Cultivating general dentists who master standardized periodontal diagnosis and treatment techniques is conducive to the prevention and control of periodontal diseases, as well as to the improvement of oral health of our population. Manual supragingival scaling is the most important essential skill of periodontal initial therapy, and also the basic periodontal diagnosis and treatment technique that every general practitioner should know. This article starts from the reasons why manual supragingival scaling is important and how to standardize the teaching and training of manual supragingival scaling, unfolding the first chapter of basic periodontal diagnosis and treatment training to provide reference for promoting the standardized development of periodontology education in China.

Objective:To understand the oral health and frailty status of the elderly in the community in Beijing and analyze the correlation between the two, so as to provide a reference for the frailty management of the elderly in the community.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional study. Using the multi-stage stratified sampling method, a total of 241 community elderly people in 9 communities in Beijing from July to December 2021 were selected as the research objects. They were investigated using the general information questionnaire, Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and the Fried Frailty Phenotype. Univariate analysis and ordinal logistic regression analysis were used to explore the influencing factors of frailty among the elderly in the community. A total of 260 questionnaires were distributed in this study and 241 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 92.6%.Results:Among the 241 community elders, 115 (47.7%) were not frail, 92 (38.2%) were pre-frail and 34 (14.1%) were frail. Ordinal Logistic regression analysis showed that the number of teeth of 0-9, 10-19, dry mouth and incomplete or unrepaired restoration of missing teeth were risk factors for frailty among the elderly in the community ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:From the perspective of oral health, this study further analyzes the risk factors of frailty in the elderly in the community. Medical institutions and elderly care institutions at all levels can use oral health status as a screening item for the frailty risk of the elderly in the community, providing new ideas for the prevention and intervention of frailty in the community.

The standardized training of specialist doctors is an important part of medical education after graduation and it is the only way to train clinicians to diagnose and treat the specialist diseases independently by using a standardized and high-quality way. The prevalence of periodontal disease and the proportion of patienets with severe and advanced periodontitis in our country are high and the diagnosis and treatment process for the periodontal disease are complicated. There is an urgent need to expand the team of periodontal specialists capable of the specialized treatment. The training of periodontal specialists in our country has just started. The present article summarizes the exploration and practice of periodontal specialist training in Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology in the past five years, including the establishment of training bases, formulation of clear training goals, strict implementation of training rules, strengthening of process quality control to ensure the trainees could reach the expected standard of periodontal specialist after training. Through the summary of the previous stage practice, the authors hope to explore and establish a periodontal specialist training system in line with our country′s national conditions and further to promote and accelerate the pace of nationwide periodontal specialist training system.

Recently the model of cultivating stomatology talents for postgraduate education in China is primarily specialized education. The aim of the present study was to construct a multidisciplinary grand rounds series based on presentation and commentary for diagnosis and treatment plan of clinical cases, in order to improve the clinical competence of postgraduate students from various dental disciplines for resolving the clinical problems. The grand rounds series was designed for postgraduate students of periodontology, with the combination of the advantages of the international dentistry education experience and Chinese characteristics. This study focused on designing and exploring the multidisciplinary grand rounds series based on complicated periodontal clinical cases, and also on analyzing and evaluating the effectiveness of the series by questionnaire investigation for both teachers and students. The results of the preliminary investigation showed that postgraduate students had positive view on the form and content of the teaching rounds. However, more analysis is needed for further evaluation.

Objective: To compare the efficacies of two training protocols, i.e. the multimedia instruction and the conventional method, in periodontal surgery teaching for undergraduate students. Methods: One hundred and twenty-three dental undergraduates in their pre-clinical training course were recruited and divided into two groups according to the learning grade matching principle: the experimental group (multimedia instruction, 60 students) and the control group (conventional method, 63 students). The teaching aim was to train the students gingivectomy and periodontal flap surgery by using the pig jaws. The conventional teaching method of teacher-demonstrating and student-practicing was used in the control group, and the practice time of the students′ for each surgery was 45 minutes. A standardized teaching video combined with the teachers′ explanations of the key steps was used in the experimental group. The students′ practice time for each surgery was 60 minutes. The efficacy of teaching protocol was evaluated by the teachers according to the scoring criteria set by the teaching group. Results: In gingivectomy training, accuracy of fixed points, angle of postoperative gingival margin and morphology of gingiva of the experimental group were better than those of the control group. The experimental group also had more complete and continuous excised gingivae and more thorough adjacent gingival removal. The total scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group (92.8±2.6 vs. 89.9±3.7, P<0.05). In periodontal flap surgery training, the experimental group operated the blade around the shape of the tooth better in internal bevel incision than the control group. Additionally, the incision position of internal bevel incision, periosteal integrity after flapping and flap depth of the experimental group were better than those of the control group. Besides, the experimental group had smoother flap edge and more thorough debridement. The total scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group (92.2±4.1 vs. 89.2±4.4, P<0.05). Conclusions The teaching efficacy of multimedia instruction was better than that of the conventional method. Its value needs to be further tested in future teaching practice.

Objective:To isolate P-cadherin positive and negative oral gingival epithelial cells , and to compare the biological characteristics with junctional epithelial cells .Methods:Human oral gingival epi-thelial cells and junctional epithelial cells were cultured .P-cadherin positive and negative cells were iso-lated from oral gingival epithelial cells .The cellular adhesion , proliferation and migration were measured and compared .Results:The P-cadherin positive cells accounted for 20%of oral gingival epithelial cells . Compared with juctional epithelial cells , P-cadherin positive oral gingival epithelial cells showed similar properties of adhesion and migration , and stronger proliferation ability (0.72 ±0.06 vs.0.60 ±0.05, P<0.05).P-cadherin negative oral gingival epithelial cells showed weaker ability of adhesion (48%± 6%vs.87%±11%, P<0.05), proliferation (0.36 ±0.04 vs.0.60 ±0.05, P<0.05) and migration (10.3 ±2.7 vs.23.4 ±4.8, P<0.05).Conclusion: P-cadherin positive oral gingival epithelial cells showed some similar but different biological characteristics , compared with juctional epithelial cells , which suggested that during the process of transforming oral gingival epithelial cells into juctional epithelial cells, complex gene and protein changes were involved instead of simply cellular migration .

Objective To investigate the secondary degeneration of corticospinal tracts in cervical spinal cord following a recently cerebral infarct with diffusion tensor imaging(DTI) and its potential impact on neurological recovery.Methods Twenty-six patients with a focal cerebral infract underwent DTI at the first week, the fourth and twelfth week after stroke onset, respectively.The NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), the Fugl-Meyer motor scale (FM) and the barthel index (BI) were used to evaluate the neurological function before every DTI.Twenty-six gender and age match healthy volunteers underwent DTI three times at same time points.The DTI parameters of mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA value) were measured at the cervical spinal cord and initial lesion.Results Compared to the controls, the FA values of the contralateral side corticospinal tracts in the cervical spinal cord in patients significantly decreased at every observed time point (P<0.01).In patients group, the FA values of the contralateral side corticospinal tracts in the cervical spinal cord decreased progressively from 1~(st) week to 12~(th) week (P<0.01), but MD remained unchange.The absolute value of the percent reduction of FA value of the contralateral side corticospinal tracts in the cervical spinal cord in patients associated negatively with the absolute value of the percent change of NIHSS and FM (P<0.05), but not with the absolute value of the percent change of BI(P>0.05).Conclusions Conclusions: The secondary degeneration of the corticospinal tracts resulted from cerebral infarction may extend to the cervical spinal cord.Which may last at lest three months and thus hamper the process of neurological recovery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of surface tractotomy of trigeminal nerve sensory root (STS) for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN). METHOD: Seven patients with TN were operated on using the STS. The six patients were followed up for 4.8-9.8 years. The trigeminal nerve root (TNR) obtained from 30 cadavers were performed microanatomical research using paraffin embedding and hematoxylin-eosin staining technique. RESULT: Clinically, the patients' symptoms, such as face ache, disappeared after the surface nerve fiber bundles of trigeminal nerve sensory root (TNSR) were cut off. Only one patient died of brainstem bleeding on postoperative day 18. Histological examination: The common type of sensory root fibers were arranged parallel for 3-6 mm at its exit of brainstem, and then the glial myelin transformed to Schwann cells. The axon bifurcated from outer layer to middle region, and gradually formed the tiny nerve fiber bundles in the surface layer and the giant nerve fiber bundles in the center of the root. CONCLUSION TN can be radical cured by STS without lesioning of nerve functions. Therefore,this new approach is an effective, advanced surgical technique for TN treatment.
Aged ; Denervation ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Trigeminal Nerve ; surgery ; Trigeminal Neuralgia ; surgery

Objective To investigate whether delayed treatment with exogenous kallikrein on neurogenesis after focal cortical infarction in stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats (RHRSP). Methods Seventy-two RHRSP were divided into 3 groups. Twenty-four rats were given human tissue kallikrein ( 1.6 × 10-2 PNAU/kg) and 24 rats were given vehicle through tail venous daily for 2 or 6 days consecutively starting at the 24th hour after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). 24 rats underwent sham-operation. Cell proliferation was examined by using 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU, 50 mg/kg). Rats were respectively sacrificed 3, 7, 14 or 28 days after MCAO. Results Treatment with kallikrein significantly increased the number of BrdU+ cells in the ipsilateral subventricular zone (SVZ) (304.0±73. 9 vs 167.0±32.2 vs 56.0±12.2 at 7 d after operation, q =7.165, 12.916 and 5.751 respectively,all P<0.05) and in the peri-infarction region (490.0±82.0 vs 308.0±51.5 vs 49.0± 9.5 at 7 d after operation, q = 7.920, 19.184 and 11.264 respectively, all P < 0.01 ), and increased the number of BrdU+/DCX+ cells (225.0±13.6 vs 98.0±9.6 vs 23.0±5.6 at 7 d after operation, q = 30.731,48.735 and 18.004 respectively,all P < 0.01) in the ipsilateral SVZ compared with the vehicle group or the sham-operated group, which began on the 3 day, peaked in 7--14 days after MCAO, and then gradually decreased. Compared with the vehicle group, exogenous kallikrein markedly increased the number of BrdU+/NeuN+ cells (21.0±3.4 vs 13.0±2.6 at 14 d, P =0.001 ) in the peri-infarction region after MCAO. The kallikrein group showed a better functional improvement than the vehicle group after stroke ( all P < 0.05). Conclusion Our study suggests that administration of exogenous kallikrein at 24 h after cortical infarction enhances the SVZ neuroblasts proliferation, migration, and selective differentiation and improves functional recovery after stroke.

BACKGROUND: There are no effective methods to cure Alzheimer disease (AD). Now, researches have shown that panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) play an important role in improving AD, but its mechanism is unclear.OBJECTIVE: To observe the protective effect of PNS characterized by removing blood stasis to stop bleeding and promoting blood circulation to relieve pain on pathological lesion of cholinergic neuron in rat with AD.DESIGN: Completely randomized grouping design and controlled study.SETTING: Neuroscience Institute of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University.MATERIALS: This experiment was completed in the Chinese Herb Pharmacodynamic Laboratory of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University between June 2003 and April 2005. A total of 90 health Wistar rats of clean grade and half gender were selected in this study. Among them, there were 75 old rats with 15 months old and 15 young rats with 3 months old. METHODS: This experiment was completed in the Chinese herb Pharmacodynamic Laboratory (Key Laboratory) of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University between June 2003 and April 2005. ① A total of 90 healthy Wistar rats of clean grade and half gender were selected in this study. Among them, there were 75 old rats with 15 months old and 15 young rats with 3 months old. Fifteen young rats with 3 months old were regarded as young control group, and other 15 selected from 75 rats with 15 months old were regarded as old control group. The rest 60 rats were modeled on the basis of subacute injury induced by intravenous injection of D-galactose and bilateral cerebral Meynert basal nuclei injured by ibotenic acid. Parallel control was performed with saline on rats in young control group and old control group under the same condition. ② Two weeks later,survival modeling rats were divided randomly into 4 groups: model group,high-dosage PNS group, low-dosage PNS group and huperzine A group with 12 in each group. Rats in high-and low-dosage PNS groups were perfused with 200 and 100 mg/kg PNS (provided by Yunnan Yuxi Weihe Pharmaceutical Factory), respectively, once a day; rats in huperzine A group were perfused with 0.3 mg/kg huperzine A once a day for 4 weeks; rats in model group, young control group and old control group were perfused with the same volume of saline for 4 weeks. ③ After administration, pathological sections of brain tissue were cut, and immunologic-reaction activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), morphological changes and numbers of positive neuron in cerebral sections were determined by immunohistochemistry analysis. ChAT immuno-positive neurons were analyzed with IBAS imaging analysis system to assay average area of section and average absorbance (A), and amount of ChAT immuno-positive neurons was calculated with microscope micrometer. ④ Measurement data were compared with single-factor analysis of variance.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Effect of PNS on distribution of cholinergic neuron and ChAT content in cerebral tissue of AD rat models.RESULTS: A total of 75 old rats and 15 young rats entered the final analysis. ① Amount of ChAT immuno-positive neurons was the most, and the color was the deepest in young control group; amount of ChAT immuno-positive neurons was higher in high-dosage PNS group than that in huperzine A group and model group; ChAT immuno-positive neurons were smaller in model group than those in other goups, and the amount was decreased obviously. Axis-cylinder and dendrite of soma were shortened remarkably. ② Amounts of ChAT immuno-positive neurons in basal forebrain were less in model group than those in other groups (P ＜ 0.05), less in lowdosage PNS group, huperzine A group and model group than those in old control group (P ＜ 0.05), less in huperzine A group and model group than those in high- and low-dosage PNS group (P ＜ 0.05), and less in young control group than those in other groups (P ＜ 0.05). The mean A value of ChAT immuno-positive neurons in basal forebrain was similar to amounts in each group. Average area of section of ChAT immuno-positive neurons in basal forebrain was smaller in low-dosage PNS group and model group than that in young control group (P ＜ 0.05), and differences in other groups were not significant (P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: PNS plays a protective role in pathological lesion of cholinergic neuron in AD rat models. PNS can also increase survival amount and quality of cell and increase content and activity of ChAT so as to protect and improve central cholinergic system, and inhibit aging and dementia through improving and repairing injured cholinergic neurons.