Isoenzymes

Objective: To explore the value of paraquat (PQ) intake, urine protein and myocardial enzyme indexes in judging the prognosis of patients with acute PQ poisoning. Methods: From September to December 2021, all 201 patients with acute PQ poisoning admitted to Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital from January 2010 to December 2019 were selected as the research objects. Based on follow-up results 60 days after poisoning, the research objects were divided into survival group (n=78) and death group (n=123) . The differences in information about poisoning, treatment plan, PQ intake, urine protein, creatine kinase, creatine kinase isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase between the two groups of patients were compared and analyzed. Logistic regression and Cox regression were used to analyze the correlation between poisoning outcome and PQ intake, urine protein and myocardial enzymes. ROC curve and principal component analysis were used to explore high-efficiency indicators for predicting the outcome of acute PQ poisoning. Results: The PQ intake[50 (20, 100) ml], urine protein (total rank 15570.50) , creatine kinase[ (336.36±261.96) U/L], creatine kinase isoenzyme[ (43.91±43.74) U/L], lactate dehydrogenase [ (346.01±196.50) U/L], α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase content[ (271.23±11.92) U/L] of patients in the death group were all higher than the survival group[15 (10, 20) ml, 4730.50, (187.78±178.06) U/L, (18.88±15.50) U/L, (190.92±60.50) U/L, (152.60±48.34) U/L, respectively] (P<0.05) . The outcome of acute PQ poisoning was positively correlated with PQ intake, urine protein, creatine kinase, creatine kinase isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (P<0.05) . Multivariate logistic regression and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that creatine kinase, creatine kinase isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase was positively correlated with the prognosis of patients with acute PQ poisoning (P<0.05) . ROC curve analysis and principal component analysis showed that the combined indexes of PQ intake, urine protein and myocardial enzymes had the highest efficacy and weight in judging the prognosis of patients (AUC=0.91, weight coefficient=0.19, sensitivity=0.76, specificity=0.89) . When the combined score was ≥4, the probability of accurately predicting the death of patients was as high as 91% (positive predictive value=0.91) . Conclusion: PQ intake, urine protein combined with creatine kinase, creatine kinase isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase has high value in predicting the prognosis of patients with acute PQ poisoning.
Humans ; Creatine ; Creatine Kinase ; Isoenzymes ; Lactate Dehydrogenases ; Paraquat/poisoning* ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Myocardium/enzymology* ; Urine/chemistry*

This study intends to obtain recombinant proteins of ALT1 and ALT2 isozymes by using genetic recombination technology. Monoclonal antibodies ALT1 and ALT2 with high specificity and high activity were prepared and screened (ALT1 monoclonal antibody has been successfully prepared and published). The localization, distribution and expression of ALT1 and ALT2 isozymes in human tissues were discussed. The ALT2 genes were amplified from human liver cancer cell (HepG2) by RT-PCR method. The mature ALT2 gene was subcloned into the pET32a-ALT2 prokaryotic expression vector. Its ligation product was transformed into BL21(DE3) competent cells, and transformed into competent cells to express ALT2 proteins induced by IPTG. The recombinant proteins of ALT2 were purified by nickel column (Ni⁺) affinity chromatography. Balb/c mice were immunized with recombinant proteins of ALT2. Positive serum mouse spleen cells and myeloma cells SP2/0 were selected for cell fusion. The positive cell lines were selected by indirect ELISA and subcloned by limited dilution method. Affinity chromatography was used to purify ALT2 antibodies. The expression and distribution of ALT2 in human normal tissues were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results show that the expression of ALT isoenzyme in tissues was almost the same at gene mRNA level and protein level. ALT1 is highly expressed in liver, kidney and skeletal muscle, and moderately expressed in gastrointestinal smooth muscle. ALT2 is highly expressed in fat, skeletal muscle and myocardium, and is poorly expressed in gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Immunohistochemical studies show that ALT1 is highly expressed in hepatocytes, renal medullary tubules and muscle fibers, ALT2 is highly expressed in adipocytes and myocardial cells, and ALT1 and ALT2 in gastrointestinal tissues are mainly expressed in mucosa of upper intestinal wall region. The results showed that the isoenzymes ALT1 and ALT2 were mainly expressed in the mucosa of the upper part of the intestinal wall. It is widely distributed in the tissues, providing theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism of ALT activity increase under different pathological conditions.
Alanine Transaminase ; Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Humans ; Isoenzymes/genetics* ; Liver ; Mice ; Recombinant Proteins

BACKGROUND: Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) and γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) are commonly observed in patients with acute pyelonephritis. The goal of this study was to examine the clinical significance of elevated serum AP and γ-GT levels and to explore the mechanisms underlying these changes. METHODS: We examined serum AP and γ-GT levels in 438 patients with acute pyelonephritis. Urine AP/creatinine (Cr), urine γ-GT/Cr, fractional excretion of AP, and fractional excretion of γ-GT (FE(γ-GT)) were evaluated in patients with elevated and normal serum levels. AP isoenzymes were also examined. RESULTS: We identified 77 patients (17.6%) with elevated serum AP and 134 patients (30.6%) with elevated serum γ-GT. Among them, both enzymes were elevated in 64 patients (14.6%). Older age, longer hospital stay, elevated baseline serum Cr, and complicated pyelonephritis were associated with increases in serum AP and γ-GT. Multivariate analysis showed that high serum AP levels were significantly correlated with renal impairment (odds ratio, 2.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–4.19; P = 0.029). FE(γ-GT) was significantly lower in patients with elevated serum enzyme levels. The liver fraction for AP isoenzyme profile did not increase in patients with elevated serum AP. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that elevated serum AP and γ-GT levels are associated with complicated pyelonephritis and renal impairment. Lower FE(γ-GT) levels in patients with elevated serum enzymes may be the result of decreased urinary excretion of these enzymes.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; gamma-Glutamyltransferase ; Humans ; Isoenzymes ; Length of Stay ; Liver ; Multivariate Analysis ; Pyelonephritis ; Transferases

Human seminal plasma is rich in potential biological markers for male infertility and male reproductive system diseases, which have an application value in the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. The methods for the detection of semen biochemical markers have been developed from the manual, semi-automatic to the present automatic means. The automatic detection of semen biochemical markers is known for its advantages of simple reagent composition and small amount of reagents for each test, simple setting of parameters, whole automatic procedure with few errors, short detection time contributive to batch detection and reduction of manpower cost, simple calibration and quality control procedure to ensure accurate and reliable results, output of results in the order of the samples in favor of clinical diagnosis and treatment, and open reagents applicable to various automatic biochemistry analyzers. At present, the automatic method is applied in the detection of such semen biochemical markers as seminal plasma total and neutral alpha-glucosidase, acid phosphatase, fructose, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, zinc, citric acid, uric acid, superoxide dismutase and carnitine, sperm acrosin and lactate dehydrogenase C4, and semen free elastase, which can be used to evaluate the secretory functions of the epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate, sperm acrosome and energy metabolism function, seminal plasma antioxidative function, and infection or silent infection in the male genital tract.
Acid Phosphatase ; analysis ; Biomarkers ; analysis ; Carnitine ; analysis ; Citric Acid ; analysis ; Epididymis ; metabolism ; Fructose ; analysis ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; diagnosis ; Isoenzymes ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; Male ; Prostate ; metabolism ; Semen ; chemistry ; Seminal Vesicles ; Spermatozoa ; chemistry ; alpha-Glucosidases ; analysis ; gamma-Glutamyltransferase ; analysis

OBJECTIVEThis work aims to examine the effects of paeonol treatment on the ability of bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMM) to excrete inflammatory factors and to differentiate into osteoclasts upon induction with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). This work also aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of these abilities.

METHODSBMM culture was treated with different paeonol concentrations at for 1 h and then stimulated with P. gingivalis for 24 h before programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was quantified with flow cytometry. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The BMM culture was treated with the receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and then with paeonol for 1 h prior to induction with P. gingivalis. Then, osteoclast formation was assessed using tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. The osteoclast-related proteins TRAP and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) were quantified by Western blotting.

RESULTSPaeonol was nontoxic to BMM within a range of 10-50 μmol·L⁻¹. Flow cytometry showed that paeonol inhibited PD-L1 expression in P. gingivalis-induced BMM in a dose-dependent manner. ELISA indicated that paeonol dose-dependently inhibited the excretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by P. gingivalis-induced BMM (P<0.01). TRAP staining revealed that paenol treatment inhibited the differentiation of P. gingivalis-induced BMM into osteoclasts. Western blot results suggested that paeonol decreased the expression of TRAP and RANK in BMM.

CONCLUSIONSPaeonol dose-dependently inhibited the excretion of the inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by P. gingivalis-induced BMM in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, paenol treatment prevented the differentiation of P. gingivalis-induced BMM differentiation into osteoclasts.
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Acetophenones ; pharmacology ; Acid Phosphatase ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins ; Cell Differentiation ; Interleukin-1beta ; Interleukin-6 ; Isoenzymes ; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; Macrophages ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; Mice ; Osteoclasts ; Porphyromonas gingivalis ; RANK Ligand ; Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

OBJECTIVETo assess the effects of traditional herbal formulae Sijunzi Decoction (, Sagunja-tang, SJZD), Siwu Decoction (, Samul-tang, SWD), Bawu Decoction (, Palmul-tang, BWD) and Shiquan Dabu Decoction (, Sipjeondaebo-tang, SDD) on the activities of human cytochrome P450 (CYP450), a drug-metabolizing enzyme.

METHODSHerbal formula water extracts were filtered and lyophilized after the powder extracts were dissolved in distilled water. The activities of major human CYP450 isozymes (CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP2E1) were measured using in vitro fluorescence-based enzyme assays. The inhibitory effects of the herbal formulas on the activities of CYP450 were characterized as half maximal inhibition concentration (IC) values.

RESULTSAll the tested herbal formulae inhibited CYP2C19 activity (IC: SJZD, 83.28 μg/mL; SWD, 235.54 μg/mL; BWD, 166.82 μg/mL; SDD, 178.19 μg/mL); SJZD (IC= 196.46 μg/mL), SWD (IC= 333.42 μg/mL) and SDD (IC= 163.42 μg/mL) inhibited CYP2E1-mediated metabolism; whereas BWD exhibited comparatively weak inhibition of CYP2E1 (IC= 501.78 μg/mL). None of the four herbal formulas significantly affected CYP3A4 or CYP2D6.

CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest that SJZD, SWD, BWD and SDD could potentially inhibit the metabolism of co-administered synthetic drugs whose primary route of elimination is via CYP2C19. In addition, clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions could occur when SJZD, SWD or SDD is co-administered with drugs metabolized by CYP2E1. Our findings provide information for the safety and effective clinical use of these four classic herbal formulas.

Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Isoenzymes ; metabolism ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Water ; chemistry

We found that non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells express high levels of multiple aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isoforms via an informatics analysis of metabolic enzymes in NSCLC and immunohistochemical staining of NSCLC clinical tumor samples. Using a multiple reaction-monitoring mass spectrometry analysis, we found that multiple ALDH isozymes were generally abundant in NSCLC cells compared with their levels in normal IMR-90 human lung cells. As a result of the catalytic reaction mediated by ALDH, NADH is produced as a by-product from the conversion of aldehyde to carboxylic acid. We hypothesized that the NADH produced by ALDH may be a reliable energy source for ATP production in NSCLC. This study revealed that NADH production by ALDH contributes significantly to ATP production in NSCLC. Furthermore, gossypol, a pan-ALDH inhibitor, markedly reduced the level of ATP. Gossypol combined with phenformin synergistically reduced the ATP levels, which efficiently induced cell death following cell cycle arrest.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase* ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints ; Cell Death ; Energy Metabolism* ; Gossypol ; Humans ; Informatics ; Isoenzymes ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Mass Spectrometry ; NAD ; Phenformin ; Protein Isoforms

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression of ALDH1, CXCR4 and E-cadherin in gastric carcinoma and their roles in lymphatic metastasis.

METHODSSurgical specimens from 127 cases of gastric carcinoma were examined for expressions of ALDH1, CXCR4 and E-cadherin immuohistochemistry with 60 adjacent tissues as control. The associations of ALDH1, CXCR4 and E-cadherin with the clinicopathological pfeatures, 5-year survival rate and lymph node metastasis of the patients were analyzed.

RESULTSALDH1, CXCR4 and E-cadherin were positive in 57.5% (73/127), 63.8% (81/127), and 36.2% (46/127) of the gastric carcinoma tissues, respectively, showing significant differences from the rates in the adjacent tissues (P<0.05). The expression of ALDH1 was significantly correlated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05), CXCR4 was significantly correlated with the invasion depth, differentiation, TNM stage and lymph node metastasis of the tumor (P<0.05), and E-cadherin was significantly correlated with the invasion depth, differentiation and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). The positivity rates of ALDH1, CXCR4 and E-cadherin were higher in cases with lymph node metastasis than in those without metastasis. E-cadherin expression was inversely correlated with ALDH1 and CXCR4 expression, and the latter two were positively correlated (P<0.001). Overexpressions of ALDH1 and CXCR4 and a decreased expression of E-cadherin were all related to a poor prognosis of the patients (P<0.05). The expressions ofALDH1, CXCR4 and E-cadherin were all independent prognostic factors of gastric carcinoma.

CONCLUSIONThe expressions of ALDH1, CXCR4 and E-cadherin are associated with the invasion, metastasis and prognosis of gastric carcinoma, and their combined detection provides important evidence for predicting the progression and prognosis of gastric carcinoma.

Cadherins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Carcinoma ; genetics ; metabolism ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; Isoenzymes ; genetics ; metabolism ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Receptors, CXCR4 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Retinal Dehydrogenase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Stomach Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; Survival Rate

RNA binding proteins (RBPs) regulate the function of cells by interacting with nascent transcripts and therefore are receiving increasing attention from researchers for their roles in tissue development and homeostasis. The polypyrimidine tract binding (PTB) protein family of RBPs are important posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. Further investigations on the post-transcriptional regulation mechanisms and isoforms of PTB proteins in the spermatogenesis show that PTB protein 1 (Ptbp1) is a predominant isoform in mitotic cells (spermatogonia), while Ptbp2 predominates in meiotic spermatocytes and postmeiotic spermatids and binds to the specific 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of the phosphoglycerate kinase 2 (Pgk-2) mRNA, which helps to stabilize Pgk-2 mRNA in male mouse germ cells. In case of Ptbp2 inactivation in the testis, the differentiation of germ cells arrests in the stage of round spermatids, with proliferation of multinucleated cells in the seminiferous tubule, increased apoptosis of spermatocytes, atrophy of seminiferous tubules, and lack of elongating spermatids, which consequently affects male fertility. This article presents an overview on the structure of the PTB protein and its role in regulating mammalian spermatogenesis.
Animals ; Atrophy ; Gene Expression Regulation ; physiology ; Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins ; metabolism ; physiology ; Homeostasis ; Isoenzymes ; metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; metabolism ; physiology ; Phosphoglycerate Kinase ; metabolism ; Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein ; metabolism ; physiology ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; Seminiferous Tubules ; pathology ; Spermatids ; metabolism ; Spermatocytes ; metabolism ; Spermatogenesis ; physiology ; Spermatogonia ; metabolism ; Testis ; metabolism