OBJECTIVE: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Huachansu (Cinobufacini) is active extract isolated from the dry skin of Bufo Bufo gargarizans. It has now been widely used in clinical treatment of cancer, this study is to clarify the material basis of down-regulation of thymidylate synthase (TYMS) induced by Huachansu. METHODS: Our study utilized UPLC-MS/MS to identify major bioactive components from Huachansu. Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) assay and clone formation assay were used to examine the cell viability of tumor cells. TYMS and γ-H2AX level were detected by using quantitative real-time RT-PCR and/or western blotting. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection was used to explore whether inhibition of TYMS could enhance the suppressive effect of Huachansu on cell growth of HCC cells. RESULTS: In our study, firstly, we identify 21 major bioactive components from Huachansu. CCK-8 assay results showed that Huachansu and its bioactive bufadienolides (Bufalin, Bufotalin, Cinobufotalin, Desacetylcinobufagin, Arenobufagin, Telocinobufagin, and Resibufogenin) significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 and SK-HEP-1 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Further molecular mechanistic investigation demonstrates that Huachansu significantly suppresses thymidylate synthase (TYMS), the enzyme which provides the sole de novo source of thymidylate for DNA synthesis. The inhibition of TYMS could lead to cell-cycle block and DNA damage of HCC cells. Furthermore, we identified that Huachansu markedly increased γ-H2AX expression, which indicated the presence of DNA damage. Moreover, we confirmed that transfection of cells with small interfering RNA specific to TYMS could increase the suppressive effects of Huachansu on the HCC cells proliferation. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that Huachansu treatment had no effect on the transcription level of TYMS. Furthermore, proteasomal inhibitor MG132 could block TYMS inhibition induced by Huachansu, and concomitant administration of protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) with Huachansu could further suppress the protein level of TYMS, indicating that Huachansu promotes proteasome-dependent degradation of TYMS in liver cancer cells. More importantly, the bioactive bufadienolides of Huachansu such as Bufalin, Bufotalin, Cinobufotalin, Desacetylcinobufagin, Arenobufagin, Telocinobufagin, and Resibufogenin could also significantly restrain the protein level of TYMS, revealing the material basis of inhibition of TYMS exposed to Huachansu. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a TYMS inhibitor, we also evaluate the effects of the combined treatment of Huachansu with 5-FU, the results show that interactions between Huachansu and 5-FU are synergistic or antagonistic. Thus, in clinical, attention should be paid to the dosage of Huachansu in combination with 5-FU. CONCLUSION Huachansu inhibits the growth and induces DNA damage of human HCC cells through proteasome-dependent degradation of TYMS, bioactive bufadienolides are the material basis of down-regulation of TYMS induced by Huachansu.

Background Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been observed in both living and working environments. Volatile organic compounds metabolites (VOCMs) in urine can be used to assess the exposure to VOCs and potentially cause adverse effects on human body. Objective To quantitatively evaluate urinary VOCMs and their associations with renal function damage, and further trace the characteristics of potential environmental exposure to provide scientific evidence for effective prevention measures. Methods The study included a total of 6028 samples from four cross-sectional studies in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2011 and 2018, with exposure and health outcomes matched. Generalized linear models were employed to assess the associations of urinary VOCMs (urinary creatinine adjusted) with urinary protein levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), with coviriables including gender, age, body mass index, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise frequency, diabetes, and hypertension. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) approach was utilized to analyze the effects of mixed exposure and to rank the contribution of individual VOCMs. The associations between VOCMs and associated living environments and occupational exposure characteristics were further investigated. Results Among the enrolled study participants (n=6028), a total of 11 urinary VOCMs were measured, with 10 metabolites having a positive rate of over 80% (84.59%-99.99%). There were 604 individuals (10.0%) having urinary protein abnormalities and 2831 individuals (47.0%) with eGFR reduced. Through a single and a multiple generalized linear model, 5 VOCMs exhibited statistically significant associations with urinary protein abnormalities and/or reduced eGFR levels (P<0.05): N-acetyl-S-(N-methylaminocarbonyl)-L-cysteine (AMC), N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine (CEM), N-acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (DHB), 2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (MAD), and N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-butenyl)-L-cysteine (MB3). The WQS index indicated a significantly positive association between VOCMs and urinary protein abnormalities, and DHB contributed the most. The analysis on the potential sources of VOCs exposure showed that those who worked as a private entrepreneur or an employee (vs. government employees), rent houses (vs. owned real estate), had less number of rooms in the residence, fueled cars at self-service gas stations, and inhaled paint fumes in the past 48 h associated with higher VOCMs (P < 0.05) and DHB contributed the most. Conclusion Multiple VOCMs in urine are associated with significantly kidney function injuries. The mixture exposure to VOCMs is significantly associated with higher risks of urinary protein abnormalities. Occupational category, housing ownership, ways to fuel a car, and inhalation of paint odors are closely related with VOCMs levels.

This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of action of metformin (MET) in inhibiting the malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by regulating the degradation of aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3). The correlation between the sensitivity of different hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines to MET and their basal expression levels of AKR1C3 was firstly evaluated. MET was found to significantly reduce the level and accelerate the degradation rate of AKR1C3 protein by Western blot. The interaction between MET and AKR1C3 protein was confirmed by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). Proteasome inhibitor MG132 and the lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) were used to screen the degradation pathway, and confirm, in combination with the HBSS starvation-induced autophagy model, that MET mediated the degradation of AKR1C3 through the autophagy lysosome pathway. Ubiquitylation assay showed that MET specifically enhanced the K63-linked polyubiquitylation modification of AKR1C3. Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) knockdown, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence co-localization analyses confirmed that the autophagy receptor p62 plays a key role in mediating MET-induced degradation of AKR1C3. The adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor compound C was used to demonstrate that the regulatory effect of MET on AKR1C3 is independent of the classical AMPK signaling pathway. The experimental results showed that metformin promoted the ubiquitination modification of AKR1C3 by targeting AKR1C3, enhanced the binding of AKR1C3 to autophagy receptor p62, then degraded the AKR1C3 protein through selective autophagy-like pathway, and ultimately inhibited the malignant phenotypes of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, which is a regulatory mechanism free of the classical AMPK activation pathway of metformin.

Objective: To investigate the current situation and influencing factors of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of fall prevention among the elderly in Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide the evidence for the development of fall intervention for the elderly. Methods: The permanent residents aged 60 years and over in Huzhou City were selected using multi-stratified cluster sampling method from March to April 2023. Demographic information, activity of daily living (ADL), fall risk, and KAP of fall prevention was collected using questionnaire surveys. Factors affecting KAP of fall prevention were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: Totally 2 160 questionnaires were allocated, and 2 104 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 97.41%. There were 1 063 males (50.52%) and 1 041 females (49.48%), and 861 residents aged 60 to <70 years (40.92%). The awareness of fall prevention knowledge was 84.13%, the percentage of attitude towards fall prevention was 85.88%, and the percentage of practice of fall prevention was 14.59%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age, educational level, exercise duration and fall risk were associated with the awareness of fall prevention knowledge; age, educational level, marital status, exercise duration, ADL and fall risk were associated with the attitude towards fall prevention; gender, age, educational level, marital status, exercise duration, chronic diseases, ADL and fall risk were associated with the practice of fall prevention (all P<0.05). The desired access to fall prevention knowledge was mainly dominated by medical personnel, accounting for 75.51% (589/780). Conclusions The practice towards fall prevention among the elderly is relatively low in Huzhou City. The KAP of fall prevention is related to age, educational level, exercise duration and fall risk.

Objective To investigate the anti-estrogenic activity of bisphenol A and its substitutes, and to analyze the relevant mechanisms. Methods Bisphenol A and its three most widely used substitutes (bisphenol S, bisphenol F and bisphenol AF) were selected as the docking ligand molecules, and estradiol was used as the control ligand molecule. The ligand molecules docking was simulated with estrogen receptor (ER) α and ERβ using AutoDock software. Results Bisphenol A forms a hydrogen bond with ERα at the His474 residue and with ERβ via three hydrogen bonds at Leu260, His428, and Asn431 residues. Similar to bisphenol A, bisphenol S, bisphenol F, bisphenol AF and estradiol primarily interact with ERα and ERβ through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds, but with varying optimal binding sites and affinities. The binding forces of the optimal binding sites for bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol AF, bisphenol S and estradiol with ERα were -4.15, -4.19, -2.73, -4.62 and -5.37 kcal/mol, respectively, and with ERβ were -3.76, -3.91, -2.86, -3.93, and -4.98 kcal/mol, respectively. The affinity ranking for two ERs with these five molecules from high to low was estradiol > bisphenol S> bisphenol F> bisphenol A > bisphenol AF. Conclusion The affinity between bisphenol compounds with ERα and ERβ is mainly based on the hydrophobic interaction with non-polar residues of the receptor and hydrogen bonding with key residues. Bisphenol S, bisphenol F and bisphenol AF showed similar or even stronger endocrine disrupting effects than bisphenol A.

Retrograde adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are capable of infecting the axons of projection neurons and serve as a powerful tool for the anatomical and functional characterization of neural networks. However, few retrograde AAV capsids have been shown to offer access to cortical projection neurons across different species and enable the manipulation of neural function in non-human primates (NHPs). Here, we report the development of a novel retrograde AAV capsid, AAV-DJ8R, which efficiently labeled cortical projection neurons after local administration into the striatum of mice and macaques. In addition, intrastriatally injected AAV-DJ8R mediated opsin expression in the mouse motor cortex and induced robust behavioral alterations. Moreover, AAV-DJ8R markedly increased motor cortical neuron firing upon optogenetic light stimulation after viral delivery into the macaque putamen. These data demonstrate the usefulness of AAV-DJ8R as an efficient retrograde tracer for cortical projection neurons in rodents and NHPs and indicate its suitability for use in conducting functional interrogations.
Animals ; Haplorhini ; Axons ; Motor Neurons ; Interneurons ; Macaca ; Dependovirus/genetics* ; Genetic Vectors

Objective:To elucidate the etiological and epidemiological characteristics and epidemiological patterns of viral acute respiratory infections (ARI) in Shanghai during 2023, with the aim of providing robust laboratory evidence for effective prevention and control strategies against related respiratory diseases and facilitating risk assessment.Methods:Respiratory pathogens were detected in the clinical surveillance specimens submitted by sentinel hospitals through multiplex PCR, as part of the multi-pathogen surveillance of acute respiratory infections in Shanghai during 2023. The obtained detection result were statistically analyzed in conjunction with sample information.Results:The positive detection rate of viral pathogens in 2023 was 21.17% (984/4 648), with rates of 33.53% (504/1 503) observed in ILI cases and 15.62% (480/3 145) in SARI cases. Influenza A virus (FluA) was the predominant virus detected, accounting for 13.7% (637/4 648). Other viruses identified in the surveillance samples included influenza B virus (Flu B), human rhinovirus/enterovirus (HRV/HEV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), adenovirus (ADV) and human bocavirus (HBoV). Regarding temporal distribution, HRV/HEV and RSV exhibited the highest detection rates during the second quarter at 2.27% each (28/1 236). PIV had its peak during the third quarter at a rate of 2.49% (35/1 405), and HMPV showed prevalence mainly during the third and fourth quarters, with detection rates of 2.63% (37/1 405) and 2.35% (32/1 360), respectively.Conclusions:In acute respiratory infection surveillance cases in Shanghai in 2023, Flu A emerged as the predominant respiratory pathogen. The detection rate of HMPV ranked second only to Flu A, while other respiratory viruses such as HRV/HEV, RSV, and PIV were detected during different seasons and co-circulated. The prevalence of various respiratory viruses varied among different infected populations and over times.

Objective:The effect of bone marrow soluble B cell maturation antigen (sBCMA) expression on the efficacy and side effects of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) -modified T-cell-targeting B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) .Methods:This study involved 29 patients with relapsed or refractory MM (RRMM) who received humanized anti-BCMA CAR-T cell clinical trials from January 2018 to December 2021. The expression of sBCMA in bone marrow before and after anti-BCMA CAR-T cell treatment was detected by flow cytometry and compared.Results:①Two months after BCMA CAR-T cell treatment, 20 patients (68.97%) achieved an overall response (OR), whereas nine patients had stable disease (SD) or miner emission (MR). ②The expression of sBCMA in the bone marrow of 20 patients with OR was higher before treatment than after [26 926 (18 215, 32 488) ng/L vs 9 968 (6 634, 11 459) ng/L; P<0.001]; no significant difference was observed in patients with MR and SD [41 187 (33 816, 47 046) ng/L vs. 33 954 (31 569, 36 256) ng/L; P=0.145]; sBCMA expression in patients with OR before CAR-T cell treatment was lower than in patients with MR and SD ( P=0.005). ③No significant linear correlation was found between the peak value of CAR-T cells and sBCMA expression in the bone marrow of all 29 patients with RRMM ( R2=0.035, P=0.330). ④No significant difference in sBCMA expression was found between grades 0-1 CRS group (13 patients) and grades 2-4 CRS group [16 patients; 32 045 (18 742, 40 801) ng/L vs 29 102 (24 679, 38 776) ng/L, P=0.879], nor between grade 0 ICANS group (22 patients) and grade 1-3 ICANS group [seven patients; 30 073 (19 375, 40 065) ng/L vs 33 816 (22 933, 43 459) ng/L, P=0.763]. Conclusion:sBCMA expression in the bone marrow is related to the efficacy of BCMA CAR-T cell therapy in patients with RRMM, but is not significantly correlated with the severity of adverse events. It may serve as a predictive biomarker for the efficacy of BCMA CAR-T cell therapy in these patients.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of different stents placement under endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in patients with malignant biliary obstruction(MBO)and the effect on patient survival time.Methods Clinical data of MBO patients treated with ERCP stent placement between January 2020 and March 2024 were collected,divided into recyclable stent group(33 cases),metal stent group(42 cases),and ordinary stent group(34 cases).Comparation of the three groups of preoperative and postoperative changes in liver function,complications of long-term cholangitis and pancreatitis,stent patency time,success rate of stent removal with a single clamping,survival time,monitoring follow-up situation.Results There was no statistically significant difference in the liver function of the three groups of patients before stent placement(P>0.05);One week after stent placement,the difference compared with preoperative between direct bilirubin(DBiL)and total bilirubin(TBiL)in the recyclable stent group and the metal stent group was significantly higher than that in the ordinary stent group,and the difference between the ordinary stent group and other two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).The incidence of cholangitis in the recyclable stent group was the lowest,followed by the ordinary plastic biliary stent,and the metal biliary stent had the highest incidence of cholangitis,the incidence of cholangitis in the long term after stent placement was compared among the three groups of patients with a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).The incidence of postoperative pancreatitis in the three groups was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The success rate of stent removal with a single clamping was higher in the recyclable stent group than the ordinary stent group.Comparison of median stent patency time among the three groups,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The metal stent group had the longest median patency time of 194.0 d,recyclable plastic stent had the second longest median patency time of 126.0 d,and ordinary plastic biliary stent had the shortest median patency time of 92.0 d.Median survival time among the three groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).The recyclable plastic biliary stent had the longest median survival time of 590.0 d,metal biliary stent had the second longest median survival time of 476.0 d,and ordinary plastic biliary stent had the shortest median survival time of 453.0 d.Conclusion Recyclable plastic biliary stent has a faster decrease in bilirubin index compared with the ordinary stent group after operation.And the recyclable plastic stent group has lower incidence of long-term cholangitis,higher success rate of one-time clamping of the stent,and more advantages in time to stent patency and survival time compared with ordinary plastic biliary stent,which is an effective choice of stenting modality for ERCP stent placement in patients with MBO.

Pyroptosis is a programmed death of inflammatory cells triggered by pathogen invasion,dependent on caspase activation,through both classical and non-classical pyroptosis pathways.Cell pyroptosis is related to the occurrence and development of a variety of animal infectious diseases caused by microbial infection.After microorganisms invading,cells are stimulated by pathology-re-lated molecular patterns,causing strong immune response,stimulating inflammatory signaling pathways,and then activating inflammasome,leading to pyroptosis.The immune system has e-volved multiple mechanisms to fight microbial infections and regulate inflammatory responses.The innate immune system,by recognizing microbial molecules in pathogens and responding quickly by producing inflammasome and activating pyroptosis,helps clear pathogens to prevent infection and maintain the normal functioning of the body.A thorough study of the pathogenesis and immune es-cape mechanism of cell pyroptosis in animal infectious diseases will provide a new direction for the treatment of animal infectious diseases.