Objective: To determine the normative values of the Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) score for typically developing children in Korea and assess its suitability for use in children. Methods: Rehabilitation physicians and occupational therapists with children were invited through an online platform to participate in a survey assessing their children’s performance of activity of daily living (ADL) using the K-MBI. The questionnaire encompassed queries on sociodemographic information of children and the assessment criteria outlined in the K-MBI. The standardized K-MBI scores by age were estimated using the nonlinear least squares method. Results: The analysis incorporated responses from a total of 206 individuals. K-MBI total scores showed a rapid increase over the first 8 years of life, with 99% of children achieving a score of 90 or higher by age 8. Mobility scores exhibited a swift increase during early childhood, surpassing 90% of the maximum score at 3 years of age and nearing 100% at 7 years of age. In contrast, self-care scores demonstrated a more gradual advancement, achieving approximately 100% of the maximum score by the age of 10 years. Conclusion Age-specific normative values for K-MBI scores of typically developing children were established, which can be used as a reference in clinical care. While the K-MBI captured the overall trajectory of children’s ADL development, it did not discern subtle differences across various developmental stages. There is a need for the development of more refined assessment tools tailored specifically to children.

Occult myopia refers to a special type of myopia, which is caused by the axial length beyond the normal range of children's normal age, and the corneal curvature is lower than the normal range of children with the normal age range of the vision. Because the vision of occult myopia children is within the normal range, it is easy to be ignored in myopia screening. Without timely myopia prevention and control, occult myopia is very easy to develop into dominant myopia, not only the visual development is seriously affected, but visual function will also produce irreversible changes. It is found that the axial length, corneal curvature, retina and chorioid of occult myopia are different from those of ordinary myopia. The change of these indicators can be used to assist the diagnosis and observe their development process. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the research progress at home and abroad on ocular axis length, corneal curvature, macular retinal thickness, macular choroidal thickness and other related factors in children with occult myopia, in order to provide references for related clinical research.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence rate of infectious diseases during hospitalization in late preterm infants in Beijing, China, as well as the risk factors for infectious diseases and the effect of breastfeeding on the development of infectious diseases. METHODS: Related data were collected from the late preterm infants who were hospitalized in the neonatal wards of 25 hospitals in Beijing, China, from October 23, 2015 to October 30, 2017. According to the feeding pattern, they were divided into a breastfeeding group and a formula feeding group. The two groups were compared in terms of general status and incidence rate of infectious diseases. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for infectious diseases. RESULTS: A total of 1 576 late preterm infants were enrolled, with 153 infants in the breastfeeding group and 1 423 in the formula feeding group. Of all infants, 484 (30.71%) experienced infectious diseases. The breastfeeding group had a significantly lower incidence rate of infectious diseases than the formula feeding group (22.88% vs 31.55%, CONCLUSIONS Breastfeeding can significantly reduce the incidence of infectious diseases and is a protective factor against infectious diseases in late preterm infants. Breastfeeding should therefore be actively promoted for late preterm infants during hospitalization.
Beijing/epidemiology* ; Breast Feeding ; China/epidemiology* ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology* ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Male ; Pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: To study the value of body fat mass measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in predicting abnormal blood pressure and abnormal glucose metabolism in children. METHODS: Stratified cluster sampling was used to select the students aged 6-16 years, and a questionnaire survey and physical examination were performed. The BIA apparatus was used to measure body fat mass. Body mass index (BMI), body fat mass index (FMI), and fat mass percentage (FMP) were calculated. Fasting blood glucose level were measured. RESULTS: A total of 14 293 children were enrolled, among whom boys accounted for 49.89%. In boys and girls, the percentile values (P, P, P, P, P, P, P, P) of FMI and FMP fitted by the LMS method were taken as the cut-off values. Based on the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the P values with a better value in predicting abnormal blood pressure and blood glucose metabolism were selected as the cut-off values for excessive body fat. When FMI or FMP was controlled below P, the incidence of abnormal blood pressure or abnormal glucose metabolism may be decreased in 8.25%-43.24% of the children. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation of obesity based on FMI and FMP has a certain value in screening for hypertension and hyperglycemia in children, which can be further verified in the future prevention and treatment of obesity and related chronic diseases in children.
Adipose Tissue ; Adolescent ; Blood Pressure ; Body Composition ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Electric Impedance ; Female ; Glucose ; Humans ; Male

Objective To analyze the characteristics of the bilateral external ears of Uygur adults by directly observing the morphological characteristics of the external ears of Uygur adults and classifying each feature. The frequency distribution of the characteristics was calculated to provide reference for forensic identification. Methods The 210 cases （75 males and 135 females） of bilateral external ear photos of Uygur adults in Xinjiang that met the inclusion criteria were collected. The frequencies of the features of the external ear were recorded and distinguished between the two sexes and the different sides. The data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 21.0 statistical software. Results The shapes of the external ears of males and females were commonly oblique or rectangular （34.67% of the left external ear of males and 41.33% of the right were oblique; 30.37% of the left and right external ear of females were rectangular）, while triangular ears were the rare variants and the least common. Sex and bilateral differences were observed as regards the form of the helix in the subjects. Normally rolled helix was the most common （58.67% males and 61.48% females for the left ear; 60.00% males and 72.59% females for the right ear）. Wide covering scapha helix was the most rare for the male left ear and flat helix was the most rare for the female right ear. Square and free earlobes were the most common （49.33% males and 62.96% females for the left ear; 40.00% males and 54.81% females for the right ear）, whereas triangular earlobes were rarely seen. Single knob tragus （40.00% males and 37.78% females for the left ear; 37.33% males and 33.33% females for the right ear） and projection type of Darwin's tubercle （50.67% males and 40.00% females for the left ear; 48.00% males and 39.26% females for the right ear） were found to be common. Conclusion The characteristics of the bilateral external ears of male and female Uygur adults have differences, which can be used for forensic identification.
Adult ; Ear, External ; Ethnicity ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Sex Characteristics

ATG5 and BECLIN-1 belong to two kind of crucial autophagy-related proteins included the formation of autoph-agosomes,in addition to the promotion of autophagy,enhances susceptibility towards apoptotic stimuli,therefore,ATG5 and BECLIN-1 are considered to be a molecular link between autophagy and apoptosis.Preliminary data revealed that ATG5 media-ted the formation of autophagosomes by ATG5-ATG12-ATG16L ubiquitination system,while BECLIN-1 induces autophagy by phosphatidylino3-kinase (PtdIns3KC3)complex.But now it is believed that truncated ATG5(tATG5-N)and truncated BEC-LIN-1(BECLIN-1-C),an amino-terminal cleavage product of ATG5 and carboxyl-terminal cleavage product of BECLIN-1, could induce apoptosis.The research summarize the progress on ATG5 and BECLIN-1 regulated autophagy and apoptosis,so as to further reveal the molecular mechanism of they regulate autophagy and apoptosis.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the joint effect of birth weight and each of obesity measures (body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC)) on abnormal glucose metabolism (including diabetes) at adulthood.

METHODSUsing the historical cohort study design and the convenience sampling method, 1 921 infants who were born in Beijing Union Medical College Hospital from June 1948 to December 1954 were selected to do the follow-up in 1995 and 2001 respectively. Through Beijing Household Registration and Management System, they were invited to participate in this study. A total of 972 subjects (627 were followed up in 1995 and 345 were followed up in 2001) with complete information on genders, age, birth weight, family history of diabetes, BMI, WC, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-hour plasma glucose (2 h PG) met the study inclusion criteria at the follow-up visits. In the data analysis, they were divided into low, normal, and high birth weight, respectively. The ANOVA and Chi-squared tests were used to compare the differences in their characteristics by birth weight group. In addition, multiple binary Logistic regression model was used to investigate the single effect of birth weight, BMI, and waist circumference on abnormal glucose metabolism at adulthood. Stratification analysis was used to investigate the joint effect of birth weight and each of obesity measures (BMI and WC) on abnormal glucose metabolism.

RESULTSThere were 972 subjects (males: 50.7%, mean age: (46.0±2.2) years) included in the final data analysis. The 2 h PG in low birth weight group was (7.6±3.2) mmol/L , which was higher than that in normal birth weight group (6.9±2.1) mmol/L and high birth weight group (6.4±1.3) mmol/L (F=3.88, P=0.021). After adjustment for genders, age, body length, gestation age, family history of diabetes, physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption, and duration of follow-up, subjects with overweight and obesity at adulthood had 2.73 (95% confidence interval (CI) =2.06- 3.62) times risk to develop abnormal glucose metabolism when compared with norm weight ones. Likewise, subjects with central obesity were more likely to develop abnormal glucose metabolism than ones with normal waist (odds ratio (OR)=3.35, 95%CI=2.49-4.50). In addition, compared to subjects with normal birth weight and normal BMI at adulthood, ones with normal birth weight and overweight (including obesity) at adulthood were more likely to have abnormal glucose metabolism (OR= 2.60, 95%CI=1.94-3.49); subjects with low birth weight and overweight (including obesity) at adulthood had the highest risk for abnormal glucose metabolism (OR=4.70, 95% CI=1.84- 11.99). The attributable proportion of interaction between low birth weight and overweight (including obesity) at adulthood was 48.5%. In addition, compared to subjects with normal birth weight and normal WC at adulthood, one with normal birth weight and central obesity at adulthood were more likely to have abnormal glucose metabolism (OR=3.18, 95% CI=2.33- 4.32); subjects with low birth weight and central obesity at adulthood had the highest risk for abnormal glucose metabolism (OR=4.78, 95% CI=2.01- 11.38); subjects with high birth weight and central at adulthood also had high risk for abnormal glucose metabolism (OR=4.35, 95%CI=1.38- 13.65). We found that the attributable proportion of interaction between low birth weight and central obesity at adulthood was 38.5% , and was 28.3% for interaction between high weight and central obesity.

CONCLUSIONThere was strong interaction effect between birth weight and overweight (especially central obesity) at adulthood on abnormal glucose metabolism at adulthood. Effective measures should be adopted to prevent and control adult obesity in order to offset the adverse effect of birth weight on long-term health risk.

Adult ; Birth Weight ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Body Height ; Body Mass Index ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; epidemiology ; Obesity, Abdominal ; epidemiology ; Odds Ratio ; Overweight ; epidemiology ; Waist Circumference

Aim To explore the protective effects of lithium chloride ( LiCl ) on neurous injuries and phos-phorylation of tau protein at serine262 induced by okada-ic acid( OA) . Methods The neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells were differentiated by all-trans-retinoic acid ( AT-RA) . The differentiated SK-N-SH cells were treated with OA to establish the Alzheimer′s disease cellular model. SK-N-SH cells′ viability and proliferation were measured by SRB test. Giemsa staining was used to observe cell morphology. The neurite length of SK-N-SH cells was measured by Image-Proplus software. Syn-aptophysin and phosphorylated tau protein at serine262 expression levels were tested by Western blot. Results The SK-N-SH cells which were treated with 10 μmol ·L-1 ATRA for 7 days displayed mature neuronal fea-tures. The synaptic length of SK-N-SH cells became longer. And the levels of serine262 phospho-tau was sig-nificantly elevated. 20~100 nmol·L-1 OA effectively inhibited the viability of differentiated SK-N-SH cells in a concentration-dependent manner and in a time-de-pendent manner. The OA treatment induced obvious synaptic atrophy in differentiated SK-N-SH cells. And the phosphorylation level of tau protein serine262 also greatly increased. The pretreatment with 10 mmol · L-1 LiCl significantly ameliorated the synaptic atrophy, the decrease of synaptophysin expression and the in-crease of tau phosphorylation at serine262 induced by OA in differentiated SK-N-SH cells. Conclusion LiCl could effectively inhibit OA-induced synaptic atro-phy in differentiated SK-N-SH cells, and it could also result in the increase of synaptophysin expression and the decrease of the phosphorylation of tau protein at serine262 .

OBJECTIVETo examine the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms in obesity-related genes on risk of obesity and metabolic disorder in childhood.

METHODSA total of 3 503 Chinese children aged 6 to 18 years participated in the study, including 1 229 obese, 655 overweight and 1 619 normal weight children (diagnosed by the Chinese age- and sex- specific BMI cutoffs). Body size parameters were assessed and venipuncture blood samples were collected after a 12-hour overnight fast. Plasma glucose, insulin and serum lipid profiles were measured.Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood white cells using the salt fractionation method. A total of 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped by TaqMan allelic discrimination assays with the GeneAmp 7900 sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) (FTO rs9939609, MC4R rs17782313, GNPDA2 rs10938397, FAIM2 rs7138803, BDNF rs6265, NPC1 rs1805081, PCSK1 rs6235, KCTD15 rs29941, BAT2 rs2844479, SEC16B rs10913469 and SH2B1 rs4788102). Multiple factor analysis was performed to estimate the association between the variant and obesity-related traits. The false discovery rate (FDR) approach was used to correct for multiple comparisons.

RESULTSAfter sex, age and pubertal stage adjustment and correction for multiple testing, the rs9939609-A, rs17782313-C, rs10938397-G, and rs7138803-A alleles were associated with higher BMI (β = 0.352-0.747), fat mass percentage(β = 0.568-1.113), waist circumference (β = 0.885-1.649) and waist-to-height ratio(β = 0.005-0.010) (all P values < 0.01) in Chinese children. The rs6265-G allele increased BMI(β = 0.251, P = 0.020). The rs9939609-A, rs17782313-C, and rs10938397-G and rs6265-G alleles were also associated with risk of obesity (OR = 1.386, 95%CI:1.171-1.642; OR = 1.367, 95%CI:1.196-1.563; OR = 1.242, 95%CI:1.102-1.400; OR = 1.156, 95%CI:1.031-1.296).Rs7138803 was associated with risk of obesity only in boys (OR = 1.234, 95%CI:1.043-1.460). GNPDA2 rs10938397-G allele was associated with risk of insulin resistance(OR = 1.205, 95%CI:1.069-1.359), but there was no significance after adjusting for BMI.

CONCLUSIONThe association of FTO rs9939609-A, MC4R rs17782313-C, GNPDA2 rs10938397-G, and FAIM2 rs7138803-A with higher BMI, fat mass percentage, waist circumference, and waist-to height ratio and risk of obesity, and BDNF rs6265-G allele may increase BMI and obesity risk in Chinese children. GNPDA2 rs10938397-G may increase the risk of childhood insulin resistance depending on BMI.

Adolescent ; Alleles ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolic Diseases ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Risk Factors ; Waist Circumference

Fatal anaphylactic shock is common in forensic practice. However, it is difficult to diagnose for lacking specific pathological and morphologic changes in forensic autopsy. The application of some biochemical indicators is of great significance. This paper reviews the biological characteristics of some biochemical indicators and detection methods. The forensic application, problems and prospects of these indicators are also introduced in details. The stable biochemical indicators, IgE, tryptase and chymase, show great potential and advantages in the identification of fatal anaphylactic shock in forensic medicine.
Anaphylaxis/metabolism* ; Autopsy ; Biomarkers ; Chymases ; Forensic Medicine ; Humans ; Tryptases