Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disease that encompasses a wide range of conditions, from mild cases to severe conditions where survival depends on insulin therapy. The Korean Diabetes Association Task Force Team for Diabetes with β-Cell Failure has established the term to classify severe refractory disease with β-cell failure. Individuals with β-cell failure are at high risk of diabetes-related complications. We propose that diabetes with β-cell failure can be diagnosed when individuals treated with multiple daily insulin injections or insulin pumps meet at least one of the following criteria: fasting C-peptide ≤ 0.6 ng/mL, non-fasting C-peptide ≤ 1.8 ng/mL, 24-hour urine C-peptide < 30 μg/day, or spot urine C-peptide/creatinine ratio ≤ 0.6 nmol/mmol. Among cases of diabetes with β-cell failure, β-cell failure with absolute insulin deficiency can be diagnosed when at least one of the following criteria is met: fasting C-peptide < 0.24 ng/mL, non-fasting C-peptide < 0.6 ng/mL, or spot urine C-peptide/ creatinine ratio < 0.2 nmol/mmol. Multiple daily insulin injections with long-acting insulin analogs and rapid-acting insulin analogs or insulin pumps are required for treatment of diabetes with β-cell failure. Continuous glucose monitoring and an automated insulin delivery system, sensor-augmented pump, or smart insulin pen, along with structured education, are necessary. We call for improvements in the relevant systems to ensure that such treatments can be provided.

The evaluation of respiratory chemical substances has been mostly performed in animal tests (OECD TG 403, TG 412, TG 413, etc.). However, there have been ongoing discussions about the limited use of these inhalation toxicity tests due to differences in the anatomical structure of the respiratory tract, difficulty in exposure, laborious processes, and ethical reasons. Alternative animal testing methods that mimic in vivo testing are required. Therefore, in this study, we established a co-culture system composed of differentiated epithelial cells under an air-liquid interface (ALI) system in the apical part and fibroblasts in the basal part. This system was designed to mimic the wound-healing mechanism in the respiratory system. In addition, we developed a multi-analysis system that simultaneously performs toxicological and functional evaluations. Several individual assays were used sequentially in a multi-analysis model for pulmonary toxicity. Briefly, cytokine analysis, histology, and cilia motility were measured in the apical part, and cell migration and gel contraction assay were performed by exposing MRC-5 cells to the basal culture. First, human airway epithelial cells from bronchial (hAECB) were cultured under air-liquid interface (ALI) system conditions and validated pseudostratified epithelium by detecting differentiation-related epithelial markers using Transepithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) measurement, Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining, and immunocytochemistry (ICC) staining. Afterward, the co-culture cells exposed to Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), a key mediator of pulmonary fibrosis, induced significant toxicological responses such as cytotoxicity, cell migration, and gel contraction, which are wound-healing markers. In addition, cilia motility in epithelial cells was significantly decreased compared to control. Therefore, the multi-analysis model with a 3D epithelial-fibroblast co-culture system is expected to be useful in predicting pulmonary toxicity as a simple and efficient high-throughput screening method and as an alternative to animal testing.

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disease that encompasses a wide range of conditions, from mild cases to severe conditions where survival depends on insulin therapy. The Korean Diabetes Association Task Force Team for Diabetes with β-Cell Failure has established the term to classify severe refractory disease with β-cell failure. Individuals with β-cell failure are at high risk of diabetes-related complications. We propose that diabetes with β-cell failure can be diagnosed when individuals treated with multiple daily insulin injections or insulin pumps meet at least one of the following criteria: fasting C-peptide ≤ 0.6 ng/mL, non-fasting C-peptide ≤ 1.8 ng/mL, 24-hour urine C-peptide < 30 μg/day, or spot urine C-peptide/creatinine ratio ≤ 0.6 nmol/mmol. Among cases of diabetes with β-cell failure, β-cell failure with absolute insulin deficiency can be diagnosed when at least one of the following criteria is met: fasting C-peptide < 0.24 ng/mL, non-fasting C-peptide < 0.6 ng/mL, or spot urine C-peptide/ creatinine ratio < 0.2 nmol/mmol. Multiple daily insulin injections with long-acting insulin analogs and rapid-acting insulin analogs or insulin pumps are required for treatment of diabetes with β-cell failure. Continuous glucose monitoring and an automated insulin delivery system, sensor-augmented pump, or smart insulin pen, along with structured education, are necessary. We call for improvements in the relevant systems to ensure that such treatments can be provided.

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disease that encompasses a wide range of conditions, from mild cases to severe conditions where survival depends on insulin therapy. The Korean Diabetes Association Task Force Team for Diabetes with β-Cell Failure has established the term to classify severe refractory disease with β-cell failure. Individuals with β-cell failure are at high risk of diabetes-related complications. We propose that diabetes with β-cell failure can be diagnosed when individuals treated with multiple daily insulin injections or insulin pumps meet at least one of the following criteria: fasting C-peptide ≤ 0.6 ng/mL, non-fasting C-peptide ≤ 1.8 ng/mL, 24-hour urine C-peptide < 30 μg/day, or spot urine C-peptide/creatinine ratio ≤ 0.6 nmol/mmol. Among cases of diabetes with β-cell failure, β-cell failure with absolute insulin deficiency can be diagnosed when at least one of the following criteria is met: fasting C-peptide < 0.24 ng/mL, non-fasting C-peptide < 0.6 ng/mL, or spot urine C-peptide/ creatinine ratio < 0.2 nmol/mmol. Multiple daily insulin injections with long-acting insulin analogs and rapid-acting insulin analogs or insulin pumps are required for treatment of diabetes with β-cell failure. Continuous glucose monitoring and an automated insulin delivery system, sensor-augmented pump, or smart insulin pen, along with structured education, are necessary. We call for improvements in the relevant systems to ensure that such treatments can be provided.

The evaluation of respiratory chemical substances has been mostly performed in animal tests (OECD TG 403, TG 412, TG 413, etc.). However, there have been ongoing discussions about the limited use of these inhalation toxicity tests due to differences in the anatomical structure of the respiratory tract, difficulty in exposure, laborious processes, and ethical reasons. Alternative animal testing methods that mimic in vivo testing are required. Therefore, in this study, we established a co-culture system composed of differentiated epithelial cells under an air-liquid interface (ALI) system in the apical part and fibroblasts in the basal part. This system was designed to mimic the wound-healing mechanism in the respiratory system. In addition, we developed a multi-analysis system that simultaneously performs toxicological and functional evaluations. Several individual assays were used sequentially in a multi-analysis model for pulmonary toxicity. Briefly, cytokine analysis, histology, and cilia motility were measured in the apical part, and cell migration and gel contraction assay were performed by exposing MRC-5 cells to the basal culture. First, human airway epithelial cells from bronchial (hAECB) were cultured under air-liquid interface (ALI) system conditions and validated pseudostratified epithelium by detecting differentiation-related epithelial markers using Transepithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) measurement, Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining, and immunocytochemistry (ICC) staining. Afterward, the co-culture cells exposed to Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), a key mediator of pulmonary fibrosis, induced significant toxicological responses such as cytotoxicity, cell migration, and gel contraction, which are wound-healing markers. In addition, cilia motility in epithelial cells was significantly decreased compared to control. Therefore, the multi-analysis model with a 3D epithelial-fibroblast co-culture system is expected to be useful in predicting pulmonary toxicity as a simple and efficient high-throughput screening method and as an alternative to animal testing.

The evaluation of respiratory chemical substances has been mostly performed in animal tests (OECD TG 403, TG 412, TG 413, etc.). However, there have been ongoing discussions about the limited use of these inhalation toxicity tests due to differences in the anatomical structure of the respiratory tract, difficulty in exposure, laborious processes, and ethical reasons. Alternative animal testing methods that mimic in vivo testing are required. Therefore, in this study, we established a co-culture system composed of differentiated epithelial cells under an air-liquid interface (ALI) system in the apical part and fibroblasts in the basal part. This system was designed to mimic the wound-healing mechanism in the respiratory system. In addition, we developed a multi-analysis system that simultaneously performs toxicological and functional evaluations. Several individual assays were used sequentially in a multi-analysis model for pulmonary toxicity. Briefly, cytokine analysis, histology, and cilia motility were measured in the apical part, and cell migration and gel contraction assay were performed by exposing MRC-5 cells to the basal culture. First, human airway epithelial cells from bronchial (hAECB) were cultured under air-liquid interface (ALI) system conditions and validated pseudostratified epithelium by detecting differentiation-related epithelial markers using Transepithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) measurement, Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining, and immunocytochemistry (ICC) staining. Afterward, the co-culture cells exposed to Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), a key mediator of pulmonary fibrosis, induced significant toxicological responses such as cytotoxicity, cell migration, and gel contraction, which are wound-healing markers. In addition, cilia motility in epithelial cells was significantly decreased compared to control. Therefore, the multi-analysis model with a 3D epithelial-fibroblast co-culture system is expected to be useful in predicting pulmonary toxicity as a simple and efficient high-throughput screening method and as an alternative to animal testing.

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disease that encompasses a wide range of conditions, from mild cases to severe conditions where survival depends on insulin therapy. The Korean Diabetes Association Task Force Team for Diabetes with β-Cell Failure has established the term to classify severe refractory disease with β-cell failure. Individuals with β-cell failure are at high risk of diabetes-related complications. We propose that diabetes with β-cell failure can be diagnosed when individuals treated with multiple daily insulin injections or insulin pumps meet at least one of the following criteria: fasting C-peptide ≤ 0.6 ng/mL, non-fasting C-peptide ≤ 1.8 ng/mL, 24-hour urine C-peptide < 30 μg/day, or spot urine C-peptide/creatinine ratio ≤ 0.6 nmol/mmol. Among cases of diabetes with β-cell failure, β-cell failure with absolute insulin deficiency can be diagnosed when at least one of the following criteria is met: fasting C-peptide < 0.24 ng/mL, non-fasting C-peptide < 0.6 ng/mL, or spot urine C-peptide/ creatinine ratio < 0.2 nmol/mmol. Multiple daily insulin injections with long-acting insulin analogs and rapid-acting insulin analogs or insulin pumps are required for treatment of diabetes with β-cell failure. Continuous glucose monitoring and an automated insulin delivery system, sensor-augmented pump, or smart insulin pen, along with structured education, are necessary. We call for improvements in the relevant systems to ensure that such treatments can be provided.

The evaluation of respiratory chemical substances has been mostly performed in animal tests (OECD TG 403, TG 412, TG 413, etc.). However, there have been ongoing discussions about the limited use of these inhalation toxicity tests due to differences in the anatomical structure of the respiratory tract, difficulty in exposure, laborious processes, and ethical reasons. Alternative animal testing methods that mimic in vivo testing are required. Therefore, in this study, we established a co-culture system composed of differentiated epithelial cells under an air-liquid interface (ALI) system in the apical part and fibroblasts in the basal part. This system was designed to mimic the wound-healing mechanism in the respiratory system. In addition, we developed a multi-analysis system that simultaneously performs toxicological and functional evaluations. Several individual assays were used sequentially in a multi-analysis model for pulmonary toxicity. Briefly, cytokine analysis, histology, and cilia motility were measured in the apical part, and cell migration and gel contraction assay were performed by exposing MRC-5 cells to the basal culture. First, human airway epithelial cells from bronchial (hAECB) were cultured under air-liquid interface (ALI) system conditions and validated pseudostratified epithelium by detecting differentiation-related epithelial markers using Transepithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) measurement, Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining, and immunocytochemistry (ICC) staining. Afterward, the co-culture cells exposed to Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), a key mediator of pulmonary fibrosis, induced significant toxicological responses such as cytotoxicity, cell migration, and gel contraction, which are wound-healing markers. In addition, cilia motility in epithelial cells was significantly decreased compared to control. Therefore, the multi-analysis model with a 3D epithelial-fibroblast co-culture system is expected to be useful in predicting pulmonary toxicity as a simple and efficient high-throughput screening method and as an alternative to animal testing.

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disease that encompasses a wide range of conditions, from mild cases to severe conditions where survival depends on insulin therapy. The Korean Diabetes Association Task Force Team for Diabetes with β-Cell Failure has established the term to classify severe refractory disease with β-cell failure. Individuals with β-cell failure are at high risk of diabetes-related complications. We propose that diabetes with β-cell failure can be diagnosed when individuals treated with multiple daily insulin injections or insulin pumps meet at least one of the following criteria: fasting C-peptide ≤ 0.6 ng/mL, non-fasting C-peptide ≤ 1.8 ng/mL, 24-hour urine C-peptide < 30 μg/day, or spot urine C-peptide/creatinine ratio ≤ 0.6 nmol/mmol. Among cases of diabetes with β-cell failure, β-cell failure with absolute insulin deficiency can be diagnosed when at least one of the following criteria is met: fasting C-peptide < 0.24 ng/mL, non-fasting C-peptide < 0.6 ng/mL, or spot urine C-peptide/ creatinine ratio < 0.2 nmol/mmol. Multiple daily insulin injections with long-acting insulin analogs and rapid-acting insulin analogs or insulin pumps are required for treatment of diabetes with β-cell failure. Continuous glucose monitoring and an automated insulin delivery system, sensor-augmented pump, or smart insulin pen, along with structured education, are necessary. We call for improvements in the relevant systems to ensure that such treatments can be provided.

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been used for over a century and has been demonstrated to be effective in treating patients with various allergic diseases. AIT allergens can be administered through various routes, including subcutaneous, sublingual, intralymphatic, oral, or epicutaneous routes. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has recently gained clinical interest, and it is considered an alternative treatment for allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma. This review provides an overview of the current evidence-based studies that address the use of SLIT for treating AR, including (1) mechanisms of action, (2) appropriate patient selection for SLIT, (3) the current available SLIT products in Korea, and (4) updated information on its efficacy and safety. Finally, this guideline aims to provide the clinician with practical considerations for SLIT.