Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) shows excellent antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties and plays a positive role in the treatment of various diseases, such as brain injury, kidney injury, and periodontitis. Current studies found that HRW can inhibit periodontopathogenic biofilm formation, inhibit oral connective tissue and bone tissue destruction, and show anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in periodontitis. Additionally, HRW can alleviate periodontal tissue damage by inhibiting oxidative stress and up-regulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. HRW exerts anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, which are closely associated with inflammation. Additionally, HRW inhibits the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins, inhibits the growth and proliferation of bacterial plaque biofilms, and down-regulates glycosyltransferases and glucan-binding proteins to prevent bacterial adhesion and subsequent development of periodontitis. Furthermore, HRW has a positive effect on the expression of various cell growth factors, α-smooth muscle actin, and type I collagen, which promotes wound healing. Current clinical studies have demonstrated the biological safety of HRW (to a certain extent) and reported no adverse reactions. However, most studies on HRW in oral diseases are preclinical in vivo and in vitro studies. Therefore, further clinical studies are required to validate the therapeutic significance and optimal therapeutic regimen of HRW in human periodontitis. This article aims to review the therapeutic role and the underlying mechanisms of HRW in periodontitis.

Objective:To investigate the application of poly-D-lysine (PDL) in assisting suspension cells transfection and colony formation experiments.Methods:The human-derived diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell line SU-DHL-4 was selected. The cytotoxicity of different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 mg/ml) of PDL solution on SU-DHL-4 cells was assessed by using the CCK-8 assay, and cell viability was calculated. SU-DHL-4 cells with normal morphology in logarithmic growth phase were seeded into 96-well plates coated and uncoated with PDL. Cells were then infected with viral suspensions at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 50 or 100, and cell morphology was observed. A stable SU-DHL-4 cell model transfected with the luciferase gene was constructed by using lentiviral infection method. The infected SU-DHL-4 cells were divided into the control group (infected with control virus fluid) and the experimental group (infected with virus fluid carrying luciferase gene). The transfected cells were continuously cultured in RPMI 1640 complete medium containing puromycin. A dual-luciferase gene reporter assay kit was used to detect fluorescence intensity. Colony formation experiments with suspension cells were conducted by using PDL-coated dishes. The cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 complete medium containing 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (the control group), 0.1 μmol/L etoposide (group A), and 0.2 μmol/L etoposide (group B), and colony formation was observed and colony formation rate was calculated.Results:After 48 h of seeding SU-DHL-4 cells into 96-well plates coated with 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/ml PDL, cell viability was (98.1±1.6)%, (97.1±0.7)%, (91.7±1.5)%, and (83.3±2.0)%, respectively, compared to (100.0±2.7)% in the control group (not adding PDL solution). There were no statistically significant differences between 0.01 and 0.1 mg/ml PDL-coated groups and the control group (both P > 0.05); there were statistically significant differences between 1.0 and 10.0 mg/ml PDL-coated groups and the control group (both P < 0.001). There were statistically significant differences between 1.0 mg/ml and 10.0 mg/ml PDL-coated groups ( t = 5.80, P = 0.004). Therefore, 0.1 mg/ml PDL-coated dishes, which showed no obvious toxicity to SU-DHL-4 cell growth, were used in subsequent experiments. SU-DHL-4 cells seeded in uncoated dishes grew in suspension, while SU-DHL-4 cells seeded in 0.1 mg/ml PDL-coated dishes adhered to the dish bottom and exhibited a monolayer growth pattern. SU-DHL-4 cells seeded in uncoated 96-well plates and infected with viral suspensions at MOI 50 or 100 failed to transfect. However, when SU-DHL-4 cells were seeded in PDL-coated 96-well plates, the originally suspended cells adhered to the dish bottom and exhibited a monolayer growth pattern, and gentle shaking did not dislodge the cells, which maintained intact and smooth cell membrane structures. After puromycin selection, the fluorescence intensity of SU-DHL-4 cells in the experimental group was 106 times that of cells in the control group (26 903±248 vs. 252±11, t = 186.10, P < 0.001), indicating successful transfection. Compared to the control group, colony formation was reduced and smaller in group A, and nearly no colony formation was observed in group B. The colony formation rates in the control group, group A, and group B were (100±6)%, (48±5)%, and 0, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant between groups A and the control group, between group B and the control group ( t = 11.13 for group A, t = 28.53 for group B, both P < 0.001). Conclusions:PDL-coated dishes at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml can increase the transfection efficiency of suspension cells and assist in colony formation experiments with suspension cells.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.

Hepatic cholesterol accumulation is an important contributor to hypercholesterolemia, which results in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) is a key lipogenic enzyme that converts cytosolic citrate derived from tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) to acetyl-CoA in the cytoplasm. Therefore, ACLY represents a link between mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation and cytosolic de novo lipogenesis. In this study, we developed the small molecule 326E with an enedioic acid structural moiety as a novel ACLY inhibitor, and its CoA-conjugated form 326E-CoA inhibited ACLY activity with an IC₅₀ = 5.31 ± 1.2 μmol/L in vitro. 326E treatment reduced de novo lipogenesis, and increased cholesterol efflux in vitro and in vivo. 326E was rapidly absorbed after oral administration, exhibited a higher blood exposure than that of the approved ACLY inhibitor bempedoic acid (BA) used for hypercholesterolemia. Chronic 326E treatment in hamsters and rhesus monkeys resulted in remarkable improvement of hyperlipidemia. Once daily oral administration of 326E for 24 weeks prevented the occurrence of atherosclerosis in ApoE^-/- mice to a greater extent than that of BA treatment. Taken together, our data suggest that inhibition of ACLY by 326E represents a promising strategy for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

Objective:To study the learning curve of percutaneous patent foramen ovale (PFO) occlusion guided solely by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), as well as the success rate and safety of the learning curve.Methods:To retrospectively analyze these patients with indications for PFO occlusion admitted in our department from April 2021 to April 2022, and obtained 100 samples the author's initial cases guided solely by TTE, including 25 men and 75 women, with a mean age of (48.22±10.44) years old.Analyze preoperative baseline data: gender, age, height, weight, body mass index, the tunnel length and size of the PFO measured by transesophageal echocardiography, the grade of contrast-transcranial doppler test, combined atrial septal aneurysm, etc.Operation time, success rate, and complications were analyzed in all patients.Results:With the accumulation of cases, the operation time gradually shortened, accumulated to about 50 cases, the operation time has significantly shortened ( P<0.05), and the learning curve was leveled off after 50 cases ( P<0.05), there was statistical difference.The comparison of the success rate and complication of cases within the learning curve and those after completing the learning curve was no statistical significance( P>0.05). Conclusion:The learning curve of percutaneousc closure of patent foramen ovale guided solely by TTE is long, requiring about 50 cases to complete the learning curve. The success rate and safety of the learning curve are high. This procedure is worth popularizing.

Against tumor-dependent metabolic vulnerability is an attractive strategy for tumor-targeted therapy.However,metabolic inhibitors are limited by the drug resistance of cancerous cells due to their metabolic plasticity and heterogeneity.Herein,choline metabolism was discovered by spatially resolved metab-olomics analysis as metabolic vulnerability which is highly active in different cancer types,and a choline-modified strategy for small molecule-drug conjugates(SMDCs)design was developed to fool tumor cells into indiscriminately taking in choline-modified chemotherapy drugs for targeted cancer therapy,instead of directly inhibiting choline metabolism.As a proof-of-concept,choline-modified SMDCs were designed,screened,and investigated for their druggability in vitro and in vivo.This strategy improved tumor targeting,preserved tumor inhibition and reduced toxicity of paclitaxel,through targeted drug delivery to tumor by highly expressed choline transporters,and site-specific release by carboxylesterase.This study expands the strategy of targeting metabolic vulnerability and provides new ideas of devel-oping SMDCs for precise cancer therapy.

Tumors are spatially heterogeneous tissues that comprise numerous cell types with intricate structures.By interacting with the microenvironment,tumor cells undergo dynamic changes in gene expression and metabolism,resulting in spatiotemporal variations in their capacity for proliferation and metastasis.In recent years,the rapid development of histological techniques has enabled efficient and high-throughput biomolecule analysis.By preserving location information while obtaining a large number of gene and molecular data,spatially resolved metabolomics(SRM)and spatially resolved transcriptomics(SRT)approaches can offer new ideas and reliable tools for the in-depth study of tumors.This review provides a comprehensive introduction and summary of the fundamental principles and research methods used for SRM and SRT techniques,as well as a review of their applications in cancer-related fields.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease commonly observed in middle-aged women, and it may progress to liver cirrhosis and liver failure. Ursodeoxycholic acid and obeticholic acid are the only first - and second-line drugs approved by the FDA, but about 40% of patients are insensitive to UDCA. Studies are being conducted on a variety of second-line drugs such as fibrates and immunosuppressive drugs, and liver transplantation is the only treatment method for end-stage PBC. This article reviews the research advances in the treatment of PBC and related mechanisms, in order to provide a reference for clinical practice.

Background It is projected that the frequency, density, and duration of compound hot extreme may increase in the 21st century in the context of global warming. Objective To explore the association between compound hot extreme and blood pressure, and identify sensitive populations. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. The study subjects were from six Guangdong Province Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveys during 2002 through 2015. A questionnaire was administered to the participants with questions about demographic information, drinking and smoking status, and measurements on their height, weight, and blood pressure were also collected. We chose the data of May, September, and October to explore the association between compound hot extreme and blood pressure. Compound hot extreme means a hot day with a proceeding hot night. Daily meteorological data were obtained from China Meteorological Data Service Centre. We employed inverse distance weighting to interpolate the temperature and relative humidity values for each participant. A distributed lag non-linear model was used to estimate the association between compound hot extreme and blood pressure. Stratified analyses by sex, age, area, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and drinking status were also performed to identify sensitive populations. A sensitivity analysis was conducted by adjusting the degrees of freedom for lag spline and removing relative humidity. Result A total of 10967 participants without history of hypertension were included in this study. The average systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 120.8 mmHg and the average diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 74.5 mmHg. The proportion of participants who experienced hot day, hot night, or compound hot extreme were 9.34%, 17.95% and 2.90%, respectively. Compared to hot day, hot night and compound hot extreme were related with decreased blood pressure, and the effect of compound hot extreme was stronger: the changes and 95%CI for SBP was −6.2 (−10.3-−2.1) mmHg, and for DBP was −2.7 (−5.2-−0.2) mmHg. Compound hot extreme induced decreased SBP among male, population ≥ 65 years, and those whose BMI < 24 kg·m^-2, and their ORs (95%CIs) were −6.2 (−10.7-−1.6). −19.1 (−33.0-−5.1), and −6.7 (−11.8~−1.6) mmHg, respectively, and also decreased DBP among population ≥ 65 years, and its OR (95%CI) was −8.4 (−15.6-−1.1) mmHg. During compound hot extremes, participants living in rural areas showed decreased SBP and DBP, and the ORs (95%CIs) were −10.5 (−16.6-−4.5) and −4.4 (−7.7-−1.1) mmHg respectively, while those living in urban areas showed increased SBP, and the OR (95%CI) was 9.7 (2.9-16.5) mmHg. A significant decrease in blood pressure [OR (95%CI)] was also found in non-smokers [DBP, −3.7 (−6.6-−0.8) mmHg] and non-drinkers [SBP, −4.8 (−9.4-−0.2) mmHg; DBP, −3.4 (−6.0-−0.9) mmHg]. Conclusion Compound hot extreme is negatively associated with SBP, and being male, aged 65 years and over, and having BMI < 24 kg·m⁻² may be more sensitive to compound hot extreme.