The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is a noninvasive test that measures neural activity in response to auditory stimuli. Racial differences in head shape have provided strong evidence for specific normative data and accurate device calibration. International standards emphasize the need for standardized procedures and references. This study aimed to outline the standard procedure and related normative ABR values. Standard procedures were performed according to International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards. Five studies from two countries were included to compare the normative values of the ABR. The dataset from the National Standard Reference Data Center (NSRDC) was used as reference. Normative values were described in terms of stimuli, latency, and amplitude. For click stimuli, the latency of the ABR showed different patterns across populations, such as those from Korea and the USA. Although the latencies reported by the NSRDC and for Koreans were relatively short, those reported for USA populations were longer. Using clicks, it was shown that the USA population had the largest ABR amplitude compared to those reported for the other two datasets. For Wave V latency using tone bursts, a similar pattern was identified with click stimuli. Frequency-specific trends were also observed. Although there is a lack of ABR datasets, the information and insights of the present study could be utilized as standard guidelines in research on ABR.

No abstract available.
Cluster Headache ; Frontal Sinus ; Frontal Sinusitis ; Headache ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Sinusitis

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is characterized by orthostatic headache, diffuse dural thickening, and enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging. Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) has been reported to be a rare complication of SIH. There is no consensus in anticoagulation treatment of CVT secondarily caused by SIH. We report a female patient with SIH complicated by CVT and spontaneously regressed CVT not by anticoagulation but by epidural blood patch.
Blood Patch, Epidural ; Consensus ; Female ; Headache ; Humans ; Intracranial Hypotension ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Venous Thrombosis

PURPOSE: This descriptive study investigated the effects of authentic leadership and coworker support on psychological well-being of staff nurses. METHODS: The participants were 166 staff nurse working in university hospital located in D city. Data were collected from July 1 2017 to 31, 2017. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and hierarchical regression. RESULTS: The regression model that included demographics and coworker support explained about 40.0% of psychological well-being. Marital status, nurse satisfaction, turnover experience, and coworker support were the predictors of psychological well-being in staff nurses. CONCLUSION: Coworker support was an important predictor of the psychological well-being of staff nurse. Therefore, strategics to improve coworker support are needed to increase psychological well-being in the clinical field.
Demography ; Leadership ; Marital Status ; Statistics as Topic

No abstract available.
Amnesia, Transient Global* ; Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome*

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Two conversion scales between the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) have been validated for Korean patients with Parkinson's disease. The aim of the present study was to validate these conversion scales for all patients with cognitive impairments regardless of dementia subtype. METHODS: Medical records of 323 subjects who completed both MMSE and MoCA on the same day were retrospectively reviewed. Mean, median, and root mean squared error (RMSE) of the difference between true and equivalent MMSE scores were calculated. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) between true and equivalent MMSE scores were also calculated. The validity of MoCA-MMSE conversion scales was evaluated according to educational level (low educated: ≤6 years; high educated: ≥7 years) and subtypes of cognitive impairment. RESULTS: The difference between true and equivalent MMSE scores had a median value of 0, a mean value of 0.19 according to the van Steenoven scale, a mean value of 0.57 according to the Lawton scale, RMSE value of 2.2 according to the van Steenoven scale, and RMSE value of 0.42 according to the Lawton scale. Additionally, ICCs between true and equivalent MMSE scores were 0.92 and 0.90 on van Steenovan and Lawton conversion scales, respectively. These results were maintained in subgroup analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of the present study suggest that both van Steenovan and Lawton MoCA-MMSE conversion scales are applicable to transforming MoCA scores into MMSE scores in patients with cognitive impairments regardless of dementia subtype or educational level.
Cognition Disorders* ; Dementia ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Methylenebis(chloroaniline) ; Parkinson Disease ; Retrospective Studies ; Weights and Measures*

PURPOSE: This descriptive study investigated the effects of authentic leadership and coworker support on psychological well-being of staff nurses. METHODS: The participants were 166 staff nurse working in university hospital located in D city. Data were collected from July 1 2017 to 31, 2017. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and hierarchical regression. RESULTS: The regression model that included demographics and coworker support explained about 40.0% of psychological well-being. Marital status, nurse satisfaction, turnover experience, and coworker support were the predictors of psychological well-being in staff nurses. CONCLUSION Coworker support was an important predictor of the psychological well-being of staff nurse. Therefore, strategics to improve coworker support are needed to increase psychological well-being in the clinical field.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is associated with repetitive head injury and has distinctive neuropathological features that differentiate this disease from other neurodegenerative diseases. Intraneuronal tau aggregates, although they occur in different patterns, are diagnostic neuropathological features of CTE, but the precise mechanism of tauopathy is not known in CTE. We performed whole RNA sequencing analysis of post-mortem brain tissue from patients with CTE and compared the results to normal controls to determine the transcriptome signature changes associated with CTE. The results showed that the genes related to the MAP kinase and calcium-signaling pathways were significantly downregulated in CTE. The altered expression of protein phosphatases (PPs) in these networks further suggested that the tauopathy observed in CTE involves common pathological mechanisms similar to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using cell lines and animal models, we also showed that reduced PPP3CA/PP2B phosphatase activity is directly associated with increases in phosphorylated (p)-tau proteins. These findings provide important insights into PP-dependent neurodegeneration and may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to reduce the tauopathy associated with CTE.
Alzheimer Disease ; Brain ; Brain Injury, Chronic* ; Cell Line ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Gene Expression Profiling* ; Humans ; Models, Animal ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases ; Phosphotransferases ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Tauopathies* ; Transcriptome*

No abstract available.
Granuloma* ; Middle Cerebral Artery*