Objective: To explore the application of manual screening collaborated with the Artificial Intelligence TPS-Assisted Cytologic Screening System in urinary exfoliative cytology and its clinical values. Methods: A total of 3 033 urine exfoliated cytology samples were collected at the Henan People's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. Liquid-based thin-layer cytology was prepared. The slides were manually read under the microscope and digitally presented using a scanner. The intelligent identification and analysis were carried out using an artificial intelligence TPS assisted screening system. The Paris Report Classification System of Urinary Exfoliated Cytology 2022 was used as the evaluation standard. Atypical urothelial cells and even higher grade lesions were considered as positive when evaluating the recognition sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence-assisted screening systems and human-machine collaborative cytologic screening methods in urine exfoliative cytology. Among the collected cases, there were also 1 100 pathological tissue controls. Results: The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the AI-assisted cytologic screening system were 77.18%, 90.79% and 69.49%; those of human-machine coordination method were 92.89%, 99.63% and 89.09%, respectively. Compared with the histopathological results, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of manual reading were 79.82%, 74.20% and 95.80%, respectively, while those of AI-assisted cytologic screening system were 93.45%, 93.73% and 92.66%, respectively. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of human-machine coordination method were 95.36%, 95.21% and 95.80%, respectively. Both cytological and histological controls showed that human-machine coordination review method had higher diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity, and lower false negative rates. Conclusions: The artificial intelligence TPS assisted cytologic screening system has achieved acceptable accuracy in urine exfoliation cytologic screening. The combination of manual screening and artificial intelligence TPS assisted screening system can effectively improve the sensitivity and accuracy of cytologic screening and reduce the risk of misdiagnosis.
Humans ; Artificial Intelligence ; Urothelium/pathology* ; Cytodiagnosis ; Epithelial Cells/pathology* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Urologic Neoplasms/urine*

Aims: Leaf blight disease caused by Pantoea spp. reduces rice yields in numerous nations. However, the exact strategy to combat Pantoea spp. has yet to be determined. Bactronophorus thoracites is a promising source of natural antimicrobial agents due to their potential as a substrate to generate peptides with high antimicrobial activity. This study determined the effects of lactic acid fermentation using Lactobacillus casei ATCC334 as a starter culture on antimicrobial activity against rice pathogens, proximate composition, and amino acid profiles from B. thoracites crude extract. Methodology and results: Bactronophorus thoracites was washed and deshelled to collect the flesh and homogenised at 4 °C before freeze-drying. The freeze-dried samples were fermented with L. casei for 4 to 8 days at 37 °C. The antimicrobial activity, MIC and MBC were determined using a spectrometer. The fermented protein was subjected to proximate and amino acid analyses. The antimicrobial activity of fermented B. thoracites protein (FBTP) was significantly (p<0.05) decreased with the increased fermentation days (from 4 to 8 days). The antimicrobial activity was also increased when the glucose concentration increased from 2% to 3%. However, raising the glucose concentration to 4% decreased the antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity was significantly (p<0.05) increased when the substratewater (S/W) ratio increased from 0.84% to 0.96%. The FBTP (4 days, 3% glucose concentration and 0.96% S/W ratio) showed high antimicrobial activity against Pantoea ananatis and P. stewartii. The MIC and MBC values for FBTP were 500 μg/mL and 250 μg/mL against P. ananatis and P. stewartii. The zones of inhibition value for FBTP were 16.0 ± 0.5 mm (1000 μg/mL) and 9.33 ± 0.57 mm (500 μg/mL) for P. ananatis, and 11.7 ± 0.61 mm (1000 μg/mL), 9.33 ± 0.58 mm (500 μg/mL) and 7.17 ± 0.77 mm (250 μg/mL) for P. stewartii. The proximate composition and amino acid profiles of the freeze-dried protein hydrolysate powder were characterised. FBTP produced a higher value of protein (61.56%) and ash (32.38%) and a lower value of total fat (0.273%) and carbohydrates (6.27%) than the B. thoracites crude extract. Total amino acid content was 39.480 g/100 g in B. thoracites crude extract and 155.442 g/100 g in FBTP. The essential amino acid glutamine was the most abundant in B. thoracites crude extract and methionine in FBTP. Conclusion, significance and impact of study This study showed that lactic acid fermentation could produce FBTP using L. casei with improved functional characteristics and as a source of a natural antimicrobial agent against rice pathogens.
Lactic Acid ; Anti-Infective Agents

Objective To understand the prevalence of HIV infection and its influencing factors in the premarital physical examination population in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province, 2017. Methods The data of people receiving premarital medical examination was collected, the demographic characteristics was described and the related factors was analyzed by Logistic regression. Results There were 21 875 participants receiving premarital medical examination in Dehong. 98(0.45%) participants were confirmed positive for HIV and male infection rate was 0.47% (52/10 955) and female was 0.42% (46/10 920). Among the 98 patients, 20 patients were infected in the first time, and main route was sexual transmission accounting for 81.63% (80/98). Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that age, ethnicity and drug use were the influencing factors for premarital couples infecting HIV. The risk of HIV infection in 31-40 and 41-50 years old group was higher than the people under 25 years old group(OR=3.78, 95% CI：1.81-7.89, P<0.001；OR=3.95, 95% CI：1.72-9.08, P=0.001). The infection risk of Dai and Jingpo ethnic group was higher than that of the Han ethnic(OR=1.86, 95% CI：1.06-3.29, P=0.031；OR=3.25, 95% CI：1.81-5.84, P<0.001). The risk of infection among drug users was much higher than non-drug users (OR=926.76, 95% CI：271.65-3 161.71, P<0.001). Conclusion Age, ethnicity, and drug use are influencing factors of HIV infection among premarital couples. Targeted measures need to be taken against risk factors. HIV infection is mainly transmitted by sexual transmission. It can be effectively detected and controlled through premarital medical examination.

OBJECTIVE: A growing interest in extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) as a rescue strategy for refractory adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) currently exists. This study aims to determine current standards of care and practice variation for ECPR patients in the USA and Korea. METHODS: In December 2015, we surveyed centers from the Korean Hypothermia Network (KORHN) Investigators and the US National Post-Arrest Research Consortium (NPARC) on current targeted temperature management and ECPR practices. This project analyzes the subsection of questions addressing ECPR practices. We summarized survey results using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Overall, 9 KORHN and 4 NPARC centers reported having ECPR programs and had complete survey data available. Two KORHN centers utilized extracorporeal membrane oxygenation only for postarrest circulatory support in patients with refractory shock and were excluded from further analysis. Centers with available ECPR generally saw a high volume of OHCA patients (10/11 centers care for >75 OHCA a year). Location of, and providers trained for cannulation varied across centers. All centers in both countries (KORHN 7/7, NPARC 4/4) treated comatose ECPR patients with targeted temperature management. All NPARC centers and four of seven KORHN centers reported having a standardized hospital protocol for ECPR. Upper age cutoff for eligibility ranged from 60 to 75 years. No absolute contraindications were unanimous among centers. CONCLUSION: A wide variability in practice patterns exist between centers performing ECPR for refractory OHCA in the US and Korea. Standardized protocols and shared research databases might inform best practices, improve outcomes, and provide a foundation for prospective studies.
Adult* ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation* ; Catheterization ; Coma ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Korea ; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest* ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Prospective Studies ; Research Personnel ; Shock ; Standard of Care

Objective: To investigate the association between maternal body height and risk of preterm birth. Methods: A total of 11 311 pregnant women who gave birth of live singletons were recruited from the Healthy Baby Cohort Study in Hubei province, China from September 2012 to October 2014. Finally 11 070 pregnant women were selected as study subjects. Data were collected by using questionnaires, their prenatal care records and medical records. The women were divided into 4 groups according to the quartiles distribution (<158 cm, 158- cm, 160- cm, and >164 cm). Gestational age was estimated according to maternal last menstrual time. Preterm birth was defined as delivering a live singleton infant at 28-37 weeks' gestational age. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between body height and preterm birth. Results: Among the 11 070 pregnant women, the incidence of preterm birth was 5.9%. Logistic regression analysis indicated that women in group with body height <158 cm had 46% (OR=1.46, 95%CI: 1.16-1.83) higher risk of giving preterm birth than those in group with body height >164 cm after adjustment for potential confounders. Every 1- cm increase in body height was associated with 3% lower risk of preterm birth (OR=0.97, 95%CI: 0.95-0.99). Conclusion: Shorter body height was a risk factor for preterm birth. It is necessary to strengthen the monitoring in pregnant women with short body height to reduce the risk of preterm birth.
Body Height ; China/epidemiology* ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Odds Ratio ; Pregnancy ; Premature Birth/epidemiology* ; Prenatal Care ; Risk Factors

Objective: To study the association between blood pressure related dietary pattern and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Methods: In 2015, all participants who were aged ≥60 and participated in the Nutrition and Chronic disease family cohort were involved in the study. Information on demographic variables, lifestyle and health status was collected. Cognitive performance was assessed by the Mini Mental State Evaluation (MMSE) scale. Blood pressure, height and weight were measured by trained medical personnel and fasting venous blood samples were collected for testing on serum level of triglycerides and total cholesterol. Both SBP and DBP were used as response variables when dietary patterns were identified by reduced rank regression method. Logistic regression models were fit to explore the associations of scores on blood pressure-related dietary pattern and cognitive impairment. Results: Two blood related dietary patterns were identified. The first one was characterized by high consumption of vegetables and less meat, eggs and dessert (Pattern 1), while the second one was with high consumption of meat, soy products, wine and fried foods and less intake of dairy (Pattern 2). Data showed that the Pattern 1 was associated with the risk of cognitive impairment. Comparing with the lowest quartile of score of this dietary pattern, the risk of cognitive impairment in the highest quartile group showed a significant (P<0.01) increase, with OR=1.94 (1.21-3.11) and showing significant (P=0.002) linear trend. However, no significant association was observed (P>0.05) with cognitive impairment in the second dietary pattern. Conclusion: Blood pressure-related dietary pattern was positively associated with cognitive impairment.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Asian People ; Blood Pressure/physiology* ; Body Weight ; Cognitive Aging ; Cognitive Dysfunction/blood* ; Cohort Studies ; Diet ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Meat ; Middle Aged ; Nutritional Status ; Red Meat ; Risk Factors ; Seafood ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vegetables

As the most important phase in standardization activity, implementation saves as the essence. CDC in China are the major institutions undertaking disease control and prevention. Implementing the standards of public health provides technical basis for CDC to complete the task of disease control and prevention. In the study, spot conversation and questionnaire were used to investigate the implementation of standards on public health in CDC. Results showed that the staff of CDC got to know the standards through the Internet. The departments of CDC which conducted training and sent staff to attend training courses accounted for 50.00%(25/50) and 34.00%(17/50), respectively. State mandatory rule is still the main reason for relevant departments to implement the standards of the public health. Government promotion activities facilitate the implementation of Standards, and the degree of familiarity with Standards affects the implementation as well. The paper summarizes the existing problems, such as the lack of coordination between departments of public health at provincial level or below, lack of access to standards, and the need to strengthen the training of the standard implementation etc. It puts forward some suggestions to strengthen the implementation of public health Standards.
China/epidemiology* ; Communicable Disease Control/organization & administration* ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Preventive Health Services/organization & administration* ; Public Health/standards* ; Public Health Practice ; United States

The process of globalization increases the risk of global transmission of infectious diseases, resulting in pressure for country's prevention and control of imported infectious disease. Based on the risk assessment of disease importation and local transmission, a strategy that conducting importation prevention and routine prevention and control before the importation of disease and taking emergency control measures after the importation of disease was developed. In addition, it is important to take part in global infectious disease response action, aid the countries with outbreak or epidemic to actively decrease the risk of disease importation.
Communicable Diseases ; Communicable Diseases, Imported/transmission* ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control* ; Epidemics ; Global Health ; Humans ; Risk Assessment ; Travel

Objective: To investigate the distribution patterns of mosquitoes, midges and related arboviruses in Sichuan province. Methods: Blood-sucking insects were collected from houses and pens, using the ultraviolet lights. Mosquito samples were classified according to morphologic characteristics and then stored at liquid nitrogen. All samples were incubated with BHK-21 and C6/36 cells for virus isolation and then detected for their viral genes. Sequences of the virus were identified and analyzed by molecular biological software, such as BioEdit 7.0.5.3, MEGA 6.0. Results: In total, 17 019 mosquitoes from 3 genera and 4 species and 12 700 midges were collected from the southeast regions of Sichuan province in 2016 and 2017. Among them, 79.4% (13 519/17 019) belonged to Culex tritaeniorhynchus with 11.1% (1 897/17 019) as Armigeres subalbatus, 5.5% (930/17 019) were Anopheles sinensis and 4.0% (673/17 019) were Anopheles sinensis 3 virus strains that isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus were identified as typeⅠ Japanese encephalitis virus. Seven pools of mosquitoes isolated from Hejiang county were identified Japanese encephalitis virus gene positive through PCR amplification. With 4 pool midges were detected positive for Akabane virus through PCR gene amplification while midges samples didn't have virus isolates. Conclusions: Culex tritaeniorhynchus appeared the predominant species in the southeast regions of Sichuan. Japanese encephalitis virus transmitted by mosquitoes and Akabane virus by midges were prevalent in southeast Sichuan province.
Animals ; Arboviruses ; Culicidae ; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/isolation & purification* ; Encephalitis, Japanese/diagnosis* ; Genes, Viral ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

Objective: To explore the sampling method in China National Human Biomonitoring Program (HBP) and the related errors, so as to calculate and evaluate the study design in sampling. Methods: The sampling method of HBP is of multistage nature. Taking the results of sampling method from Guizhou province as an example, results related to sampling error and variation coefficient were calculated, using the multistage unequal probability sampling error method. Results: The HBP covered 152 monitoring sites in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and with 21 888 residents selected. The replacement rates at various stages were 5.26%, 6.35% and 40.6% respectively. The sampling error in Guizhou province was 3 207 594, and the coefficient of variation was 0.097. Conclusions: According to the multi-stage unequal probability sampling method, the sampling coefficient variability appeared small with high precision, in Guizhou province. However, this method did not consider the weight adjustment of non-sampling errors such as population missing rate and response rate. Methods related to the calculation on multi-stage sampling error among large-scale public health monitoring projects need to be further studied.
China ; Cities ; Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Research Design