ObjectiveTo genotype Oncomelania hupensis， based on microsatellites， in different snail-bearing environments in Jiaxing City， Zhejiang Province， for population genetics analysis in order to explore the reasons and influencing factors for the existence or proliferation of snails and to provide scientific basis for effective monitoring and control of snails. MethodsA total of 90 snail samples from three populations were collected in Yaobang Village （YB） and Sanxing Village （SX） in Pinghu City， and Yunhe Farm （YH） in Xiuzhou District， all were selected for snail checking in key snail habitats of Jiaxing City in 2022. DNA of the snails was genotyped and analyzed for population genetics using nine microsatellite loci. ResultsA total of 84 alleles were observed， and the mean number of alleles （Na） was 7.889， 5.667， and 3.778 for YB， SX， and YH respectively； the number of effective alleles （NeA） was 4.807， 3.329， and 2.294， respectively； and the coefficients of inbreeding （F_IS） were 0.400， 0.377， and 0.493， respectively. Under the Infinite Allele Model （IAM）， the SX and YH might have a recent bottleneck. The NEstimator and LDNe software calculated effective population sizes （Ne） were above 31.9. AMOVA analysis showed that the variation of snails in the three populations mainly existed among individuals， accounting for 41.4% of the total variation. The value of the index of genetic differentiation between populations （F_ST） was 0.286， indicating a high degree of genetic differentiation. The results of the principal component analysis and phylogenetic tree were consistent， and the three populations were divided into two lineages， YB and SX were one lineage， and YH belonged to another independent lineage. Population history and dynamics analysis showed that the gene flow of the three populations was insufficient， population divergence history indicated that YH might have diverged from SX first， and YB was produced by the contact fusion of SX and YH. ConclusionThe genetic diversity of snail populations in Jiaxing City is generally low， and the snail populations are unstable， with a great degree of genetic differentiation and insufficient gene flow among populations. This study can provide a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of the control of the snail as well as monitoring the trend of the spread of the snail.

【Objective】 To compare the clinical efficacy of high frequency holmium laser in the treatment of 2-3 cm renal calculi by minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mPCNL) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). 【Methods】 The clinical data of 105 patients with a solitary 2-3 cm renal calculus treated during Oct. 2020 and Oct. 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups, including 52 cases in the RIRS group and 53 cases in the mPCNL group. The one-stage stone clearance rate, operation time, hemoglobin decline within 24 hours, inflammatory indicators within 24 hours after operation, postoperative complications, hospital stay and hospitalization costs were compared between the two groups. 【Results】 There were no significant differences in the preoperative general data, one-stage stone clearance rate, inflammatory indicators within 24 hours and incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups (P>0.05). The RIRS group had less decrease of hemoglobin than the mPCNL group [(6.35±2.00) g/L vs. (12.25±5.72) g/L, P=0.001], shorter hospital stay [(5.13±0.82) d vs. (7.92±1.59) d, P<0.001], lower hospitalization costs [(15 221.52±796.46) yuan vs. (19 514.51±909.98) yuan, P<0.001], but longer operation time [(58.17±7.67) min vs. (49.60±4.52) min, P<0.001]. 【Conclusion】 Both mPCNL and RIRS are safe and effective in the treatment of 2-3 cm renal calculi with 40-80 Hz holmium laser, and the one-stage stone clearance rate is similar. Although RIRS needed longer operation time than mPCNL, it has the advantages of less surgical trauma, faster postoperative recovery and shorter hospital stay, and is more prospective in the treatment of 2-3 cm renal calculi.

Peripheral blood eosinophilia is now becoming an increasingly prevalent scenario in clinical practice. Eosinophilia can be physiological or associated with many diseases involving multiple organ systems. Due to various etiologies and complex pathogenesis, the clinical characteristics of patients with eosinophilia can range from asymptomatic to severe organ dysfunction, and their prognosis may also vary greatly. At present, medical practitioners are not paying more attention to the peripheral eosinophil in routine blood tests. Therefore, this article aims to summarize the incidence of eosinophilia in healthy and diseased population in order to draw attention and serve as a reference for future research.

Peripheral blood eosinophilia is now becoming an increasingly prevalent scenario in clinical practice. Eosinophilia can be physiological or associated with many diseases involving multiple organ systems. Due to various etiologies and complex pathogenesis, the clinical characteristics of patients with eosinophilia can range from asymptomatic to severe organ dysfunction, and their prognosis may also vary greatly. At present, medical practitioners are not paying more attention to the peripheral eosinophil in routine blood tests. Therefore, this article aims to summarize the incidence of eosinophilia in healthy and diseased population in order to draw attention and serve as a reference for future research.

Objective To investigate the current status of off-label drug use(OLDU)management in tertiary hospitals of Guizhou province and to provide baseline evidence for developing a unified administration regulation for OLDU in Guizhou province.Methods In line with the relevant policies and regulations,a questionnaire including basic information about the person filling out the form,basic information about the hospitals,and information about OLDU was developed.The questionnaire was sent to 84 tertiary hospitals in Guizhou province through the Wenjuanxing.Results A total of 84 questionnaires were distributed and recovered,with a response rate of 100.00%.Of the 84 hospitals,77 had OLDU,of which 68(88.31%)had established a management system for OLDU.Among the 77 hospitals with OLDU,65(84.42%),42(54.55%),58(75.32%),36(46.75%),15(19.48%),and 21(27.27%)hospitals respectively,required approval from the Committee on Drug Administration and Pharmacotherapy before OLDU,restricted the qualifications of doctors prescribing OLDU,required informed consent from patients or their families before OLDU,recorded the matters and reasons in the medical records of patients treated with OLDU,followed up patients in their files and evaluated the reasonableness of the OLDU,and carried out special reviews for OLDU.Only 30(38.96%)hospitals have set up a catalogue of OLDUs,and 58(75.32%)hospitals have urgent needs to set up a unified provincial catalogue of OLDUs.Conclusion The pharmacy administration level of OLDU in tertiary hospitals of Guizhou province is relatively low,so there is an urgent need to establish a unified OLDU management system and medication catalog.

Fear memory contextualization is critical for selecting adaptive behavior to survive. Contextual fear conditioning (CFC) is a classical model for elucidating related underlying neuronal circuits. The primary visual cortex (V1) is the primary cortical region for contextual visual inputs, but its role in CFC is poorly understood. Here, our experiments demonstrated that bilateral inactivation of V1 in mice impaired CFC retrieval, and both CFC learning and extinction increased the turnover rate of axonal boutons in V1. The frequency of neuronal Ca²⁺ activity decreased after CFC learning, while CFC extinction reversed the decrease and raised it to the naïve level. Contrary to control mice, the frequency of neuronal Ca²⁺ activity increased after CFC learning in microglia-depleted mice and was maintained after CFC extinction, indicating that microglial depletion alters CFC learning and the frequency response pattern of extinction-induced Ca²⁺ activity. These findings reveal a critical role of microglia in neocortical information processing in V1, and suggest potential approaches for cellular-based manipulation of acquired fear memory.
Mice ; Animals ; Primary Visual Cortex ; Extinction, Psychological/physiology* ; Learning/physiology* ; Fear/physiology* ; Hippocampus/physiology*

Cytisine derivatives are a group of alkaloids containing the structural core of cytisine, which are mainly distributed in Fabaceae plants with a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as resisting inflammation, tumors, and viruses, and affecting the central nervous system. At present, a total of 193 natural cytisine and its derivatives have been reported, all of which are derived from L-lysine. In this study, natural cytisine derivatives were classified into eight types, namely cytisine type, sparteine type, albine type, angustifoline type, camoensidine type, cytisine-like type, tsukushinamine type, and lupanacosmine type. This study reviewed the research progress on the structures, plant sources, biosynthesis, and pharmacological activities of alkaloids of various types.
Alkaloids/chemistry* ; Quinolizines/pharmacology* ; Azocines/chemistry* ; Fabaceae

We investigated the therapeutic effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD) from thermophilic bacterium HB27 on chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and its underlying mechanisms. A Sprague-Dawley rat model of CP/CPPS was prepared and then administered saline or Thermus thermophilic (Tt)-SOD intragastrically for 4 weeks. Prostate inflammation and fibrosis were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and Masson staining. Alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), serum creatinine (CR), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were assayed for all animals. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were performed to analyze serum cytokine concentrations and tissue levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Reactive oxygen species levels were detected using dichlorofluorescein diacetate. The messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of tissue cytokines was analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and infiltrating inflammatory cells were examined using immunohistochemistry. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) P65, P38, and inhibitor of nuclear factor-κBα (I-κBα) protein levels were determined using western blot. Tt-SOD significantly improved histopathological changes in CP/CPPS, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis, increased pain threshold, and reduced the prostate index. Tt-SOD treatment showed no significant effect on ALT, AST, CR, or BUN levels. Furthermore, Tt-SOD reduced inflammatory cytokine expression in prostate tissue and increased antioxidant capacity. This anti-inflammatory activity correlated with decreases in the abundance of cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3), cluster of differentiation 45 (CD45), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP1α) cells. Tt-SOD alleviated inflammation and oxidative stress by reducing NF-κB P65 and P38 protein levels and increasing I-κBα protein levels. These findings support Tt-SOD as a potential drug for CP/CPPS.
Animals ; Chronic Pain ; Cytokines/metabolism* ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Inflammation/metabolism* ; Male ; NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Pelvic Pain/pathology* ; Prostatitis/metabolism* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxide Dismutase ; Syndrome

Renal pelvic hemangioma is a rare benign tumor, presenting with intermittent, total, painless, gross hematuria, accompanied by low back pain, abdominal pain or other symptoms in some cases. Four cases of pyelonephric hemangioma were treated, which were misdiagnosed as malignancy before surgery. For middle-aged patients with intermittent hematuria, if the imaging data cannot rule out renal pelvic hemangioma, it is recommended to perform renoscopy, renal artery angiography or renal puncture biopsy. For patients diagnosed with renal pelvic hemangioma, either partial nephrectomy, ureteroscopic cauterization, or selective renal artery embolization can achieve good results.

Objective:To analyze the therapeutic effect of adding interleukin (IL)-4Rα monoclonal antibody (duplizumab) to patients with multiple types of inflammatory diseases.Methods:Six patients with multiple types of inflammatory diseases who started to use duplizumab from August 2020 were enrolled. The changes of airway inflammation, lung function, sinuses computed tomography (CT), Asthma Control Questionnaire-5 (ACQ-5), Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22), Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) score before and after duplizumab treatment were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were treated with doprilumab for more than 5 months.Results:4 of the 6 patients had both severe asthma and chronic sinusitis, and 2 patients had both severe asthma, chronic sinusitis and atopic dermatitis. After treatment, the pulmonary function of 6 patients was improved, the levels of sputum eosinophils, exhaled nitric oxide and total IgE were decreased (all P<0.05), and the scores of paranasal sinus CT, ACQ-5, SNOT-22 and UPSIT were significantly improved (all P<0.05). However, 3 patients had increased peripheral blood eosinophils during the treatment. Conclusions:Duplizumab is effective for a variety of type 2 inflammatory diseases without obvious adverse reactions, and the peripheral eosinophils may increase during the treatment.