Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are correlated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Guidelines that consider local epidemiologic data are fundamental for identifying optimal treatment strategies. However, Korea has no HAP/VAP guidelines. This study was conducted by a committee of nine experts from the Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Respiratory Infection Study Group using the results of Korean HAP/VAP epidemiologic studies. Eleven key questions for HAP/VAP diagnosis and treatment were addressed. The Convergence of Opinion on Suggestions and Evidence (CORE) process was used to derive suggestions, and evidence levels and recommendation grades were in accordance with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Suggestions were made for the 11 key questions pertinent to diagnosis, biomarkers, antibiotics, and treatment strategies for adult patients with HAP/VAP. Using the CORE process and GRADE methodology, the committee generated a series of recommendations for HAP/VAP diagnosis and treatment in the Korean context.

Background: We examined the relationship between average weekly work hours and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in workers with diabetes. Methods: Data of 1,556 workers with diabetes mellitus (DM) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey spanning 2007–2016 were analyzed. Multiple regression analysis (SAS v9.4) was used to assess the correlation between average weekly work hours and HbA1c level. Results: Using 40–52 hours per week as the reference range, workers who worked more than 52 hours per week had significantly higher HbA1c levels (β: 0.2514; P=0.0087). This association remained significant (β: 0.2286; P=0.0308) among those working >52 hours in daytime shifts compared to than among those working standard 40–52 hour schedules. However, the correlation was not observed among other subgroup members who performed evening, night, regular, and irregular shifts. Conclusion Workers with DM who worked long hours were prone to significant increases in HbA1c levels. To mitigate this risk, workplaces should adhere to legal work-hour limitations and offer part-time options for employees with diabetes. Additionally, health education programs may help workers with diabetes manage their condition more effectively.

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are correlated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Guidelines that consider local epidemiologic data are fundamental for identifying optimal treatment strategies. However, Korea has no HAP/VAP guidelines. This study was conducted by a committee of nine experts from the Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Respiratory Infection Study Group using the results of Korean HAP/VAP epidemiologic studies. Eleven key questions for HAP/VAP diagnosis and treatment were addressed. The Convergence of Opinion on Suggestions and Evidence (CORE) process was used to derive suggestions, and evidence levels and recommendation grades were in accordance with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Suggestions were made for the 11 key questions pertinent to diagnosis, biomarkers, antibiotics, and treatment strategies for adult patients with HAP/VAP. Using the CORE process and GRADE methodology, the committee generated a series of recommendations for HAP/VAP diagnosis and treatment in the Korean context.

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are correlated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Guidelines that consider local epidemiologic data are fundamental for identifying optimal treatment strategies. However, Korea has no HAP/VAP guidelines. This study was conducted by a committee of nine experts from the Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Respiratory Infection Study Group using the results of Korean HAP/VAP epidemiologic studies. Eleven key questions for HAP/VAP diagnosis and treatment were addressed. The Convergence of Opinion on Suggestions and Evidence (CORE) process was used to derive suggestions, and evidence levels and recommendation grades were in accordance with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Suggestions were made for the 11 key questions pertinent to diagnosis, biomarkers, antibiotics, and treatment strategies for adult patients with HAP/VAP. Using the CORE process and GRADE methodology, the committee generated a series of recommendations for HAP/VAP diagnosis and treatment in the Korean context.

Background: We examined the relationship between average weekly work hours and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in workers with diabetes. Methods: Data of 1,556 workers with diabetes mellitus (DM) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey spanning 2007–2016 were analyzed. Multiple regression analysis (SAS v9.4) was used to assess the correlation between average weekly work hours and HbA1c level. Results: Using 40–52 hours per week as the reference range, workers who worked more than 52 hours per week had significantly higher HbA1c levels (β: 0.2514; P=0.0087). This association remained significant (β: 0.2286; P=0.0308) among those working >52 hours in daytime shifts compared to than among those working standard 40–52 hour schedules. However, the correlation was not observed among other subgroup members who performed evening, night, regular, and irregular shifts. Conclusion Workers with DM who worked long hours were prone to significant increases in HbA1c levels. To mitigate this risk, workplaces should adhere to legal work-hour limitations and offer part-time options for employees with diabetes. Additionally, health education programs may help workers with diabetes manage their condition more effectively.

Background: We examined the relationship between average weekly work hours and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in workers with diabetes. Methods: Data of 1,556 workers with diabetes mellitus (DM) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey spanning 2007–2016 were analyzed. Multiple regression analysis (SAS v9.4) was used to assess the correlation between average weekly work hours and HbA1c level. Results: Using 40–52 hours per week as the reference range, workers who worked more than 52 hours per week had significantly higher HbA1c levels (β: 0.2514; P=0.0087). This association remained significant (β: 0.2286; P=0.0308) among those working >52 hours in daytime shifts compared to than among those working standard 40–52 hour schedules. However, the correlation was not observed among other subgroup members who performed evening, night, regular, and irregular shifts. Conclusion Workers with DM who worked long hours were prone to significant increases in HbA1c levels. To mitigate this risk, workplaces should adhere to legal work-hour limitations and offer part-time options for employees with diabetes. Additionally, health education programs may help workers with diabetes manage their condition more effectively.

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are correlated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Guidelines that consider local epidemiologic data are fundamental for identifying optimal treatment strategies. However, Korea has no HAP/VAP guidelines. This study was conducted by a committee of nine experts from the Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Respiratory Infection Study Group using the results of Korean HAP/VAP epidemiologic studies. Eleven key questions for HAP/VAP diagnosis and treatment were addressed. The Convergence of Opinion on Suggestions and Evidence (CORE) process was used to derive suggestions, and evidence levels and recommendation grades were in accordance with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Suggestions were made for the 11 key questions pertinent to diagnosis, biomarkers, antibiotics, and treatment strategies for adult patients with HAP/VAP. Using the CORE process and GRADE methodology, the committee generated a series of recommendations for HAP/VAP diagnosis and treatment in the Korean context.

Background: We examined the relationship between average weekly work hours and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in workers with diabetes. Methods: Data of 1,556 workers with diabetes mellitus (DM) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey spanning 2007–2016 were analyzed. Multiple regression analysis (SAS v9.4) was used to assess the correlation between average weekly work hours and HbA1c level. Results: Using 40–52 hours per week as the reference range, workers who worked more than 52 hours per week had significantly higher HbA1c levels (β: 0.2514; P=0.0087). This association remained significant (β: 0.2286; P=0.0308) among those working >52 hours in daytime shifts compared to than among those working standard 40–52 hour schedules. However, the correlation was not observed among other subgroup members who performed evening, night, regular, and irregular shifts. Conclusion Workers with DM who worked long hours were prone to significant increases in HbA1c levels. To mitigate this risk, workplaces should adhere to legal work-hour limitations and offer part-time options for employees with diabetes. Additionally, health education programs may help workers with diabetes manage their condition more effectively.

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are correlated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Guidelines that consider local epidemiologic data are fundamental for identifying optimal treatment strategies. However, Korea has no HAP/VAP guidelines. This study was conducted by a committee of nine experts from the Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Respiratory Infection Study Group using the results of Korean HAP/VAP epidemiologic studies. Eleven key questions for HAP/VAP diagnosis and treatment were addressed. The Convergence of Opinion on Suggestions and Evidence (CORE) process was used to derive suggestions, and evidence levels and recommendation grades were in accordance with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Suggestions were made for the 11 key questions pertinent to diagnosis, biomarkers, antibiotics, and treatment strategies for adult patients with HAP/VAP. Using the CORE process and GRADE methodology, the committee generated a series of recommendations for HAP/VAP diagnosis and treatment in the Korean context.

Background: Limited data are available on the mortality rates of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to analyze the relationship between COVID-19 and clinical outcomes for patients receiving ECMO. Methods: We retrospectively investigated patients with COVID-19 pneumonia requiring ECMO in 19 hospitals across Korea from January 1, 2020 to August 31, 2021. The primary outcome was the 90-day mortality after ECMO initiation. We performed multivariate analysis using a logistic regression model to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of 90-day mortality. Survival differences were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier (KM) method. Results: Of 127 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who received ECMO, 70 patients (55.1%) died within 90 days of ECMO initiation. The median age was 64 years, and 63% of patients were male. The incidence of ECMO was increased with age but was decreased after 70 years of age. However, the survival rate was decreased linearly with age. In multivariate analysis, age (OR, 1.048; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.010–1.089; P = 0.014) and receipt of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) (OR, 3.069; 95% CI, 1.312–7.180; P = 0.010) were significantly associated with an increased risk of 90-day mortality. KM curves showed significant differences in survival between groups according to age (65 years) (log-rank P = 0.021) and receipt of CRRT (log-rank P = 0.004). Conclusion Older age and receipt of CRRT were associated with higher mortality rates among patients with COVID-19 who received ECMO.