) and cleft palate (CP), are one of the most common congenital malformations in Asian populations, where the rate of incidence is higher than in European or other racial groups. A number of candidate genes have been identified for orofacial clefts, although no single candidate has been consistently identified in all studies. We performed case-parent trio and case- control studies on 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MSX1 gene using a sample of 52 CL/P and CP probands from Korea. In the case-control study, the allele frequencies of 6 MSX1 SNPs were compared between 52 oral cleft cases and 96 unmatched controls. For the case-parent trio study, single-marker and haplotype-based tests of transmission disequilibrium using allelic and genotypic tests revealed significant evidence of linkage in the presence of disequilibrium for 1170 G/A of exon 2. With the GG genotype as a reference group among GG, GA, and AA genotypes at 1170G/A, the disease risk decreased with the presence of the A allele (AA genotype: OR=0.26, 95% CI=0.10-0.99). These results are consistent with evidence from other studies in the US and Chile and confirm the importance of the MSX1 genotype in determining the risk of CL/P and CP in Koreans.