Gliomas, especially high-grade gliomas such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), are primary malignant tumors of the central nervous system, characterized by high proliferative capacity, invasiveness, and therapeutic resistance. The development of GBM relies heavily on continuous metabolic reprogramming to adapt to the unique intracranial microenvironment, with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) metabolic remodeling playing a pivotal role. Dysregulation of NAD⁺ and its associated metabolic pathways sustains increased intracellular NAD⁺ levels, which drive the malignant proliferation and invasive potential of GBM, correlating with worsened patient prognosis. This review systematically summarizes the current research landscape of NAD⁺ metabolic remodeling in GBM, elucidates the mechanisms by which NAD⁺ contributes to GBM pathogenesis and progression, and explores the clinical potential of NAD⁺-targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to provide novel insights and directions for the clinical management of GBM.

Objective:To characterize the histopathological subtypes and their clinicopathological parameters of gender and onset age by common, rare and sparse primary esophageal malignant tumors (PEMT).Methods:A total of 272 437 patients with PEMT were enrolled in this study, and all of the patients were received radical surgery. The clinicopathological information of the patients was obtained from the database established by the State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment from September 1973 to December 2020, which included the clinical treatment, pathological diagnosis and follow-up information of esophagus and gastric cardia cancers. All patients were diagnosed and classified by the criteria of esophageal tumor histopathological diagnosis and classification (2019) of the World Health Organization (WHO). The esophageal tumors, which were not included in the WHO classification, were analyzed separately according to the postoperative pathological diagnosis. The χ 2 test was performed by the SPSS 25.0 software on count data, and the test standard α=0.05. Results:A total of 32 histopathological types were identified in the enrolled PEMT patients, of which 10 subtypes were not included in the WHO classification. According to the frequency, PEMT were divided into common (esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, ESCC, accounting for 97.1%), rare (esophageal adenocarcinoma, EAC, accounting for 2.3%) and sparse (mainly esophageal small cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, etc., accounting for 0.6%). All the common, rare, and sparse types occurred predominantly in male patients, and the gender difference of rare type was most significant (EAC, male∶ female, 2.67∶1), followed with common type (ESCC, male∶ female, 1.78∶1) and sparse type (male∶ female, 1.71∶1). The common type (ESCC) mainly occurred in the middle thoracic segment (65.2%), while the rare type (EAC) mainly occurred in the lower thoracic segment (56.8%). Among the sparse type, malignant melanoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma were both predominantly located in the lower thoracic segment (51.7%, 66.7%), and the others were mainly in the middle thoracic segment.Conclusion:ESCC is the most common type among the 32 histopathological types of PEMT, followed by EAC as the rare type, and esophageal small cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma as the major sparse type, and all of which are mainly occur in male patients. The common type of ESCC mainly occur in the middle thoracic segment, while the rare type of EAC mainly in the lower thoracic segment. The mainly sparse type of malignant melanoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma predominately occur in the lower thoracic segment, and the remaining sparse types mainly occur in the middle thoracic segment.

Objective? To explore the effects of multidisciplinary collaboration on quality of life in elderly cardiovascular disease patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods? By convenience sampling, from Januaryto May 2018, we selected 50 elderly cardiovascular disease patients with DM of Cardiovascular Department at Zhejiang Hospital in experimental group with multidisciplinary collaboration nursing. From June to December 2018, we selected 50 patients in control group with routine nursing.We compared the scores of Generic Quality of Life Inventory-74 (GQOLI-74) and nursing satisfaction of patients between two groups. Results? After intervention, the scores of GQOLI-74 of patients in experimental group were higher than those in control group with statistical differences (P＜ 0.05). After intervention, satisfaction of patients in experimental group was 96.0% (48/50) was higher than that 74.0% (37/50) in control group with a statistical difference (P＜0.05). Conclusions Multidisciplinary collaboration can effectively improve quality of life and nursing satisfaction among elderly cardiovascular disease patients with diabetes mellitus which is worth to be implemented in clinical practice.

Objective To explore the efficiency of training of professional nurses.Methods A total of 31 nurses were enrolled in a 12-week training of a comprehensive and systematic teaching practice containing theory teaching,skills training and clinical practice 3 domains between September and November in 2014.Nurses′nursing theory on specialized nursing,specialized nursing skills before and after the training were compared.Results After training,the accumulated score and item score of trainees on 50 knowledge points of burn specialized nursing theory, such as burn ward management system,monitoring skills on critically ill patients,perioperative skills,medication knowledge on specific treatment,explanation of common inspection and examination results increased compared to those before the training(P <0.05).Total and each item score of 3 skills operation assessment (body position change using turn-over bed,suspension bed application,cardiopulmonary resuscitation)of trainees after training were higher than those before training(P <0.05).Total score of self-growth evaluation and each item of 4 programs (nursing theory,basic nursing skills,intensive care level,nursing competence)of the trainees were higher than those before training(P <0.05).Conclusions Systematic and comprehensive theory teaching and clinical practice training can increase the nurses′level of professional theory and skills.Scientific and practical training content combined with training form close to clinic can effectively raise their comprehensive ability in nursing practice.

Objective To innovate the new training model of excellent nurse talents pool, so as to improve the quality of nursing professional team. Methods We established excellent nursing talents pool and set up 3 subsidiary pool including core specific personnel pool and nursing management backup talent pool and specialist pool. For different pool, we confirmed the targets of training, strictly selected the members, regulated selection procedure, made training plan, and scientifically checked and evaluated. The selected sample and managers were provided investigation about the attitudes of awareness and training demands by questionnaire. Results The nursing staffs presented a positive attitude for the establishment of nurse specialists pool, and the selected people hoped to be utilized multiple channel, multiple forms, and enhanced, supplied, improved the construction of knowledge, advanced nursing management, professional skills, teaching research, nursing development ability, and hoped the check and evaluation carried in clinical practice. To establish nursing specialist pool promoted connotation construction, and formed systematically the training model, and protruded the training target of practical nursing talents. Conclusions To establish excellent nursing talent pool cultivates the selected objects fully promoted all kinds of talents, innovates personnel training model; and provides the system guarantee for the correct selection and appointment of nursing talents.