A significant portion of newly diagnosed lung cancer cases occurs in populations exposed to air pollution. The World Health Organization has identified air pollution as a human carcinogen, prompting many countries to implement monitoring systems for ambient particulate matter (PM). PM is composed of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic particles, both solid and liquid, that are found in the air. Given the carcinogenic properties of PM and the high prevalence of lung cancer among exposed populations, exploring their connection and clinical implications is critical for effectively preventing lung cancer in this group. This review explores the relationship between ambient PM and lung cancer. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a dose-response relationship between PM exposure and lung cancer risk. PM exposure induces oxidative stress, disrupts the body’s redox balance, and causes DNA damage, which is a crucial factor in cancer development. Recent findings on the strong correlation between ambient PM and adenocarcinoma highlight the importance of understanding the specific molecular and pathological mechanisms underlying pollution-related lung cancer. In addition to efforts to control emission sources at the international level, a more individualized approach is essential for preventing PM-related lung cancer.

A significant portion of newly diagnosed lung cancer cases occurs in populations exposed to air pollution. The World Health Organization has identified air pollution as a human carcinogen, prompting many countries to implement monitoring systems for ambient particulate matter (PM). PM is composed of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic particles, both solid and liquid, that are found in the air. Given the carcinogenic properties of PM and the high prevalence of lung cancer among exposed populations, exploring their connection and clinical implications is critical for effectively preventing lung cancer in this group. This review explores the relationship between ambient PM and lung cancer. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a dose-response relationship between PM exposure and lung cancer risk. PM exposure induces oxidative stress, disrupts the body’s redox balance, and causes DNA damage, which is a crucial factor in cancer development. Recent findings on the strong correlation between ambient PM and adenocarcinoma highlight the importance of understanding the specific molecular and pathological mechanisms underlying pollution-related lung cancer. In addition to efforts to control emission sources at the international level, a more individualized approach is essential for preventing PM-related lung cancer.

A significant portion of newly diagnosed lung cancer cases occurs in populations exposed to air pollution. The World Health Organization has identified air pollution as a human carcinogen, prompting many countries to implement monitoring systems for ambient particulate matter (PM). PM is composed of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic particles, both solid and liquid, that are found in the air. Given the carcinogenic properties of PM and the high prevalence of lung cancer among exposed populations, exploring their connection and clinical implications is critical for effectively preventing lung cancer in this group. This review explores the relationship between ambient PM and lung cancer. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a dose-response relationship between PM exposure and lung cancer risk. PM exposure induces oxidative stress, disrupts the body’s redox balance, and causes DNA damage, which is a crucial factor in cancer development. Recent findings on the strong correlation between ambient PM and adenocarcinoma highlight the importance of understanding the specific molecular and pathological mechanisms underlying pollution-related lung cancer. In addition to efforts to control emission sources at the international level, a more individualized approach is essential for preventing PM-related lung cancer.

A significant portion of newly diagnosed lung cancer cases occurs in populations exposed to air pollution. The World Health Organization has identified air pollution as a human carcinogen, prompting many countries to implement monitoring systems for ambient particulate matter (PM). PM is composed of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic particles, both solid and liquid, that are found in the air. Given the carcinogenic properties of PM and the high prevalence of lung cancer among exposed populations, exploring their connection and clinical implications is critical for effectively preventing lung cancer in this group. This review explores the relationship between ambient PM and lung cancer. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a dose-response relationship between PM exposure and lung cancer risk. PM exposure induces oxidative stress, disrupts the body’s redox balance, and causes DNA damage, which is a crucial factor in cancer development. Recent findings on the strong correlation between ambient PM and adenocarcinoma highlight the importance of understanding the specific molecular and pathological mechanisms underlying pollution-related lung cancer. In addition to efforts to control emission sources at the international level, a more individualized approach is essential for preventing PM-related lung cancer.

A significant portion of newly diagnosed lung cancer cases occurs in populations exposed to air pollution. The World Health Organization has identified air pollution as a human carcinogen, prompting many countries to implement monitoring systems for ambient particulate matter (PM). PM is composed of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic particles, both solid and liquid, that are found in the air. Given the carcinogenic properties of PM and the high prevalence of lung cancer among exposed populations, exploring their connection and clinical implications is critical for effectively preventing lung cancer in this group. This review explores the relationship between ambient PM and lung cancer. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a dose-response relationship between PM exposure and lung cancer risk. PM exposure induces oxidative stress, disrupts the body’s redox balance, and causes DNA damage, which is a crucial factor in cancer development. Recent findings on the strong correlation between ambient PM and adenocarcinoma highlight the importance of understanding the specific molecular and pathological mechanisms underlying pollution-related lung cancer. In addition to efforts to control emission sources at the international level, a more individualized approach is essential for preventing PM-related lung cancer.

Background: Long working hours and caregiving responsibilities are prevalent in many societies. These demands can lead to stress and adverse mental health outcomes. This study examines the associations of long working hours and family caregiving on psychological well-being and their interactions among South Korean wage workers. Methods: Using data from the Korean Working Conditions Survey, this cross-sectional study involved 33,063 participants. Long working hours were categorized as 40 and 52 hours a week, and caregiving was assessed through self-reports of non-work-related caregiving activities. The World Health Organization Well-Being Index was used to measure psychological well-being, with Poisson regression models analyzing the associations and interactions between working hours, caregiving activities, and psychological well-being. Results: The prevalence of low psychological well-being was significantly higher among individuals with both long working hours and caregiving responsibilities than among those with either or neither stressor (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.81; 95% confidence interval: 1.42–2.31, multiplicative scale = 1.32; 95% confidence interval: 1.00–1.73). Conclusion This study highlights the significant mental health implications of combining long working hours with caregiving responsibilities in the Republic of Korea. The synergistic interaction between these factors suggests that interventions and policies aimed at reducing work-related stress and supporting caregivers could have substantial benefits for mental health.

Background: Long working hours and caregiving responsibilities are prevalent in many societies. These demands can lead to stress and adverse mental health outcomes. This study examines the associations of long working hours and family caregiving on psychological well-being and their interactions among South Korean wage workers. Methods: Using data from the Korean Working Conditions Survey, this cross-sectional study involved 33,063 participants. Long working hours were categorized as 40 and 52 hours a week, and caregiving was assessed through self-reports of non-work-related caregiving activities. The World Health Organization Well-Being Index was used to measure psychological well-being, with Poisson regression models analyzing the associations and interactions between working hours, caregiving activities, and psychological well-being. Results: The prevalence of low psychological well-being was significantly higher among individuals with both long working hours and caregiving responsibilities than among those with either or neither stressor (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.81; 95% confidence interval: 1.42–2.31, multiplicative scale = 1.32; 95% confidence interval: 1.00–1.73). Conclusion This study highlights the significant mental health implications of combining long working hours with caregiving responsibilities in the Republic of Korea. The synergistic interaction between these factors suggests that interventions and policies aimed at reducing work-related stress and supporting caregivers could have substantial benefits for mental health.

Background: Long working hours and caregiving responsibilities are prevalent in many societies. These demands can lead to stress and adverse mental health outcomes. This study examines the associations of long working hours and family caregiving on psychological well-being and their interactions among South Korean wage workers. Methods: Using data from the Korean Working Conditions Survey, this cross-sectional study involved 33,063 participants. Long working hours were categorized as 40 and 52 hours a week, and caregiving was assessed through self-reports of non-work-related caregiving activities. The World Health Organization Well-Being Index was used to measure psychological well-being, with Poisson regression models analyzing the associations and interactions between working hours, caregiving activities, and psychological well-being. Results: The prevalence of low psychological well-being was significantly higher among individuals with both long working hours and caregiving responsibilities than among those with either or neither stressor (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.81; 95% confidence interval: 1.42–2.31, multiplicative scale = 1.32; 95% confidence interval: 1.00–1.73). Conclusion This study highlights the significant mental health implications of combining long working hours with caregiving responsibilities in the Republic of Korea. The synergistic interaction between these factors suggests that interventions and policies aimed at reducing work-related stress and supporting caregivers could have substantial benefits for mental health.

Background: Long working hours and caregiving responsibilities are prevalent in many societies. These demands can lead to stress and adverse mental health outcomes. This study examines the associations of long working hours and family caregiving on psychological well-being and their interactions among South Korean wage workers. Methods: Using data from the Korean Working Conditions Survey, this cross-sectional study involved 33,063 participants. Long working hours were categorized as 40 and 52 hours a week, and caregiving was assessed through self-reports of non-work-related caregiving activities. The World Health Organization Well-Being Index was used to measure psychological well-being, with Poisson regression models analyzing the associations and interactions between working hours, caregiving activities, and psychological well-being. Results: The prevalence of low psychological well-being was significantly higher among individuals with both long working hours and caregiving responsibilities than among those with either or neither stressor (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.81; 95% confidence interval: 1.42–2.31, multiplicative scale = 1.32; 95% confidence interval: 1.00–1.73). Conclusion This study highlights the significant mental health implications of combining long working hours with caregiving responsibilities in the Republic of Korea. The synergistic interaction between these factors suggests that interventions and policies aimed at reducing work-related stress and supporting caregivers could have substantial benefits for mental health.

Background: Long working hours and caregiving responsibilities are prevalent in many societies. These demands can lead to stress and adverse mental health outcomes. This study examines the associations of long working hours and family caregiving on psychological well-being and their interactions among South Korean wage workers. Methods: Using data from the Korean Working Conditions Survey, this cross-sectional study involved 33,063 participants. Long working hours were categorized as 40 and 52 hours a week, and caregiving was assessed through self-reports of non-work-related caregiving activities. The World Health Organization Well-Being Index was used to measure psychological well-being, with Poisson regression models analyzing the associations and interactions between working hours, caregiving activities, and psychological well-being. Results: The prevalence of low psychological well-being was significantly higher among individuals with both long working hours and caregiving responsibilities than among those with either or neither stressor (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.81; 95% confidence interval: 1.42–2.31, multiplicative scale = 1.32; 95% confidence interval: 1.00–1.73). Conclusion This study highlights the significant mental health implications of combining long working hours with caregiving responsibilities in the Republic of Korea. The synergistic interaction between these factors suggests that interventions and policies aimed at reducing work-related stress and supporting caregivers could have substantial benefits for mental health.