Five saponins were isolated from the kernels of Momordica cochinchinensis, by macroporous resin, silica gel, ODS column chromatography, and semi preparative HPLC. Based on MS and NMR analysis, combining with alkaline hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis, their structures were identified as: gypsogenin-3-O-{β-D-galactopyranosyl (1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→3)]-β-D-glucuropyranonosyl}-28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→3)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→4)]-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-fucopyranoside (1), quillaic acid-3-O-{β-D-galactopyranosyl (1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→3)]-β-D-glucuropyranonosyl}-28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→3)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→4)]-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-fucopyranoside (2), gypsogenin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl (1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→3)]-β-D-glucuropyranonoside sodium (3), quillaic acid-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl (1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→3)]-β-D-glucuropyranonoside sodium (4), 18α-quillaic acid-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl (1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→3)]-β-D-glucuropyranonoside (5). Compounds 1-5 were new compounds, and named as mubezhisides A, B, C, D, E, respectively. They all could obviously inhibited the growth of Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis.

Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a chalcone compound isolated from licorice, known for its anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties. Our previous study has demonstrated that ISL effectively lowers blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice and improves disturbances in glucolipid and energy metabolism induced by T2DM. This study aims to further investigate the effects of ISL on alleviating abnormal endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) caused by T2DM and to elucidate its molecular mechanisms. In vivo experiments were conducted using 8-week-old SPF male C57BL/6J mice. The T2DM animal model was established by high-fat and high-sugar diet combined with intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (STZ), in compliance with the ethical guidelines set by the Animal Welfare Committee of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (approval number: BUCM-2022021503-1134). In vitro experiments employed human liver cancer HepG2 cells, which were induced with tunicamycin (TM) to establish the ERS cell model. Transcriptomic sequencing was used to analyze changes in gene expression in the liver samples of T2DM mice following ISL treatment. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to assess the regulatory effects of ISL on key ERS genes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot (WB), and immunofluorescence techniques were used to evaluate ISL's effects on ERS-related proteins. Results indicate that ISL significantly downregulates the expression of ERS-related genes, reduces the level of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), and inhibits the phosphorylation of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), thereby alleviating abnormal ERS induced by T2DM. Additionally, ISL increases the protein levels of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1 and IRS2 and enhances the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt), thereby improving insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, ISL is able to alleviate T2DM associated symptoms by improving abnormal ERS and enhancing insulin sensitivity.

Objective: To analyze the change trends in the body shape indicators and proportions of students in Harbin from 2010 to 2024, and to investigate ergonomic compatibility of functional dimensions of school desks and chairs with current student shape indicators, so as to provide a reference for revising furniture standards of desks and chairs. Methods: Between September and November of both 2010 and 2024, a combination of convenience sampling and stratified cluster random sampling was conducted across three districts in Harbin, yielding samples of 6 590 and 6 252 students, respectively. Anthropometric shape indicators cluding height, sitting height, crus length, and thigh length-and their proportional changes were compared over the 15-year period. The 2024 data were compared with current standard functional dimensions of school furniture. The statistical analysis incorporated t-test and Mann-Whitney U- test. Results: From 2010 to 2024, average height increased by 1.8 cm for boys and 1.5 cm for girls; sitting height increased by 1.5 cm for both genders; crus length increased by 0.3 cm for boys and 0.4 cm for girls; and thigh length increased by 0.5 cm for both genders. The ratios of sitting height to height, and sitting height to leg length increased by less than 0.1 . The difference between desk chair height and 1/3 sitting height ranged from 0.4-0.8 cm. Among students matched with size 0 desks and chairs, 22.0% had a desk to chair height difference less than 0, indicating that the desk to chair height difference might be insufficient for taller students. The differences between seat height and fibular height ranged from -1.4 to 1.1 cm; and the differences between seat depth and buttock popliteal length ranged from -9.8 to 3.4 cm. Among obese students, the differences between seat width and 1/2 hip circumference ranged from -20.5 to -8.7 cm, while it ranged from -12.2 to -3.8 cm among non obese students. Conclusion Current furniture standards basically satisfy hygienic requirements; however, in the case of exceptionally tall and obese students, ergonomic accommodations such as adaptive seating allocation or personalized adjustments are recommended to meet hygienic requirements.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation and encompasses ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). IBD has emerged as a global healthcare problem. Clinically efficacious therapeutic agents are deficient. This study concentrates on models of ulcerative colitis with the objective of discovering novel therapeutic strategies. Previous investigations have established that schisandrin A demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects in vitro, concurrently enhancing the transcriptional activity of farnesoid X receptor (FXR). FXR inversely modulates the transcriptional activity of NF-κB, which has an important role in regulating inflammatory responses. Consequently, the current study was to explore the safeguarding influence of schisandrin A on ulcerative colitis and delineate the mechanism by which it regulates this effect through the FXR signaling pathway. The effect of schisandrin A on the mRNA levels of inflammatory factors was evaluated in RAW264.7 cells. The dual luciferase reporter gene assay was used to verify the relationship between schisandrin A and FXR targeting. The animal experiments were performed in accordance with the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval No. PZSHUTCM2304250005). Acute ulcerative colitis was induced in wild-type or FXR knockout C57BL/6 mice by drinking 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 7 days, and schisandrin A was administered via gavage for a continuous treatment period of 7 days. The body weight and faecal were monitored daily. The mRNA levels of inflammatory factors in colon tissue and FXR target genes were measured by RT-qPCR. The findings revealed that schisandrin A, in vitro, impeded the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced elevation in mRNA levels of inflammatory factors and schisandrin A could augment transcriptional activity of FXR. In wild-type mice, schisandrin A significantly improved weight loss, colon shortening, loose stools and blood in stools in mice with acute ulcerative colitis, and schisandrin A significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory factors genes and significantly increased the expression of FXR target genes in colon tissues. In FXR knockout mice, the administration of schisandrin A failed to yield ameliorative effect on acute ulcerative colitis in mice. In conclusion, schisandrin A can reduce intestinal inflammation through the FXR signaling pathway to alleviate acute ulcerative colitis in mice. Implications arise that Schisandra lignans could serve as lead compounds for drug development aimed at inflammatory bowel disease.

Objective To construct and identify an organoid model of human placental site trophoblastic tumor(PSTT).Methods The tumor cells were obtained by digesting and separating the PSTT tissues and then embedded in Matrigel.The organoids were cultured in the specific organoid medium.The histological morphology of the organoid model was observed by HE staining and the expression levels of the PSTT specific markers[human placental prolactin(HPL),human leukocyte antigen-G(HLA-G)and placental alkaline phosphatase(PLAP)]were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence,so as to evaluate the consistency between the organoid model and the PSTT tissue.Meanwhile,the morphology and forming efficiency of the constructed model were observed under a microscope after primary culture,passage generation and cryopreservation to evaluate its potential application as an organoid model in basic and clinical translational research of PSTT.Results The constructed organoid model could proliferate stably,growing from small microspheres into compact solid spheres or spheres with follicle-like structures,and could passage after fully grown in 7-10 days.The cell state remained stable after passage,frozen storage and recovery.HE staining showed that the morphology of the cells in the organoids was similar to that of the primary PSTT tumor cells,and immunofluorescence staining showed that the organoids highly expressed HLA-G and lowly expressed β-HCG,indicating that the constructed organoid model mainly contained intermediate trophoblast.Conclusion The adult-derived PSTT organoid(ADPO)models were successfully established.

Objective To investigate the risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD)in twin preterm infants with a gestational age of<34 weeks,and to provide a basis for early identification of BPD in twin preterm infants in clinical practice.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the twin preterm infants with a gestational age of<34 weeks who were admitted to 22 hospitals nationwide from January 2018 to December 2020.According to their conditions,they were divided into group A(both twins had BPD),group B(only one twin had BPD),and group C(neither twin had BPD).The risk factors for BPD in twin preterm infants were analyzed.Further analysis was conducted on group B to investigate the postnatal risk factors for BPD within twins.Results A total of 904 pairs of twins with a gestational age of<34 weeks were included in this study.The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with group C,birth weight discordance of>25%between the twins was an independent risk factor for BPD in one of the twins(OR=3.370,95%CI:1.500-7.568,P<0.05),and high gestational age at birth was a protective factor against BPD(P<0.05).The conditional logistic regression analysis of group B showed that small-for-gestational-age(SGA)birth was an independent risk factor for BPD in individual twins(OR=5.017,95%CI:1.040-24.190,P<0.05).Conclusions The development of BPD in twin preterm infants is associated with gestational age,birth weight discordance between the twins,and SGA birth.

Enterogenic Candida albicans(C.albicans)infection refers to the translocation of intestinal colonized C.albicans under certain conditions,breaking through the intestinal tract,causing tissue infection or even invasive C.albicans infection.As the first contact point of Candida,the intestinal mucosa is the first line defending coloni-zation or invasion of C.albicans,often inhibiting infection by physical barrier and activating host immunity.As an-other defense mechanism,the intestinal microbiota jointly resists the invasive infection of C.albican through regula-ting pH,secreting antimicrobial peptides,and competing for adhesion points.This review summarizes the roles of three key factors,namely intestinal mucosa,intestinal immunity and microbiota,in enterogenic C.albicans infec-tion,providing new ideas for scientific research on invasive candidiasis caused by intestinal colonization.

Objective To compare the clinical characteristics of diabetes mellitus(DM)patients complicated with pyogenic liver abscess(PLA)and non-DM(NDM)patients complicated with PLA,and provide evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods PLA patients who admitted to an affiliated hospital of Anhui Medical University from July 2002 to February 2022 were selected and divided into DM+PLA group and NDM+PLA group according to whether they had DM.General condition,clinical manifestations and signs.complications,biochemical and patho-genic examination results,imaging findings,as well as clinical efficacy and influencing factors of the two groups of patients were analyzed retrospectively.Results 695 PLA patients were included in the analysis,191(27.5％)in the DM+PLA group and 504(72.5％)in the NDM+PLA group.The proportions of males and complication of hypertension in the DM+PLA group were higher than those in the NDM+PLA group,while the proportion of bi-liary diseases and malignant tumors was lower(all P＜0.05).The proportions of patients developing fever,fa-tigue,as well as concurrent anemia and hypoalbuminemia in the DM+PLA group were higher than those in the NDM+PLA group(all P＜0.05).Compared with the NDM+PLA group,the neutrophil count and percentage in the DM+PLA group increased,while total protein,albumin content,and albumin/globulin ratio all decreased(all P＜0.05).The proportions of the detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae and the occurrence of liver right lobe abscess in DM+PLA patients were higher than those of the NDM+PLA group(both P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic re-gression analysis revealed that malignant tumor was a risk factor for affecting the clinical efficacy of PLA patients,invasive treatment was a protect factor for affecting the clinical efficacy of PLA patients,while blood sugar was a risk factor for affecting the clinical efficacy of NDM+PLA patients.Conclusion DM+PLA patients have more se-vere infection symptoms than NDM+PLA patients,and are accompanied by higher proportions of Klebsiella pneu-moniae infection and liver right lobe abscess.It is necessary to strengthen attention to patients with malignant tumor and control blood sugar level,and timely supplement with invasive treatment if necessary.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion(ACDF)in the treatment of cervical spondylosis of vertebral artery type(CSA).Methods The clinical data of 42 patients with CSA from January 2020 to January 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.There were 25 males and 17 females,aged from 30 to 74 years old with an average of(53.9±11.0)years old.There were 18 cases with single-segment lesions,17 cases with two-segment lesions,and 7 cases with three-segment lesions.The American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery's Hearing and Balance Committee score(CHE),the Neck Disability Index(NDI)and the cervical curvature Cobb angle were recorded before surgery and after surgery at 6 months.Results All 42 ACDF patients were followed up for 6 to 30 months with an average of(14.0±5.2)months.The operative time ranged from 95 to 220 min with an average of(160.38±36.77)min,the intraoperative blood loss ranged from 30 to 85 ml with an average of(53.60±18.98)ml.Tow patients had mild postoperative dysphagia,which improved with symptomatic treatment such as nebulized inhalation.CHE score decreased from(4.05±0.96)preoperatively to(2.40±0.70)at 6 months postoperatively(t=12.97,P＜0.05).The number of improved vertigo at 6 months postoperatively was 38,with an im-provement rate of 90.5％.NDI score was reduced from(34.43±8.04)preoperatively to(20.76±3.91)at 6 months postopera-tively(t=1 1.83,P＜0.05).The cervical curvature Cobb angle improved from(8.04±6.70)° preoperatively to(12.42±5.23)° at 6 months postoperatively(t=-15.96,P＜0.05).Conclusion The ACDF procedure has outstanding clinical efficacy in treating CSA.The operation can rapidly relieve patients'episodic vertigo symptoms by relieving bony compression and reconstructing cervical curvature.However,it is necessary to strictly grasp the indications for surgery and clarify the causes of vertigo in pa-tients,and ACDF surgery is recommended for CSA patients for whom conservative treatment is ineffective.

Coronary heart disease(CHD)is one of the common cardiovascular diseases in clinical practice.The incidence rate of CHD in China is increasing in recent years,burdened the families and society.Coronary artery calcification disease is a challenge for all cardiology physicians.This article reports one case of an elderly male patient with severe right coronary artery stenosis and severe calcification.During the procedure,a combination of coronary artery rotation and shockwave balloon was performed to pretreat the calcified lesion and then successfully implant a stent,improving the patient's quality of life.While providing experience in the application of shockwave balloon surgery for interventional treatment of coronary artery calcification,some shortcomings were also found,providing reference for cardiovascular intervention physicians.