Brain damage can cause lung injury. To explore the mechanism underlying the lung injury induced by acute cerebral ischemia (ACI), we established a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in male Sprague-Dawley rats. We focused on glia maturation factor β (GMFB) based on quantitative analysis of the global rat serum proteome. Polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunofluorescence revealed that GMFB was over-expressed in astrocytes in the brains of rats subjected to MCAO. We cultured rat primary astrocytes and confirmed that GMFB was also up-regulated in primary astrocytes after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). We subjected the primary astrocytes to Gmfb RNA interference before OGD and collected the conditioned medium (CM) after OGD. We then used the CM to culture pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) acquired in advance and assessed their status. The viability of the PMVECs improved significantly when Gmfb was blocked. Moreover, ELISA assays revealed an elevation in GMFB concentration in the medium after OGD. Cell cultures containing recombinant GMFB showed increased levels of reactive oxygen species and a deterioration in the state of the cells. In conclusion, GMFB is up-regulated in astrocytes after ACI, and brain-derived GMFB damages PMVECs by increasing reactive oxygen species. GMFB might thus be an initiator of the lung injury induced by ACI.
Animals ; Brain ; metabolism ; pathology ; Brain Ischemia ; complications ; pathology ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; Cell Hypoxia ; physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; physiology ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endothelial Cells ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; physiology ; Glia Maturation Factor ; metabolism ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Lung Injury ; etiology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Neuroglia ; metabolism ; Neurologic Examination ; Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Proteome ; RNA Interference ; physiology ; RNA, Small Interfering ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

OBJECTIVETo summarize the perioperative and postoperative complications follow laparoscopic intersphincteric resection (LapISR) in the treatment of low rectal cancer and their management.

METHODSAn observational study was conducted in 73 consecutive patients who underwent LapISR for low rectal cancer between June 2011 and February 2016 in our hospital. The clinicopathological parameters, perioperative and postoperative complications, and clinical outcomes were collected from a prospectively maintained database. Perioperative and postoperative complications were defined as any complication occurring within or more than 3 months after the primary operation, respectively.

RESULTSForty-nine(67.1%) cases were male and 24(32.9%) were female with a median age of 61(25 to 79) years. The median distance from distal tumor margin to anal verge was 4.0(1.0 to 5.5) cm. The median operative time was 195 (120 to 360) min, median intra operative blood loss was 100 (20 to 300) ml, median number of harvested lymph nodes was 14(3 to 31) per case. All the patients underwent preventive terminal ileum loop stoma. No conversion or hospital mortality was presented. The R0 resection rate was 98.6% with totally negative distal resection margin. A total of 34 complication episodes were recorded in 21(28.8%) patients during perioperative period, and among which 20.6%(7/34) was grade III(-IIII( according to Dindo system. Anastomosis-associated morbidity (16.4%,12/73) was the most common after LapISR, including mucosa ischemia in 9 cases(12.3%), stricture in 7 cases (9.6%, 4 cases secondary to mucosa necrosis receiving anal dilation), grade A fistula in 3 cases (4.1%) receiving conservative treatment and necrosis in 1 case (1.4%) receiving permanent stoma. After a median follow up of 21(3 to 60) months, postoperative complications were recorded in 12 patients (16.4%) with 16 episodes, including anastomotic stenosis (8.2%), rectum segmental stricture (5.5%), ileus (2.7%), partial anastomotic dehiscence (1.4%), anastomotic fistula (1.4%), rectovaginal fistula (1.4%) and mucosal prolapse (1.4%). These patients received corresponding treatments, such as endoscopic transanal resection, anal dilation, enema, purgative, permanent stoma, etc. according to the lesions. Six patients (8.2%) required re-operation intervention due to postoperative complications.

CONCLUSIONAnastomosis-associated morbidity is the most common after LapISR in the treatment of low rectal cancer in perioperative and postoperative periods, which must be strictly managed with suitable methods.

Adult ; Aged ; Anal Canal ; surgery ; Anastomosis, Surgical ; adverse effects ; Blood Loss, Surgical ; statistics & numerical data ; Colectomy ; adverse effects ; Constriction, Pathologic ; etiology ; therapy ; Digestive System Surgical Procedures ; adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Ileostomy ; adverse effects ; Intestinal Mucosa ; pathology ; Ischemia ; etiology ; Laparoscopy ; adverse effects ; Lymph Node Excision ; statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Margins of Excision ; Middle Aged ; Necrosis ; etiology ; Operative Time ; Postoperative Complications ; etiology ; therapy ; Rectal Neoplasms ; complications ; surgery ; Rectovaginal Fistula ; etiology ; therapy ; Surgical Stomas ; Treatment Outcome

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the omega-3 fatty acids help to improve erectile function in an atherosclerosis-induced erectile dysfunction rat model. A total of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats at age 8 weeks were divided into three groups: Control group (n = 6, untreated sham operated rats), Pathologic group (n = 7, untreated rats with chronic pelvic ischemia [CPI]), and Treatment group (n = 7, CPI rats treated with omega-3 fatty acids). For the in vivo study, electrical stimulation of the cavernosal nerve was performed and erectile function was measured in all groups. Immunohistochemical antibody staining was performed for transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α). In vivo measurement of erectile function in the Pathologic group showed significantly lower values than those in the Control group, whereas the Treatment group showed significantly improved values in comparison with those in the Pathologic group. The results of western blot analysis revealed that systemically administered omega-3 fatty acids ameliorated the cavernosal molecular environment. Our study suggests that omega-3 fatty acids improve intracavernosal pressure and have a beneficial role against pathophysiological consequences such as fibrosis or hypoxic damage on a CPI rat model, which represents a structural erectile dysfunction model.
Animals ; Atherosclerosis/*complications ; Blotting, Western ; Carotid Arteries/physiology ; Chronic Disease ; Disease Models, Animal ; Electric Stimulation ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3/*pharmacology ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism ; Ischemia/etiology/*pathology ; Male ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism ; Penile Erection/*drug effects ; Penis/metabolism/pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism

To explore the protective effects of right coronary artery ischemic preconditioning and post-conditioning on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rabbit heart.
 Methods: A total of 30 rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: a control group (n=7), an ischemia reperfusion group (IR group, n=8), an ischemic preconditioning group (IPC group, n=8) and an ischemic post-conditioning group (IPO group, n=7). Venous blood samples were taken at pre-operation, 1 and 6 h post-operation, and the concentration of serum creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin-T (cTn-T) were measured. The infarct area of cardiac muscle was calculated.
 Results: Compared with the IR group, the levels of CK-MB and cTn-T at 1 and 6 h post-operation in the IPC group and the IPO group were reduced (all P<0.05). Compared with the IR group, the infarct size in the IPC group and the IPO group was significantly decreased, with significant difference (both P<0.05) .
 Conclusion: Right coronary artery ischemic preconditioning and post-conditioning exert significant protective effects on the myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in New Zealand rabbits.
Animals ; Coronary Vessels ; Creatine Kinase, MB Form ; blood ; Heart ; Ischemia ; Ischemic Postconditioning ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial ; Myocardial Infarction ; etiology ; pathology ; physiopathology ; prevention & control ; Myocardial Ischemia ; complications ; therapy ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; prevention & control ; Myocardium ; Rabbits ; Troponin T ; blood

The purpose of this study was to identify time-related changes in clinical, MRI, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical findings associated with ischemic stroke in dogs. Additionally, the association of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and tissue levels of interleukin (IL)-6 with clinical prognosis was assessed. Ischemic stroke was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in nine healthy experimental dogs. The dogs were divided into three groups according to survival time and duration of the experimental period: group A (survived only 1 day), group B (1-week experimental period), and group C (2-week experimental period). Neurologic status was evaluated daily. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed according to a predetermined schedule. Concentration of IL-6 in CSF was measured serially after ischemic stroke. Postmortem examination was performed for all experimental dogs. During histopathological examination, variable degrees of cavitation and necrosis due to neuronal cytopathic effects, such as pyknotic nuclei and cytoplasmic shrinkage, were observed on the affected side of the cerebral cortex in all dogs. Immunohistochemistry specific for IL-6 showed increased expression in the ischemic lesions. CSF IL-6 concentrations and ischemic lesion volumes 1 day after ischemic stroke were significantly higher in group A compared to groups B and C.
Animals ; Brain Ischemia/*etiology ; Dogs ; Female ; *Immunohistochemistry ; *Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Stroke/*pathology

This study aimed to investigate inflammatory edema after cerebral ischemia through 7.0T MRI and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). All SD rats were randomly divided into sham operated group and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-1 day, -3 day and -7 day groups. MRI scan of the brain was performed on a 7.0 Tesla MRI scanner. The volume of positive signals in the ischemic side was detected by using a T2 weighted spinecho multislice sequence; the changes in the height of water-peak were measured with point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) sequences; cortical edema was detected by using wet-dry weight method; the degrees of nerve injury were evaluated by Bederson neurological score system; double-labeling immunofluorescence technique was used to explore the molecular mechanisms of post-ischemia cerebral edema. The results showed that high T2WI signals were observed in MCAO-1 day, -3 day and -7 day groups, and the water-peak height and water-peak area of MCAO groups were higher than those of sham operated group (P<0.05). Neurological score results were consistent with the degree of brain edema, and a large number of microglia accumulated in the ischemic cortex. Our results suggested that non-invasive MRI technology with the advantage of high spatial resolution and tissue resolution can comprehensively and dynamically observe inflammatory edema after cerebral ischemia from a three-dimensional space, and contribute to evaluation and treatments in clinic.
Animals ; Brain ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Brain Edema ; diagnostic imaging ; etiology ; Brain Ischemia ; complications ; CD11b Antigen ; metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; complications ; Inflammation ; diagnostic imaging ; etiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; methods ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Male ; Microglia ; metabolism ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Radiography ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reproducibility of Results ; Time Factors

No abstract available.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/*therapeutic use ; Bevacizumab/*therapeutic use ; Choroid/*blood supply ; Ciliary Arteries/pathology ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Intravitreal Injections ; Ischemia/*drug therapy/etiology/physiopathology ; Male ; Meningeal Neoplasms/surgery ; Meningioma/surgery ; Neurosurgical Procedures/*adverse effects ; Retinal Detachment/*drug therapy/etiology/physiopathology ; Subretinal Fluid ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors ; Visual Acuity/physiology ; Young Adult

BACKGROUNDThe protective effects of transient limb ischemia (TLI) induced by several cycles of intermittent pressure cuff inflation and deflation for a period have been widely investigated, however the reliability of this protocol has not been clearly verified. Our study aimed to investigate the reliability of pressure cuff induced TLI in conscious rabbits.

METHODSEight New Zealand rabbits were subjected to TLI without anesthesia. TLI consisted of 3 cycles of ischemia and reperfusion induced by inflating the cuff placed on the left lower limb to 200 mmHg for 5 minutes followed by deflating the cuff for 5 minutes. Skin color, pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), pulse rate (PR), plethysmogram waveform (Pleth), and ultrasound detection of the blood flow in the extremity distal to the ischemic segment were observed to confirm ischemia and reperfusion during TLI. The frequency of severe limb movement during TLI was also recorded to assess the amenability of this protocol in conscious rabbits.

RESULTSThe skin color of the extremity distal to the ischemic segment changed from bright red to dark purple after inflating the cuff to 200 mmHg, and returned to normal after cuff deflation. Pleth, PR and SpO2 disappeared during ischemia and restored during reperfusion in the monitor. Blood flow of the left posterior tibial artery was completely blocked by a pressure of 200 mmHg during ischemia, and recovered immediately after cuff deflation. The frequency of severe limb movement in supine position was higher than that in prone position (P < 0.05), but there was no severe limb movement that could result in disturbance to ischemia when the rabbits were placed in prone position.

CONCLUSIONPressure cuff inflating to 200 mmHg for 5 minutes and deflating for 5 minutes is a reliable regimen to induce TLI in conscious rabbits.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Extremities ; pathology ; Ischemia ; etiology ; pathology ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Male ; Rabbits

OBJECTIVETo establish a general method of focal cerebral ischemia model in different varieties of mice.

METHODEach group of healthy adult KM and C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group (n = 10) and MCAO group (n = 10). The mice in MCAO group were applied in the preparation of the MCAO model by intraluminal occlusion using monofilament. Twenty-four hours after operation,the neurologic function was evaluated,middle cerebral artery blood flow was monitored and the infarction volume was calculated by TTC staining, to evaluate the reliability of the model.

RESULTIn the MCAO group, the base value of the cerebral blood flow down of KM and C57BL/6 mice respectively was (81.65 ± 4.59)%, (83.68 ± 6.25)%. The neurological deficit score respectively was (2.30 ± 0.82), (2.50 ± 0.80). TTC staining can clearly show the infarction area, and relatively stable, 24 hours of the survival rate of KM and C57BL/6 mice were 100% and 80% respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe key link is the optimization and improvement of monofilament, temperature, anesthesia and so on. The modified intraluminal occlusion of MCAO using monofilament is a kind of reliable and simple method to establish experimental cerebral ischemia model in mice.

Animals ; Blood Flow Velocity ; Brain ; blood supply ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Brain Ischemia ; complications ; physiopathology ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Disease Models, Animal ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; complications ; physiopathology ; Male ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; pathology ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Nervous System Diseases ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Species Specificity

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical and imaging characteristics of acute hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) due to perinatal sentinel events in neonates.

METHODSForty-six neonates with acute HIBI who were admitted between January 2004 and May 2013, and who had a history of major cardiopulmonary resuscitation, were enrolled in the study. They were classified into full-term and preterm infants to analyze the clinical and imaging characteristics.

RESULTSAmong full-term infants, the incidence rates of white matter injury, cortical injury, basal ganglia /thalamic injury, and brain stem injury were 95%, 90%, 75%, and 65%, respectively; among preterm infants, the incidence rates of white matter injury, cortical injury, basal ganglia/thalamic injury, and brain stem injury were 73%, 23%, 19%, and 15%, respectively. Compared with full-term infants, preterm infants had a significantly lower incidence of gray matter injury in the cortex, basal ganglia/thalamus, and brain stem (P<0.05). About 46% of all subjects had multiple organ dysfunction. The 20 full-term infants with HIBI had typical clinical manifestations; 19 (95%) of them had moderate or severe neonatal encephalopathy, with mixed lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and moderate or severe basal ganglia/thalamic injury was found in 68% of these patients. Multiple organ dysfunction, various abnormal neurological manifestations, and arterial blood pH less than 7.1 were closely related to moderate or severe brain injury.

CONCLUSIONSWhite matter injury is the most common type of HIBI. Gray matter injury can be found in preterm infants, but the incidence is lower than that in full-term infants. Moderate or severe neonatal encephalopathy is mainly manifested as basal ganglia/thalamic injury on MRI. Evaluation of multiple organ dysfunction and abnormal neurological manifestations and early blood gas analysis are very important for the diagnosis of neonatal HIBI.

Acute Disease ; Brain ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain ; diagnosis ; etiology ; pathology ; Infant, Newborn ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male