Mitochondria are the main site of energy metabolism within cells,generating a substantial amount of ATP to supply energy to the human body.Research has shown that alterations in mitochondrial structure and function exist in individuals with schizophrenia,suggesting their potential impact on the onset of psychiatric disorders and clinical treatment efficacy.Therefore,understanding the research progress on the genetic mechanisms,pathological processes,image manifestations of schizophrenia and mitochondrial quality control,and summarizing the relevant evidence of mitochondrial-related targets as potential therapeutic targets for schizophrenia,can provide references for further research.

Objective To investigate the effect of Lumbricus protein on the phenotypic transformation of corporal cavernosum smooth muscle cells(CCSMC)and erectile function in diabetic erectile dysfunction(DMED)rats.Methods Sixty male SD rats with normal erectile function were randomly divided into a blank group,a model group,a Sildelafil group(5 mg·kg-1),and a Lumbricus protein low-,medium-,and high-dose group(45,90,and 180 mg·kg-1),with 10 rats in each group.The diabetic rat model was established by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin(STZ,50 mg·kg-1)combined with high-fat feed feeding;after 8 weeks,the DMED rat model was prepared by neck injection of Apomorphine(APO,100 μg·kg-1).After successful modeling,the rats were administered with a dose of Apomorphine by gavage once a day for 4 weeks.The blood glucose levels and body mass of rats in each group were measured before modeling,on the third day of modeling,and after 4 weeks of drug administration.The intracavernous pressure(ICP)and carotid artery pressure(MAP)were measured by multi-channel physiological recorder,and the ICP/MAP ratio was calculated.The expressions of contractile markers α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),smooth muscle myosin heavy chain(SMMHC)and synthetic markers Collagen I and osteopontin(OPN)in corpus cavernosum were detected by immunohistochemistry.The mRNA expression levels of α-SMA,SMMHC and Collagen I in corpus cavernosum were detected by RT-PCR.The protein expression levels of α-SMA,Desmin,Collagen I and OPN in corpus cavernosum were detected by Western Blot.Results Compared with the blank group,the blood glucose levels of the rats in the model group were significantly increased on the third day of modeling and after 4 weeks of administration(P＜0.01),and the body mass was significantly decreased after 4 weeks of administration(P＜0.01).ICP and ICP/MAP ratio were significantly decreased(P＜0.01).The protein expression levels of α-SMA,SMMHC and Desmin in penile corpus cavernosum were significantly decreased(P＜0.01),and the protein expression levels of Collagen I and OPN were significantly increased(P＜0.01).The mRNA expression levels of α-SMA and SMMHC in corpus cavernosum were significantly decreased(P＜0.01),and the mRNA expression level of Collagen I was significantly increased(P＜0.01).Compared with the model group,there was no significant change in blood glucose and body mass of rats in the administration group(P＞0.05).ICP and ICP/MAP ratio were significantly increased(P＜0.01).The expression levels of α-SMA,SMMHC and Desmin in corpus cavernosum were significantly increased(P＜0.01),while the expression levels of Collagen I and OPN were significantly decreased(P＜0.01).The mRNA expression levels of α-SMA and SMMHC in corpus cavernosum were significantly increased(P＜0.01),and the mRNA expression level of Collagen I was significantly decreased(P＜0.01).Conclusion Lumbricus protein can improve the erectile function of DMED rats,and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of CCSMC from'contractile'to'synthetic(proliferative)'transformation.

Objective To investigate the effect of dioscin on uric acid(UA)-induced oxidative stress injury of human renal tubular epithelial cells(HK-2)and its molecular mechanism.Methods HK-2 cells were cultured and divided into four groups:blank group(normal group),model group(uric acid-stimulation modeling),condition control group(UA+DMSO)and dioscin group(UA+dioscin).Oxidative stress injury model was induced by UA in HK-2 cells.Cells viability was detected by CCK-8.ROS level was detected by flow cytometry.Real-time PCR was used to detect the expressions of glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK3β),nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)and heme oxygenase 1(HO-1)at mRNA level,and Western Blot was used to detect the expressions of phosphorylated glycogen synthesis kinase 3β(p-GSK3β),GSK3β,Nrf2 and HO-1 at protein level.Results After stimulation by UA,HK-2 cells viability was obviously decreased,and ROS level was significantly increased(all P＜0.001).When treated with dioscin,HK-2 cells viability was obviously increased,and the ROS level of HK-2 cells was significantly decreased(all P＜0.001).The expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 decreased at the protein and mRNA levels after stimulation with UA.But the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 significantly increased after treated with dioscin(all P＜0.001).Compared with the blank group,the p-GSK3β/GSK3β ratio in the model group decreased significantly at the protein level,but the p-GSK3β/GSK3β ratio increased after treated with dioscin(all P＜0.001).Conclusion Dioscin can alleviate UA-induced oxidative stress injury in HK-2 cells.The mechanism might be that dioscin can promote phosphorylation of GSK3β,and activate Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Schizophrenia is a common chronic mental disorder.Cognitive dysfunction is one of its core symptoms,which severely affects the social functioning of patients.Currently,antipsychotic medication treatments have poor efficacy in improving cognitive functions.Recent studies have found that metformin can improve cognitive dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia.However,the mechanism of action remains unclear.This review summarizes the therapeutic effects of metformin on cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia patients such as improving insulin resistance,repairing neuronal damage,regulating neuroimmunity,and combating oxidative stress,thereby providing new insights for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.

Objective:To investigate the application effect of WeChat group combined with case-based learning (CBL) in probation teaching of vascular surgery.Methods:A total of 128 intern doctors of the seven-year medical program in vascular surgery were selected and divided into experimental group (WeChat group combined with CBL teaching) and control group (CBL teaching alone), and a unified assessment method was used to evaluate the mastery degree of professional theories and clinical knowledge and assess the teaching effect of these two teaching modes in vascular surgery. SPSS 22.0 was used to perform the t-test. Results:Compared with the control group, the experimental group had significantly higher scores of theoretical examination [(86.36±7.42) vs. (84.71±6.72)] and clinical examination [(88.44±7.62) vs. (86.22±6.41)], as well as significantly higher degrees of satisfaction with learning interest, classroom climate, self-learning ability, clinical thinking ability, and teamwork spirit.Conclusion:The teaching mode of WeChat group combined with CBL can improve the effect of the probation teaching of vascular surgery and the self-learning and clinical thinking abilities of intern doctors.

Objective:To explore the value of the age, atrial fibrillation, dysphagia, sex, stroke severity (A2DS2) score, the prestroke independence, sex, age, National Institutes of Health stroke scale (ISAN) score, acute ischemic stroke-associated pneumonia score (AIS-APS), and intracerebral hemorrhage associated pneumonia score without hematoma volume included (ICH-APS-A) in predicting risk of stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP).Methods:From January to June 2019, 304 patients with acute stroke who were hospitalized in the Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University were analyzed retrospectively. There were 164 patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), including 82 patients with SAP. And there were 140 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), including 70 patients with SAP. They were divided into SAP group (152 cases) and non-SAP group (152 cases) depending on whether they had SAP. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to compare the predictive value of the four scores.Results:When predicting risk of SAP in patients with the stroke, the A2DS2 score had the largest AUC compared to the ISAN score, AIS-APS score, and ICH-APS-A score. When predicting risk of SAP in patients with AIS, the AUC (0.875, 95% CI 0.815 to 0.922) of the A2DS2 score was greater than the AIS-APS score and the ISAN score. When predicting risk of SAP in patients with ICH, the AUC (0.950, 95% CI 0.900 to 0.980) of the A2DS2 score was greater than the ICH-APS-A score and the ISAN score. When predicting risk of SAP in patients with AIS and ICH: 0.911 (95% CI 0.873 to 0.94) vs. 0.882 (95% CI 0.840 to 0.916), Z = 2.319, P = 0.020, the A2DS2 score was significantly better than the ISAN score ( P<0.05). When predicting risk of SAP in patients with AIS, the A2DS2 score, ISAN score, and AIS-APS score all have good predictive value ( P>0.05). When predicting SAP in patients with ICH, the A2DS2 score, ISAN score, and ICH-APS-A score all have good predictive value ( P>0.05). Conclusions:When predicting risk of SAP in patients, the A2DS2 score is a reliable prediction tool, with good predictive value.

Of all known small molecules targeting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) capsid protein (CA), PF74 represents by far the best characterized chemotype, due to its ability to confer antiviral phenotypes in both early and late phases of viral replication. However, the prohibitively low metabolic stability renders PF74 a poor antiviral lead. We report herein our medicinal chemistry efforts toward identifying novel and metabolically stable small molecules targeting the PF74 binding site. Specifically, we replaced the inter-domain-interacting, electron-rich indole ring of PF74 with less electron-rich isosteres, including imidazolidine-2,4-dione, pyrimidine-2,4-dione, and benzamide, and identified four potent antiviral compounds (

Objective:To discuss the risk factors, treatment process and prevention strategy of the cases of acute pulmonary embolism after cerebral hemorrhage, so as to improve the attention and level of the disease.Methods:The data of a patient with cerebral hemorrhage and acute pulmonary embolism treated in Lianyungang First People's Hospital were analyzed retrospectively, and the literature related to intracerebral hemorrhage complicated with acute pulmonary embolism was reviewed.Results:One week after intracerebral hemorrhage, the patient was diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism and given anticoagulant treatment with low molecular weight heparin. The condition was alleviated without aggravating intracerebral hemorrhage. Lying in bed after intracerebral hemorrhage, limb braking, use of dehydration, diuresis, hemostasis and other drugs were the high-risk factors of pulmonary embolism.Venous thromboembolism can be prevented clinically by physical methods and drugs.Conclusions:Venous thromboembolism is easy to occur after intracerebral hemorrhage. Clinically, the incidence can be reduced by pneumatic therapy or anticoagulant drugs. In treatment, it is necessary to weigh the risk of death of pulmonary embolism and rebleeding. After comprehensive evaluation, we can formulate an individualized treatment plan. It may be safe and effective to use low molecular weight heparin to treat pulmonary embolism after the intracerebral hemorrhage hematoma is stable.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between sleep parameters and suicidal ideation in patients with late-life depression (LLD). METHODS: Seventy-seven LLD patients over 60 years old from Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University during July 2017 and July 2018 were included in the study. All patients were assessed with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and polysomnography (PSG) overnight. The suicidal score of item 3 in HAMD (HAM-D3)was used to define whether there was a suicidal ideation. Participants were subsequently grouped according to endorsement of presence (HAM-D3 score ≥1, =46) versus absence (HAM-D3 score=0, =31) of suicidal ideation symptoms. The sleep efficiency, total sleep time, wakefulness after sleep onset, rapid eye movement percent/latency, and non-rapid eye movement sleep stages 1-3 (N1-N3) were assessed. ANOVA analyses were conducted to explore the correlation of sleep parameters with suicidal ideation between the groups with and without suicidal ideation. In model 1, the HAM-D3 constituted the independent variable in separate ANOVA tests; in model 2 the impact of depressive symptoms were assessed as a covariate with sleep parameters. RESULTS: There was less stage N3 [(55±41)min, =-4.731, <0.05] and the reduced percentage of N3 [(15±11)%, =-4.194, <0.05] in LLD patients with suicidal ideation, compared with the LLD patients without suicidal ideation [(104±49) min, (26±11)%]. Correlation analyses revealed that there was a significant correlation between the suicidal ideation and the percentage of stage N3 and sleep time of stage N3 (both <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Suicidal ideation is associated with less N3 sleep in LLD patients.

Objective: To investigate the clinical value of multimodal navigation-based virtual reality (MNVR) in the needle biopsy of intracranial eloquent lesions. Methods: From January 2016 to January 2017, 20 patients with intracranial deep-seated lesions involving eloquent brain areas underwent MNVR-aided needle biopsy at Department of Neurosurgery, People′s Liberation Army General Hospital. Preoperatively, MNVR was used to propose and revise the biopsy planning. Intraoperatively, navigation helped trajectory avoid the eloquent structures. Intraoperative MRI (iMRI) was performed to prove the biopsy accuracy and detect the intraoperative complications. Perioperative neurological status, iMRI findings, intraoprative complications, surgical outcome and pathological diagnosis were recorded. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was conducted to compare the preoperative and postoperative neurological scores. Results: MNVR helped revised 45%(9/20) initial biopsy trajectories, which would probably injury the nearby eloquent structures. Navigation helped biopsy trajectories spare the eloquent structures during the operation. No statistical difference was found between postoperative and preoperative neurological status, despite all the lesions were adjacent to eloquent areas. Additionally, 20 patients totally received 21 iMRI scanning. iMRI helped revise incorrect biopsy site in one case and detected intraoperative hemorrhage in another case, both of cases were treated immediately and effectively. No MNVR related adverse events and complications occurred. Conclusions MNVR-aided needle biopsy of intracranial eloquent lesions is a safe, novel and efficient biopsy modality. This technique is helpful to reduce the incidence of surgery related neurological deficits.