Radiopharmaceuticals play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases， malignant tumors， central nervous system diseases， and other diseases. Under the urgent need for clinical diagnosis and treatment as well as medical development， the clinical research of radiopharmaceuticals has become a hotspot in international research. By analyzing the current situation of clinical research on radiopharmaceuticals in Europe， America， and China， the ethical issues of clinical research on radiopharmaceuticals were elaborated from four aspects， including lack of relevant laws and regulations， a higher risk of radiopharmaceuticals， dilemmas in ethical review， and insufficient radiation protection. Response principles and measures were proposed from four aspects， including improving regulations and policies， enhancing radiological protection for all parties involved in the research， strengthening ethical review， and reinforcing the training of relevant personnel， to enhance the quality and level of clinical research on radiopharmaceuticals.

It is worth pondering how to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages in stem cell clinical research and give full play to the advantages of technology for the benefit of mankind. Through the analysis of the status of stem cell clinical research, including technology and related management methods, proposed the main problems existing in stem cell research, such as the risks of technological uncertainty, ambiguity between research and treatment, over-treatment and technological innovation. Then this paper discussed the ethical and legal risks of stem cell clinical research in China, mainly related to the problems that the construction of laws and regulations is lagging behind, the regulatory challenges of administrative departments are large, the ethical awareness of researchers needs to be further improved, the principle of fairness and justice is not taken into account, the research platform construction of medical institutions is not in place and the protection system of subjects is imperfect, and the organization construction and review capacity of the ethics committee is still lacking.

Patient-centered clinical trials refer to clinical trials that take participant'needs as the starting point,regard participant as active participants,and take clinical values as the ultimate goals.This concept has become the core guiding ideology of current pharmaceutical research and development,and the model of the patient-centered clinical trial will gradually become the mainstream model of pharmaceutical research and development.Patient-centered clinical trials in China have challenges such as difficulty in changing the way of trial thinking and quality control,increased difficulty in participant'privacy protection,lack of training for all research parties,and unfair recruitment of research participants.Then suggestions were proposed for patient-centered clinical trials in China from three aspects,including relevant departments provide more policy support,sponsors and relevant third parties timely transform ideas of research and development,as well as researchers and research participants strengthen awareness.This paper also put forward the key points of ethical review of patient-centered clinical trials from 8 aspects,including the trial design that incorporated preference information on patients and took into account the assessment of clinical outcomes,protection of the safety and rights of research participants,recruitment based on the needs of research participants,acceptable informed consent,the rationality of selection of decentralssed clinical trials elements,privacy protection of research participants,training and education of researchers and research participants,and compensation and indemnity of research participants,so as to standardize the ethics review of patient-centered clinical trials and ensure the quality of patient-centered clinical trials.

Objective:To explore the relationship between the completion time of fluid resuscitation as well as negative fluid balance volumes and the prognosis of patients with septic shock, and to try to construct a prediction model based on the completion time of fluid resuscitation and negative fluid balance volumes, and to verify the predictive efficacy of the model on the prognosis of patients with septic shock.Methods:Patients with septic shock admitted to Wuxi People's Hospital from April 2020 to April 2023 were selected. The general data (gender, age, body mass index, infection site), pathological indicators on admission, the difference of acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHEⅡ) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) between admission and 24 hours after fluid resuscitation, the completion time of fluid resuscitation and negative fluid balance volume were recorded. Multivariate Logistic analysis was used to screen the influencing factors of the prognosis of patients with septic shock, and a nomogram model was established. Bootstrap method was used for internal validation of the model. The consistency index, calibration curve and receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) were used to evaluate the accuracy and prediction efficiency of the model.Results:A total of 96 patients with septic shock were enrolled, 38 patients died and 58 patients survived at 28 days. Compared with the survival group, the difference of APACHEⅡscore, SOFA score, the proportion of fluid resuscitation completed within 1 to 3 hours, and the proportion of negative fluid balance volume -500 to -250 mL per day in the death group were lower, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic analysis showed that the completion time of fluid resuscitation was a risk factor for the prognosis of patients with septic shock [odds ratio ( OR) = 26.285, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 9.984-76.902, P < 0.05]. The difference of APACHEⅡscore ( OR = 0.045, 95% CI was 0.015-0.131), SOFA score ( OR = 0.056, 95% CI was 0.019-0.165) between admission and 24 hours after fluid resuscitation, and negative fluid balance volume ( OR = 0.043, 95% CI was 0.015-0.127) were protective factors for the prognosis of patients with septic shock (all P < 0.05). The model validation results showed that the consistency index was 0.681 (95% CI was 0.596-0.924), indicating good discrimination. The calibration curve showed that the calibration curve fitted well with the ideal curve. The ROC curve showed that the sensitivity of the nomogram model for predicting the death of patients with septic shock was 83.7%, the specificity was 97.2%, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.931 (95% CI was 0.846-0.985), indicating that the model had good prediction efficiency. Conclusion:The completion time of fluid resuscitation and negative fluid balance volumes are related to the prognosis of septic shock patients, and the alignment diagram model improve the identification of the risk of death in septic shock patients.

Objective:This paper analyzed the current situation of clinical research continuing review in China, and puts forward countermeasures to strengthen continuing review in combination with the requirements of the Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans, so as to provide a certain reference for standardizing the ethical continuing review of research institutions.Methods:Through literature research, this paper systematically sorted out the current situation of continuing review, and analyzed many problems and related reasons in the process of continuing review of clinical research in China based on the practical experience of ethical review.Results:The requirements for continuing review in the Measures for Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans included demphasizing the implementation of continuing review, the entrusted ethics committee should be responsible for continuing review, clarifying the responsibility for continuing review of cooperative research, clarifying the responsibility of participating research institutions for continuing review, and increasing the responsibility of the ethics committee to supervise the submission of continuing review. Countermeasures to strengthen continuing review included the health authorities urging research institutions to strengthen continuing review, research institutions to increase efforts to implement continuing review, establishing a standardized continuing review process, strengthening the ethics training of researchers and other relevant personnel, establishing a multi-channel communication and consultation method between the ethics committee and researchers, strengthening the review capacity of ethics committee members, allocating a corresponding number of ethics committee staff, and using information technology to improve quality and efficiency.Conclusions:Continuing review is indispensable in the whole process of research development, and all parties should take measures to ensure the quality and efficiency of continuing review, standardize continuing review, and promote the healthy development of life science and medical research.

Objective:To analyze the current situation of the archives management of ethics committees in China, combine the requirements of the Implementation Regulations of the Archives Law of the People′s Republic of China and the ethics review regulations, and propose countermeasures to strengthen the archives management of ethics committees, thereby further standardizing the archives management of ethics committees.Methods:Through the literature research method, this study systematically reviewed the current situation of the archives management of ethics committees and analyzed its problems and causes in China in combination with related practice experiences.Results:The requirements for ethics committee archives included supervision and management, the establishment of rules and regulations, personnel, site and environment, storage period, confidentiality, and information construction. Countermeasures to strengthen the archives management of ethics committees were suggested including strict daily supervision, strengthening management awareness, establishing and improving the scientific management system and standard operating procedures, setting up independent ethics committee offices and dedicated archives, strictly implementing the confidentiality system, strengthening information construction, and improving utilization rate.Conclusions:To better construct and manage ethics committee archives, a standardized archives management system should be established to effectively evaluate the quality of ethics review and ensure the proper functions of the ethics committee.

With the change of medical technology from "access management" to "filing management" in China, it is necessary for medical institutions, as the main responsibility, to pass standardized ethical review and supervision. However, there are many problems at present, such as the absence of regulations and guidelines for ethical review of clinical application of medical technology, the lack law of medical technology ethical review standard operating procedures, the insufficient review capacity, the lack of standardization in the choice of ethical review methods, the elements of informed consent and its examination need to be discussed, the lack of appropriate continuing review mode, as well as the confirmation of technical team members and department qualifications is not clearly defined. In order to safeguard the safety and rights of patients, it is important to take the following measures, including carrying out the whole-process supervision of medical institutions, clarifying the supervision process, improving the multi-departmental communication and cooperation mechanism, establishing a management committee for clinical application of medical technology, standardizing the review system of the medical technology ethics committee, clarifying submit the list of materials for ethical review, implementing classified ethical review and supervision to improve efficiency, exploring the tracking review mode, ensuring the whole-process supervision, and carrying out popular and professional ethics training. In the review of ethics committee, more attention should be paid to the main points of review, such as technical scheme, informed consent, qualifications of technical team members and departments, management system, risk assessment and emergency plan, patient compensation and other materials. While ensuring the safety and rights of patients, it also helps to accelerate the healthy development of medical technology.

In February 2023, the National Health Commission, together with the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Education, and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine issued the Ethical Review Measures for Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans, which emphasizes that research participants involving vulnerable groups such as children, intellectual disabilities, and mental disabilities should be given special protection. This paper expounded the current situation of protecting vulnerable groups from six aspects: inadequate protection of vulnerable groups by relevant laws and regulations, unclear definition of vulnerable groups, insufficient supervision by relevant departments, insufficient review ability of ethics committee to satisfy the protection of vulnerable groups, difficulty in fair inclusion of vulnerable groups, and the need to improve the ethical awareness of researchers and vulnerable groups. This paper also analyzed the new requirements for the protection of vulnerable groups in the Ethical Review Measures for Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans from the following three aspects: expanding attention to potentially vulnerable research participants, paying more attention to the consent of research participants without or with limited capacity for civil conduct, and re-informed consent after the improvement of civil capacity level. Finally, suggestions on strengthening the protection of vulnerable groups were put forward from six aspects: improving the relevant legal system, clarifying the category of vulnerable groups, strengthening the implementation by regulatory departments, establishing a research participant protection system by research institutions, improving the ethical review capacity of ethics committees, formulating review guidelines by industry associations, and strengthening the education and training of all parties, so as to minimize the risk of vulnerable groups participating in clinical research and boost the quality and speed of clinical research in China.

As a structural barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is located at the interface between the brain parenchyma and blood, and modulates communication between the brain and blood microenvironment to maintain homeostasis. The BBB is composed of endothelial cells, basement membrane, pericytes, and astrocytic end feet. BBB impairment is a distinguishing and pathogenic factor in diabetic encephalopathy. Diabetes causes leakage of the BBB through downregulation of tight junction proteins, resulting in impaired functioning of endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, nerve/glial antigen 2-glia, and oligodendrocytes. However, the temporal regulation, mechanisms of molecular and signaling pathways, and consequences of BBB impairment in diabetes are not well understood. Consequently, the efficacy of therapies diabetes targeting BBB leakage still lags behind the requirements. This review summarizes the recent research on the effects of diabetes on BBB composition and the potential roles of glial and vascular cells as therapeutic targets for BBB disruption in diabetic encephalopathy.

It is worth pondering how to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages in stem cell clinical research and give full play to the advantages of technology for the benefit of mankind. Through the analysis of the status of stem cell clinical research, including technology and related management methods, proposed the main problems existing in stem cell research, such as the risks of technological uncertainty, ambiguity between research and treatment, over-treatment and technological innovation. Then this paper discussed the ethical and legal risks of stem cell clinical research in China, mainly related to the problems that the construction of laws and regulations is lagging behind, the regulatory challenges of administrative departments are large, the ethical awareness of researchers needs to be further improved, the principle of fairness and justice is not taken into account, the research platform construction of medical institutions is not in place and the protection system of subjects is imperfect, and the organization construction and review capacity of the ethics committee is still lacking.