Objective: To reveal the therapeutic effects of moxibustion in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat models using the combined analysis of plasma and synovial membrane lipidomic profiling and to enhance the understanding of how moxibustion affects lipid metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: A total of 32 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control, moxibustion control (MC), model, and moxibustion model (MM) groups, with 8 rats in each group. CIA was induced in SD rats by two immunizations. The paw volume was measured before the induction of CIA. Following induction, after assessing paw volume and arthritis index (AI) scores, the MC and MM groups received treatment at bilateral Shenshu (BL23) and Zusanli (ST36) acupoints for 10 min per acupoint. The intervention included three treatment courses, each spanning 6 d and followed by a 1-d interval. Paw volume and AI scores were assessed after each treatment course. After the completion of the three treatment courses, serum, plasma, synovial tissue, and ankle joint samples were collected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to quantify the levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in serum. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was performed for histopathological examination of the ankle joint tissues. Meanwhile, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS) was utilized to analyze the plasma and synovial tissue samples. In addition, multivariate statistical analysis was performed to identify differential lipid metabolites, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis was applied to explore metabolic pathways modulated by moxibustion therapy. Results: No significant difference in hind paw volume and AI scores was observed among the groups (P > 0.05). After CIA induction, model group showed increased hind paw volume and AI scores compared with control group (P < 0.05), which were significantly reduced after moxibustion treatment in MM group compared with model group (P < 0.05). The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly higher in model and MM groups compared with control group (P < 0.05), but were lower in MM group than those in model group (P < 0.05). Histopathological analysis showed improved cartilage and reduced inflammation in MM group. A total of 33 differential lipid metabolites in the plasma and 24 in the synovial membranes of CIA rat models were identified when compared with control group. Among these lipid metabolites, 31 in the plasma and all 24 in the synovial membranes were regulated by moxibustion treatment. Pathological analysis revealed upregulation of diacylglycerol (DG) and fatty acid (FA) levels, alongside downregulation of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Under physiological conditions, the treatment specifically reduced LPC and PC levels. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that moxibustion predominantly affected α-linolenic acid, glycerophospholipid, and sphingolipid metabolism under pathological conditions. Under physiological conditions, the regulation was centered around α-linolenic acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Conclusion The RA rat models exhibited significant lipid metabolic disturbances. Moxibustion alleviated paw swelling, reduced AI scores, modulated inflammatory cytokine levels, and partially corrected the altered levels of multiple lipid metabolites. The potential metabolic pathways implicated in the regulation of lipid metabolism under both physiological and pathological conditions include α-linolenic acid, glycerophospholipid, and sphingolipid metabolism.

ObjectiveBased on transcriptomics， to explore the mechanism of Hei Xiaoyaosan regulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt） signaling pathway to improve the learning and memory ability of insomnia rats with liver depression syndrome. MethodsSixty 8-week-old male SD rats were randomly divided into the blank group， model group， eszopiclone group （0.09 mg·kg^-1）， and low， medium， and high dose groups of Hei Xiaoyaosan （3.82， 7.65， 15.30 g·kg^-1）， with ten rats in each group. Except for the blank group， the other groups were induced insomnia rat model with liver depression by chronic restraint， tail clamping stimulation and intraperitoneal injection of p-chlorophenylalanine （PCPA）. Each treatment group received intragastric administration according to the specified dosage， once a day for 14 consecutive days. The pentobarbital sodium cooperative sleep test， open field test， and Morris water maze test were used to test the sleep quality， depressive-like behavior， and learning and memory abilities of rats. Additionally， enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the contents of 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT）， γ-aminobutyric acid （GABA）， brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF）， glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor （GDNF） and nitric oxide （NO） in hippocampus. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was performed to observe pathological changes of the hippocampal tissue， while terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate （dUTP） nick end labeling （TUNEL） was used to evaluate apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. Transcriptomic sequencing technology was employed to identify differentially expressed genes in hippocampus between the model group and the blank group， as well as between the medium-dose group of Hei Xiaoyaosan and the model group. Gene Ontology （GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） enrichment analysis were performed on the intersecting genes. Subsequently， the enriched key genes and signaling pathways were analyzed and verified. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was utilized to assess the mRNA expression levels of phosphatase and tensin homolog （PTEN）， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）-like protein 11 （BCL2L11）， and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 （MAPK1） in hippocampus， and Western blot was employed to evaluate the protein expressions of PI3K， phosphorylation （p）-PI3K， Akt， p-Akt， Bcl-2， Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）， and cleaved Caspase-3 in the same tissue. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group exhibited a reduction in body weight， an increase in sleep latency， and a decrease in sleep duration （P<0.01）. Additionally， rats showed obvious depression-like behavior， and their learning and memory abilities decreased. Furthermore， the contents of 5-HT， GABA， NO， BDNF and GDNF in hippocampus decreased （P<0.01）. Histological examination revealed a disorganized cell arrangement in the CA1 region of the hippocampus， characterized by irregular cell shapes， a reduced cell count， deeply stained and pyknotic nuclei， increased vacuolar degeneration， and an elevated apoptosis rate （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the body weight of the high and medium dose groups of Hei Xiaoyaosan increased， the sleep latency shortened and the sleep time prolonged （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Additionally， depression-like behavior and learning and memory abilities of rats were significantly improved， the levels of 5-HT， GABA， NO， BDNF and GDNF in the hippocampus increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. These interventions also ameliorated pathological damage in the hippocampal CA1 area and reduced the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons （P<0.01）. Transcriptomic sequencing results indicated that Hei Xiaoyaosan might exert a therapeutic effect by regulating PI3K/Akt pathway through key mRNAs such as PTEN， BCL2L11， and MAPK1. The roles of these key mRNAs and proteins within PI3K/Akt pathway were further validated. In comparison to the blank group， the expression levels of PTEN， BCL2L11 and MAPK1 mRNA in the hippocampus of rats in the model group were increased （P<0.01）， while the protein expression levels of p-PI3K， p-Akt and Bcl-2 were decreased （P<0.01）， and the protein expression levels of PTEN， Bax and cleaved Caspase-3 were increased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the high-dose and medium-dose groups of Hei Xiaoyaosan could down-regulate the expressions of PTEN， BCL2L11 and MAPK1 mRNAs （P<0.01）， up-regulate the expressions of p-PI3K， p-Akt and Bcl-2 proteins （P<0.01）， and down-regulate the protein expressions of PTEN， Bax and cleaved Caspase-3 （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionHei Xiaoyaosan may regulate PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by down-regulating expressions of key genes such as PTEN， BCL2L11 and MAPK1， and thus improve the learning and memory abilities of insomnia rats with liver depression syndrome.

Objective: To explore the effect of different miniscrew placement heights on the distribution of biological forces produced by clear aligner combined with intramaxillary traction for mandibular molar distalization, to identify the miniscrew location that is conducive to the protection of lower anterior tooth anchorage and to provide a reference that can be used when designing clinical treatments. Methods: Mimics, GeomagicStudio 2017, SolidWorks 2016, and Ansys workbench were used to establish finite element analysis models and perform mechanical analysis under the following six working conditions: working condition 1 was the control group without miniscrews; working conditions 2 to 5 had miniscrew in the buccal bone cortex between the first and second molars of the lower jaw 10 mm, 7 mm, 4 mm, and 1 mm from the top of the alveolar crest, respectively; working condition 6 had the miniscrew in the center of the buccal tongue at the anterior edge of the ascending branch of the lower jaw 5 mm above the occlusal plane. Results: On the sagittal axis, miniscrew anchorage caused distal displacement of all teeth. Compared to the control group, in the miniscrew group, the displacement of the anterior molars exceeded that of the second molars. On the vertical axis, the result in the control group was similar to backward bending; the results in the miniscrew groups resembled the effect of a lever, lowering the lateral incisors and canines and raising the central incisors and first premolars. On the coronal axis, the second premolars and the first molars showed lingual displacement in the control group, and only the premolars and first molars showed lingual displacementin the miniscrew groups. The canines were the teeth that were most strongly affected by the change in miniscrew placement height. Conclusion The higher the miniscrew position is, the stronger the protective effect on the anterior anchorage. According to the miniscrew placement height, the mandibular arch should be properly narrowed, the central incisors and first premolars should be lowered, and the lateral incisors and canines should be raised when designing clinical treatments.

Objective To observe the effects of Shengxue Tongbian Granules on colonic myoelectricity and Ca2+/CaM/MLCK signaling pathway in rats with slow transit constipation(STC)of blood deficiency and intestinal dryness syndrome;To explore its mechanism for the treatment of STC.Methods The STC model of blood deficiency and intestinal dryness syndrome was established by intragastric administration of loperamide combined with tail bloodletting.The rats were divided into control group,model group,mosapride citrate group and Shengxue Tongbian Granules group,with 8 rats in each group.The administration group was given corresponding drugs by gavage for 14 days.The general condition of rats before and after treatment was observed,the fecal water content was detected,the slow wave frequency,amplitude,and coefficient of variation of colonic electromyography were detected using a biological function experimental system,and intestinal propulsion rate was detected.HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of colon tissue,the concentration of Ca2+ in colonic smooth muscle cells was detected by colorimetry,the expression of Cx43,calmodulin(CaM),myosin light chain kinase(MLCK)and p-MLC20 in smooth muscle tissue were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with the control group,the body mass,fecal water content and intestinal propulsion rate of rats in the model group decreased(P<0.01),the slow wave frequency of colonic electromyography slowed down,the coefficient of variation of frequency increased(P<0.01),and the amplitude and coefficient of variation of slow wave increased(P<0.01);colonic mucosal structure was damaged,with visible inflammatory changes and significant erosion,and the concentration of Ca2+ and the expressions of Cx43,CaM,MLCK,p-MLC20 proteins in colonic smooth muscle cells were significantly decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the body mass,fecal water content and intestinal propulsion rate of the rats in the mosapride citrate group and the Shengxue Tongbian Granules group significantly increased(P<0.05,P<0.01),the slow wave frequency of colonic electromyography increased and the coefficient of variation of frequency decreased(P<0.01),and the slow wave amplitude and amplitude variation coefficient decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01);the colonic mucosal structure was relatively intact,the erosion situation was improved,and the Ca2+ concentration,Cx43,CaM,MLCK and p-MLC20 protein expressions in colonic smooth muscle cells significantly increased(P<0.01).Conclusion Shengxue Tongbian Granules can improve defecation symptoms and promote colonic motility in STC rats with blood deficiency and intestinal dryness syndrome,which may be related to regulating colonic myoelectric rhythm and activating Ca2+/CaM/MLCK signaling pathway.

Objective To design an enhanced postoperative recovery checklist for the patients who had surgery for laryngeal cancer,hence to instruct the patient with a standard procedure in rehabilitation.Methods A total of 72 patients who had surgery for laryngeal cancer in our department from April 2020 and April 2021 were enrolled as study subjects for a controlled study before and after surgery of different patients.A total of 37 patients who had surgery between April and September 2020 were assigned in the control group,while another 37 patients who had the surgery between October 2020 and April 2021 were assigned in the trial group.Patients in the control group were managed with a routine enhanced perioperative recovery plan,and those in the trial group were managed with the checklist,which was drafted by modification and improvement of the routine enhanced perioperative recovery plan through literature reviews and expert consultations.The two groups were compared in terms of the standardised rate of enhanced recovery compliance,medical staff satisfaction,average hospital-stay and patient satisfaction.Results The trial group showed significant improvement in comparison with the control group in terms of the standardised rate of enhanced recovery compliance(93.28%versus 84.08%),score of satisfaction level[(95.57±2.25)versus(92.60±2.49)],score of doctor satisfaction[(35.75±0.89)versus(32.88±1.50)],and the score of nurse satisfaction[(35.45±1.10)versus(33.00±1.30)](all P<0.05).The average hospital-stay in the trial group was significantly shorter than that in the control group[(9.89±3.32)days versus(12.60±4.33)days](P<0.05).Conclusion The designed checklist can improve the standardised rate of enhanced recovery compliance,the satisfaction of both medical staff and patients and facilitate the recovery of patient.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of modified Qingjin Huatantang combined with Western medicine in the treatment of phlegm-heat and to provide reference for the clinical application of this therapy and development of new drugs. MethodChina Biology Medicine （CBM），Chinan National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI），Wanfang Data，VIP，and PubMed were searched for the randomized controlled trials （RCTs） of modified Qingjin Huatantang in the treatment of phlegm-heat that were published from inception to November 1，2023. Two researchers independently screened the RCTs and extracted data according to pre-set inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias was used for quality evaluation. Revman 5.4 was used for the Meta-analysis of outcome indicators. ResultA total of 91 RCTs were included，involving 7 868 patients （3 942 patients in the experimental group and 3 926 patients in the control group）. The results of Meta-analysis showed that compared with simple Western medicine treatment，modified Qingjin Huatantang combined with Western medicine improved the clinical response rate ［relative risk （RR）=1.16，95% confidence interval （CI）［1.14，1.19］，P<0.000 01］ and PaO₂ ［mean difference （MD）=4.65，95%CI ［1.88，7.43］，P=0.001］. The combined therapy had advantages in decreasing the scores of clinical symptoms including cough ［MD=-0.69，95%CI ［-1.33，-0.06］，P=0.03），expectoration ［MD=-1.04，95%CI ［-2.02，-0.07］，P=0.04），phlegm volume ［MD=-0.38，95%CI ［-0.69，-0.07］，P=0.02］，fever ［MD=-0.22，95%CI ［-0.36，-0.09］，P=0.000 8］，wheezing ［MD=-0.34，95%CI ［-0.40，-0.29］，P<0.000 01］，chest tightness ［MD=-0.32，95%CI ［-0.39，-0.26］，P<0.000 01］，and rales ［MD=-0.35，95%CI ［-0.42，-0.27］，P<0.000 01］）. Moreover，the combined therapy outperformed Western medicine treatment alone in reducing PaCO₂ （MD=-5.42，95%CI ［-7.12，-3.72］，P<0.000 01］， white blood cell count （WBC） ［MD=-1.27，95%CI ［-1.56，-0.97］，P<0.000 01］，C-reactive protein （CRP） ［standard mean difference （SMD）=-1.52，95%CI ［-1.96，-1.07］，P<0.000 01］， procalcitonin （PCT） ［SMD=-1.23，95%CI ［-1.87，-0.58］，P=0.000 2］，and tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α ［SMD=-2.63，95%CI ［-3.19，-2.08］，P<0.000 01］）， shortening hospital stay ［MD=-2.45，95%CI ［-3.34，-1.57］，P<0.000 01］， and lowering the incidence of adverse reactions ［RR=0.66，95%CI （0.49，0.88），P=0.005］. ConclusionModified Qingjin Huatantang combined with Western medicine in the treatment of patients with phlegm-heat syndrome has advantages in improving clinical response rate and PaO₂， reducing symptom scores and inflammatory factors， and shortening hospital stay， with high safety.

ObjectiveBased on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）， network pharmacology and pharmacodynamics， to investigate the pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanism of Hei Xiaoyaosan in improving learning and memory ability of insomnia rats. MethodUPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to characterize the chemical constituents of Hei Xiaoyaosan. Network pharmacology was applied to construct the network of active ingredients-intersecting targets-pathways， and molecular docking was performed on key ingredients and core targets. Sixty 8-week-old male SD rats were selected and randomly divided into blank group， model group， Hei Xiaoyaosan low， medium， and high dose groups（3.82， 7.65， 15.30 g·kg^-1）， and zolpidem tartrate group（0.5 mg·kg^-1）， with 10 rats in each group. Except for the blank group， the insomnia model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of p-chlorophenylalanine（PCPA） for 4 consecutive days. Rats in each dosing group were administered the corresponding dose by gavage， once a day for 14 consecutive days. Morris water maze test was utilized to assess the learning and memory ability of rats， transmission electron microscopy was employed to examine the ultrastructure of hippocampal synapses， enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA） was conducted to analyze the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine（5-HT）， interleukin-6（IL-6）， and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） in hippocampal tissues， and Western blot was performed to detect the expression levels of tumor suppressor protein p53（TP53）， rat sarcoma virus（RAS）， epidermal growth factor receptor（EGFR）， cyclic adenosine monophosphate（cAMP）-response element binding protein（CREB） binding protein（CREBBP）， glycogen synthase kinase-3β（GSK-3β）， protein kinase B1（Akt1）， nitric oxide synthase 1（NOS1）， phosphorylated（p）-Akt1， and p-GSK-3β in hippocampal tissues. Additionally， real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR） was used to assess the mRNA expression levels of TP53， RAS， EGFR， CREBBP， GSK-3β， Akt1 and NOS1. ResultA total of 176 components were identified in Hei Xiaoyaosan， mainly flavonoids， triterpene saponins， phenylpropanoids and other compounds. Network pharmacological analysis revealed that TP53， V-Ha-Ras Harvey Rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog（HRAS）， neuroblastoma sarcoma viral oncogene homolog（NRAS）， EGFR， CREBBP， GSK-3β， Akt1 and NOS1 were the key targets of Hei Xiaoyaosan in treating insomnia. The core targets were predominantly associated with cAMP， RAS， Ras-associated protein 1（Rap1）， advanced glycation end products（AGE）/receptor for AGE（RAGE）， and EGFR signaling pathways， and the key active ingredients of Hei Xiaoyaosan in treating insomnia were 8-shogaol， ligustilide F， 6-gingerol， levistilide A and senkyunolide E. Animal experiment results demonstrated that Hei Xiaoyaosan medium and high dose groups significantly increased body weight， shortened sleep latency and prolonged sleep duration in insomnia rats（P<0.01）， significantly decreased escape latency and increased platform crossing frequency（P<0.01）， and improved the pathological changes of hippocampal synaptic ultrastructure. Meanwhile， the two groups could significantly elevate 5-HT level， Akt1 mRNA expression， Akt1 and p-Akt1 protein expression（P<0.01）， reduce inflammatory factor levels（P<0.01）， and down-regulate protein expression levels of TP53， RAS， NOS1， EGFR， CREBBP， GSK-3β and p-GSK-3β（P<0.01）， as well as mRNA expression levels of TP53， RAS， NOS1， EGFR， CREBBP and GSK-3β in hippocampal tissues（P<0.01）. ConclusionThis study determined that the five key active ingredients（8-shogaol， ligustilide F， 6-gingerol， levistilide A and senkyunolide E） in Hei Xiaoyaosan may improve the learning and memory ability of insomnia rats by regulating signaling pathways such as cAMP， RAS， and EGFR， providing an important reference for its mechanism research and clinical application.

"Tendency of disease" is an important concept in the theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. It was born out of and rooted in the thinking of "conducting by tendency" of ancient Chinese philosophy， meaning that the development and change of humans and nature have their own inevitable laws and dynamic tendencies. Based on the concept of holism and constant motion， the basic definition of "tendency"， the origin of the idea， the influence factors and related concepts were analysed， to grasp the overall connection in the dynamic changes in space and time， and to find a scientific and comprehensive objective law of development. The "tendency" was regarded as dynamic forces in the complex system， when yin and yang harmonized， called normal tendency； when fail to keep normal， called disease tendency； the season have sequential tendency， the earth has geographical tendency， people have body tendency， medications have medical tendency， and pulse has pulse tendency. Then the "eight methods of treating tendency" were summed up as observing tendency， evaluating tendency， waiting for tendency， accumulating tendency， favoring tendency， counteracting tendency， preventing tendency， and borrowing tendency， and condenses the methodo-logical thinking of "treatment according to disease tendency"， with a view to re-understanding the internal logic of TCM diagnosis and treatment， and providing metaphysical contemplation and exploration for the construction of a new paradigm of TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment.

Objective To explore the effect of different miniscrew placement heights on the distribution of biologi-cal forces produced by clear aligner combined with intramaxillary traction for mandibular molar distalization,to identify the miniscrew location that is conducive to the protection of lower anterior tooth anchorage and to provide a reference that can be used when designing clinical treatments.Methods Mimics,GeomagicStudio 2017,SolidWorks 2016,and Ansys workbench were used to establish finite element analysis models and perform mechanical analysis under the fol-lowing six working conditions:working condition 1 was the control group without miniscrews;working conditions 2 to 5 had miniscrew in the buccal bone cortex between the first and second molars of the lower jaw 10 mm,7 mm,4 mm,and 1 mm from the top of the alveolar crest,respectively;working condition 6 had the miniscrew in the center of the buccal tongue at the anterior edge of the ascending branch of the lower jaw 5 mm above the occlusal plane.Results On the sagittal axis,miniscrew anchorage caused distal displacement of all teeth.Compared to the control group,in the miniscrew group,the displacement of the anterior molars exceeded that of the second molars.On the vertical axis,the result in the control group was similar to backward bending;the results in the miniscrew groups resembled the effect of a lever,lowering the lateral incisors and canines and raising the central incisors and first premolars.On the coronal ax-is,the second premolars and the first molars showed lingual displacement in the control group,and only the premolars and first molars showed lingual displacementin the miniscrew groups.The canines were the teeth that were most strong-ly affected by the change in miniscrew placement height.Conclusion The higher the miniscrew position is,the stron-ger the protective effect on the anterior anchorage.According to the miniscrew placement height,the mandibular arch should be properly narrowed,the central incisors and first premolars should be lowered,and the lateral incisors and ca-nines should be raised when designing clinical treatments.

Objective To explore the effect of different miniscrew placement heights on the distribution of biologi-cal forces produced by clear aligner combined with intramaxillary traction for mandibular molar distalization,to identify the miniscrew location that is conducive to the protection of lower anterior tooth anchorage and to provide a reference that can be used when designing clinical treatments.Methods Mimics,GeomagicStudio 2017,SolidWorks 2016,and Ansys workbench were used to establish finite element analysis models and perform mechanical analysis under the fol-lowing six working conditions:working condition 1 was the control group without miniscrews;working conditions 2 to 5 had miniscrew in the buccal bone cortex between the first and second molars of the lower jaw 10 mm,7 mm,4 mm,and 1 mm from the top of the alveolar crest,respectively;working condition 6 had the miniscrew in the center of the buccal tongue at the anterior edge of the ascending branch of the lower jaw 5 mm above the occlusal plane.Results On the sagittal axis,miniscrew anchorage caused distal displacement of all teeth.Compared to the control group,in the miniscrew group,the displacement of the anterior molars exceeded that of the second molars.On the vertical axis,the result in the control group was similar to backward bending;the results in the miniscrew groups resembled the effect of a lever,lowering the lateral incisors and canines and raising the central incisors and first premolars.On the coronal ax-is,the second premolars and the first molars showed lingual displacement in the control group,and only the premolars and first molars showed lingual displacementin the miniscrew groups.The canines were the teeth that were most strong-ly affected by the change in miniscrew placement height.Conclusion The higher the miniscrew position is,the stron-ger the protective effect on the anterior anchorage.According to the miniscrew placement height,the mandibular arch should be properly narrowed,the central incisors and first premolars should be lowered,and the lateral incisors and ca-nines should be raised when designing clinical treatments.