OBJECTIVE: To investigate the metabolic profiles of urine from mice with early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: Urine samples were collected from 13 mice of 16 weeks and 15 wild-type mice. H-NMR spectroscopy was acquired with a one-dimensional NOESY pulse sequence, and the integral values were imported to SIMCA-P+12.0 software for analysis. RESULTS: The metabonomic analysis showed that the metabolic profiles of the mice were significantly different from that of age-matched wild-type mice. The levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate, 2-hydroxybutyrate, succinic acid, 2-ketoglutaric acid, citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, fumaric acid decreased, and those of acetic acid, trimethylamine, taurine, creatinine, hippuric acid, formic acid, trigonelline, urea increased (all <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Metabolic pathways including glucose metabolism and methylamine metabolism may be involved in the pathogenesis of early AD.
Alzheimer Disease ; urine ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Metabolome ; Metabolomics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL