BACKGROUND:It has also been confirmed that ferroptosis is closely related to a variety of musculoskeletal diseases,such as rheumatoid arthritis,osteosarcoma,and osteoporosis.The pathophysiological mechanisms of ferroptosis and osteoporosis need to be further studied and elucidated to broaden our understanding of iron metabolism and osteoporosis.It will provide research ideas for the future elucidation of new mechanisms of osteoporosis and the development of new technologies and drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE:To provide an overview of the current status of research on ferroptosis in osteoporosis,to provide a new direction for future research on the specific molecular mechanisms of osteoporosis,and to provide more effective and better options for osteoporosis treatment strategies. METHODS:The first author used the computer to search the literature published from 2000 to 2024 in CNKI,WanFang,VIP,and PubMed databases with search terms"ferroptosis,iron metabolism,osteoporosis,osteoblast,osteoclast,bone metabolism,signal pathway,musculoskeletal,review"in Chinese and English.A total of 68 articles were finally included according to the selection criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Ferroptosis is a new type of cell death discovered in recent years,which is usually accompanied by a large amount of iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation during cell death,and its occurrence is iron-dependent.This is distinctly different from several types of cell death that are currently being hotly studied(e.g.,cellular pyroptosis,necrotic apoptosis,cuproptosis,and autophagy).(2)Intracellular iron homeostasis is manifested as a balance between iron uptake,export,utilization,and storage.The body's iron regulatory system includes systemic and intracellular regulation.The main factor of systemic regulation is hepcidin produced by hepatic secretion,and cellular regulation depends on the iron regulatory protein/iron response element system.Of course,intracellular iron homeostasis can be controlled by other factors,such as hypoxia,cytokines,and hormones.(3)Lipid peroxidation causes oxidative damage to biological membranes(plasma membrane and internal organelle membranes),lipoproteins,and other lipid-containing molecules.Polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids are important targets of lipid peroxidation.Free polyunsaturated fatty acid is an important substrate for lipid oxidation and can bind to the phospholipid bilayer,leading to over-oxidation and thus triggering lipid apoptosis.(4)Several studies have shown that osteoblasts are overloaded with iron in different ways,resulting in the accumulation of unstable ferrous iron and the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides,causing ferroptosis of osteoblasts and ultimately a decrease in bone formation,affecting bone homeostasis and the development of osteoporosis.(5)Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells formed by the fusion of mononuclear macrophage cell lines or bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induced by nuclear factor-κB ligand receptor activator,and they have the function of bone resorption.Iron ions can promote osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption through the production of intracellular lipid reactive oxygen species,while iron chelators can inhibit osteoclast formation in vitro and thus affect the occurrence and development of osteoporosis.

Humans ; Prognosis ; Treatment Outcome ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive

In April 2024, the World Health Organization/International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published the global cancer statistics 2022 in the CA: Cancer Journal for Clinicians. This report focuses on the incidence and mortality of 36 cancers in 185 countries or territories worldwide, analyzing the differences of gender, geographic region, and the Human Development Index (HDI) level. It is estimated that in the year 2022, there were 19.96 million new cancer cases and 9.74 million cancer deaths worldwide. Lung cancer (2 480 301, 12.4%) was the most frequently diagnosed cancer in 2022, followed by female breast cancer (2 295 686, 11.5%), colorectal cancer (1 926 118, 9.6%), prostate cancer (1 466 680, 7.3%), and gastric cancer (968 350, 4.9%). Lung cancer (1 817 172, 18.7%) was also the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal cancer (903 859, 9.3%), liver cancer (757 948, 7.8%), female breast cancer (665 684, 6.9%), and gastric cancer (659 853, 6.8%). With demographics-based predictions indicating that the number of new cases of cancer will reach over 35 million by 2050. The Beijing Office for Cancer Prevention and Control team has collated this report and briefly interpreted it in combination with the current situation of cancer incidence and mortality in China.

In April 2024, the World Health Organization/International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published the global cancer statistics 2022 in the CA: Cancer Journal for Clinicians. This report focuses on the incidence and mortality of 36 cancers in 185 countries or territories worldwide, analyzing the differences of gender, geographic region, and the Human Development Index (HDI) level. It is estimated that in the year 2022, there were 19.96 million new cancer cases and 9.74 million cancer deaths worldwide. Lung cancer (2 480 301, 12.4%) was the most frequently diagnosed cancer in 2022, followed by female breast cancer (2 295 686, 11.5%), colorectal cancer (1 926 118, 9.6%), prostate cancer (1 466 680, 7.3%), and gastric cancer (968 350, 4.9%). Lung cancer (1 817 172, 18.7%) was also the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal cancer (903 859, 9.3%), liver cancer (757 948, 7.8%), female breast cancer (665 684, 6.9%), and gastric cancer (659 853, 6.8%). With demographics-based predictions indicating that the number of new cases of cancer will reach over 35 million by 2050. The Beijing Office for Cancer Prevention and Control team has collated this report and briefly interpreted it in combination with the current situation of cancer incidence and mortality in China.

In order to understand the prevalence of Akabane disease(AKAD)in Guizhou Province and the molecular characteristics of the isolates,the whole-genome sequence of a strain of Akabane virus(AKAV)from a bovine AKAD-positive sample was determined and analyzed.The genotype and genetic variation of the strain were also explored.Based on the conserved S sequence,a fluores-cence quantitative PCR(qPCR)detection method was established and applied for the investigation of AKAV infection status in four large-scale beef cattle farms of Guizhou.Results showed that the S,M and L fragments of the bovine strain were highly homologous to the Tianjin strain(TJ2016/China/2016)and the Australian strain(JaLAB39/Australia/1959),where they were in the same evolutionary branch and belonged to genotype Ⅱ.Sensitivity assay found that the lowest detection limit was 2.5 X 101 copies/μL.Specificity assay showed the established method detected only AKAV with no amplification on bovine bluetongue virus(BLUV),Pasteurella multocida(PM),bovine infectious rhinotracheitis virus(IBRV)and bovine Mycoplasma bovis.The variation coefficients of inter-and intra batches in the repeatability test were both lower than 2.26％.These findings illus-trated that the established qPCR method had high sensitivity,good specificity and repeatability.A total of 298 serum samples from 4 large-scale beef cattle farms in Qianxi City and Huangping County of Guizhou Province were collected and tested for AKAV by the method.Out of 298 sam-ples,25 positive samples(25/298)were detected as positive with a positive rate of 8.39％.In sum-mary,this work provided the reference data for a deep understanding of the molecular prevalence of AKAV in Guizhou Province and laid foundation for the prevention and control of AKAD.

2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV) outbreak is one of the public health emergency of international concern.Since the 2019-nCoV outbreak, China has been adopting strict prevention and control measures, and has achieved remarkable results in the initial stage of prevention and control.However, some imported cases and sporadic regional cases have been found, and even short-term regional epidemics have occurred, indicating that the preventing and control against the epidemic remains grim.With the change of the incidence proportion and the number of cases in children under 18 years old, some new special symptoms and complications have appeared in children patients.In addition, with the occurrence of virus mutation, it has not only attracted attention from all parties, but also proposed a new topic for the prevention and treatment of 2019-nCoV infection in children of China.Based on the second edition, the present consensus further summarizes the clinical characteristics and experience of children′s cases, and puts forward recommendations on the diagnostic criteria, laboratory examination, treatment, prevention and control of children′s cases for providing reference for further guidance of treatment of 2019-nCoV infection in children.

Objective:To analyze the current status of lung cancer screening among residents in Urban Beijing Cancer Screening Program, 2014-2019.Methods:Based on an on-going cancer screening program launched by the National Urban Cancer Screening Program, residents aged 40 to 69 were recruited from 80 streets in six districts of Beijing (Dongcheng, Xicheng, Chaoyang, Haidian, Fengtai, and Shijingshan District) by using a cluster sampling method. Subjects who were evaluated as high-risk individuals by using the questionnaire received Low-Dose spiral Computed Tomography (LDCT) screening in designated hospitals. All participants were followed up annually using active and passive follow-up methods to obtain their health outcomes (diagnosed with lung cancer or not). The proportion of high-risk cases evaluated by using the questionnaire, clinical recall rate for receiving LDCT screening, the proportion of cases with positive pulmonary node, incidence rate, cumulative incidence rate, and the proportion of patients with stage 0 or Ⅰ were calculated. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio ( HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) among individuals who experienced different screening scenarios. Results:A total of 88 044 residents with the age of (57.4±7.4) with completed high-risk assessment were included in the analysis. 23.14% of participants were evaluated as high-risk individuals by using the questionnaire. The clinical recall rate was 52.26% among the high-risk individuals. The positive rate of pulmonary node detected by LDCT was 10.99%. The incidence rate of lung cancer among males and females aged 40-69 years were 172.82/100 000 person-years and 133.52/100 000 person-years, respectively after 3 years follow-up. The incidence rates increased with age ( P trend<0.001). The incidence rate of lung cancer among high-risk individuals was 259.22/100 000 person-years, with the HR ( 95%CI) about 2.27 (1.83-2.81) when compared with that among low-risk individuals. The incidence rate and cumulative incidence rate of lung cancer among individuals with positive pulmonary node detected by LDCT were 1 825.03/100 000 person-years and 4 615.38/100 000, respectively, with the HR (95% CI) about 13.80 (8.91-21.36) when compared with that among individuals with no or negative pulmonary node. The early diagnosis rate among individuals who received LDCT screening was 70.21%, which was higher than that among individuals with no LDCT screening (45.45%). Conclusion:Individuals with a high risk of lung cancer in Beijing have a better recall rate of receiving LDCT screening. Using LDCT screening among high-risk individuals is an effective strategy to detect lung cancer cases and improve the early detection rates of lung cancer in Beijing, China.

Objective:To analyze the level of the knowledge and related factors of cancer prevention and treatment among residents of Beijing in 2020.Methods:From April 14 to 21,a total of 11 721 residents were recruited in the study by using anonymous network sampling method. A WeChat online electronic questionnaires was conducted to collect basic demographic characteristics and the knowledge of cancer prevention and treatment. The Chi-square test was used to compare the difference of the level of the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge among different groups. A multivariate linear regression model was used to analyze the related factors.Results:Among the subjects, 72.9% (8 542) were male and 93.7% (10 983) were urban residents. The total number of questions answered by the subjects was 117 210 of which 89 093 were known, and the overall awareness rate among the residents was 76.0%. The female, aural residents, with junior college education, and worked in government institutions had a good performance of the knowledge ( P<0.05), about 83.4%, 79.7%, 82.3% and 82.0% respectively. The results of multivariate linear regression model showed that female[β=0.798(95 %CI:0.702,0.894)] and junior college education[β=3.271(95 %CI:2.993,3.609)] could know more questions compared to male and primary school education ( P<0.05); compared with working in the government institutions, agricultural laborer[β=-0.911(95 %CI:-1.057,-0.766)], retired personnel[β=-2.273(95 %CI:-2.532,-2.014)], school students[β=-0.629(95 %CI:-0.796,-0.462)] and other occupation people[β=-0.376(95 %CI:-0.634,-0.119)] could know fewer questions ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The level of the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge among residents in Beijing was relatively high. Gender, education level and occupation were relevant factors.

Objective:To analyze the current status of lung cancer screening among residents in Urban Beijing Cancer Screening Program, 2014-2019.Methods:Based on an on-going cancer screening program launched by the National Urban Cancer Screening Program, residents aged 40 to 69 were recruited from 80 streets in six districts of Beijing (Dongcheng, Xicheng, Chaoyang, Haidian, Fengtai, and Shijingshan District) by using a cluster sampling method. Subjects who were evaluated as high-risk individuals by using the questionnaire received Low-Dose spiral Computed Tomography (LDCT) screening in designated hospitals. All participants were followed up annually using active and passive follow-up methods to obtain their health outcomes (diagnosed with lung cancer or not). The proportion of high-risk cases evaluated by using the questionnaire, clinical recall rate for receiving LDCT screening, the proportion of cases with positive pulmonary node, incidence rate, cumulative incidence rate, and the proportion of patients with stage 0 or Ⅰ were calculated. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio ( HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) among individuals who experienced different screening scenarios. Results:A total of 88 044 residents with the age of (57.4±7.4) with completed high-risk assessment were included in the analysis. 23.14% of participants were evaluated as high-risk individuals by using the questionnaire. The clinical recall rate was 52.26% among the high-risk individuals. The positive rate of pulmonary node detected by LDCT was 10.99%. The incidence rate of lung cancer among males and females aged 40-69 years were 172.82/100 000 person-years and 133.52/100 000 person-years, respectively after 3 years follow-up. The incidence rates increased with age ( P trend<0.001). The incidence rate of lung cancer among high-risk individuals was 259.22/100 000 person-years, with the HR ( 95%CI) about 2.27 (1.83-2.81) when compared with that among low-risk individuals. The incidence rate and cumulative incidence rate of lung cancer among individuals with positive pulmonary node detected by LDCT were 1 825.03/100 000 person-years and 4 615.38/100 000, respectively, with the HR (95% CI) about 13.80 (8.91-21.36) when compared with that among individuals with no or negative pulmonary node. The early diagnosis rate among individuals who received LDCT screening was 70.21%, which was higher than that among individuals with no LDCT screening (45.45%). Conclusion:Individuals with a high risk of lung cancer in Beijing have a better recall rate of receiving LDCT screening. Using LDCT screening among high-risk individuals is an effective strategy to detect lung cancer cases and improve the early detection rates of lung cancer in Beijing, China.

Objective:To analyze the level of the knowledge and related factors of cancer prevention and treatment among residents of Beijing in 2020.Methods:From April 14 to 21,a total of 11 721 residents were recruited in the study by using anonymous network sampling method. A WeChat online electronic questionnaires was conducted to collect basic demographic characteristics and the knowledge of cancer prevention and treatment. The Chi-square test was used to compare the difference of the level of the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge among different groups. A multivariate linear regression model was used to analyze the related factors.Results:Among the subjects, 72.9% (8 542) were male and 93.7% (10 983) were urban residents. The total number of questions answered by the subjects was 117 210 of which 89 093 were known, and the overall awareness rate among the residents was 76.0%. The female, aural residents, with junior college education, and worked in government institutions had a good performance of the knowledge ( P<0.05), about 83.4%, 79.7%, 82.3% and 82.0% respectively. The results of multivariate linear regression model showed that female[β=0.798(95 %CI:0.702,0.894)] and junior college education[β=3.271(95 %CI:2.993,3.609)] could know more questions compared to male and primary school education ( P<0.05); compared with working in the government institutions, agricultural laborer[β=-0.911(95 %CI:-1.057,-0.766)], retired personnel[β=-2.273(95 %CI:-2.532,-2.014)], school students[β=-0.629(95 %CI:-0.796,-0.462)] and other occupation people[β=-0.376(95 %CI:-0.634,-0.119)] could know fewer questions ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The level of the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge among residents in Beijing was relatively high. Gender, education level and occupation were relevant factors.