Objective To establish U251 cells with inhibited expression of interferon-γ inducible protein 30 (IFI30), and to investigate the effect of IFI30 on cell biological function as well as its underlying mechanism. Methods Three knockdown sequences which target IFI30 were designed online and 3 small interfering RNAs (siRNA) were synthesized. After transfection, the inhibition efficiency was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. The siRNA sequence with the highest inhibition efficiency was selected to create short hairpin RNA (shRNA) plasmids. The recombinant plasmids and packaging plasmids were co-transfected into HEK293T cells to prepare lentivirus. The glioma U251 cells were transfected with lentivirus, and the positive cells were screened by puromycin. CCK-8 assay, 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and colony formation assays were used to analyze cell proliferation; the flow cytometry was used to analyze cell cycle and apoptosis; the Transwell^TM assay was used to detect cell invasion; the wound-healing assay was employed to detect cell migration, and western blot analysis to detect the protein expresison of cyclin D1, B-cell lymphoma factor 2 (Bcl2), epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), neural cadherin (N-cadherin), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). Results The sequence which effectively target IFI30 was screened and U251 cell line capable of inhibiting the IFI30 expression was successfully established. When IFI30 expression was knocked down, the proliferation of U251 cells was inhibited, along with increased ratio of cells in the phase G0/G1, the decreased phase S, the increased rate of cell apoptosis. The cell invasion and migration capabilities was also reduced. The decreased expression of cyclin D1, Bcl2 and N-cadherin were observed in U251 cells, and the expression of E-cadherin and the phosphorylation of STAT1 were found increased. Conclusion Knockdown of IFI30 inhibits the proliferation, invasion and migration of human glioma cell U251 and promotes its apoptosis by activating STAT1.
Humans ; Cyclin D1/genetics* ; HEK293 Cells ; Interferon-gamma ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Apoptosis/genetics* ; Cadherins ; Cell Proliferation/genetics* ; Glioma/genetics* ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; Oxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group Donors ; STAT1 Transcription Factor/genetics*

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of moxibustion at "Mingmen" (GV 4) and "Guanyuan" (CV 4) on immune function and intestinal flora in healthy rats, thereby investigating the underlying mechanism of moxibustion on immune function. METHODS: Twenty 8-week-old SD rats were randomly divided into a young blank group and a young moxibustion group, with 10 rats in each group. Similarly, twenty 8-month-old SD rats were randomly divided into a middle-aged blank group and a middle-aged moxibustion group, with 10 rats in each group. The rats in the two moxibustion groups received moxibustion at "Mingmen" (GV 4) and "Guanyuan" (CV 4), 15 min per session, once daily, five times a week, for a total of four months. The rats in the two blank groups were fed under normal conditions. After the intervention, thymus and spleen indexes were calculated; the morphology of thymus and spleen tissues was observed using HE staining; the flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of CD and CD T lymphocytes and the CD/CD ratio was calculated; ELISA was used to measure the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interleukin-17 (IL-17); 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the intestinal flora. Additionally, the correlation between the relative abundance of intestinal flora and serum levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17 was analyzed. RESULTS: Compared with the young blank group, the young moxibustion group exhibited an increase in the cortical area of thymus tissue with tighter lymphocyte arrangement; compared with the middle-aged blank group, the middle-aged moxibustion group showed an increase in thymus index (<i>Pi><0.05) and an increase in the cortical area of thymus tissue. There were no significant differences in spleen index between the 2 moxibustion groups and the 2 blank groups (<i>Pi>>0.05). There were no significant differences in the expression of CD, CD, and CD/CD ratio between the 2 moxibustion groups and the corresponding blank groups (<i>Pi>>0.05). Compared with the young blank group, the young moxibustion group had elevated IL-6 level (<i>Pi><0.05); compared with the middle-aged blank group, the middle-aged moxibustion group had decreased IL-10 and IL-17 levels (<i>Pi><0.05). Compared with the young blank group, the young moxibustion group exhibited increased Sobs index, Ace index, and Chao index (<i>Pi><0.01, <i>Pi><0.05), as well as increased relative abundance of <i>Spirochaetotai>, <i>Treponemai>, <i>Turicibacteri>, <i>Rikenellaceaei>_RC9_gut_group (<i>Pi><0.05), and decreased relative abundance of <i>Dubosiellai> (<i>Pi><0.05). Compared with the middle-aged blank group, the middle-aged moxibustion group had increased relative abundance of <i>Spirochaetotai>, <i>Treponemai>, norank_f_<i>Peptococcaceaei> (<i>Pi><0.05), and decreased relative abundance of <i>Proteobacteriai>, <i>Allobaculumi>, and <i>Faecalibaculumi> (<i>Pi><0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that relative abundance of <i>Eubacteriumi>_<i>xylanophilumi>_group and unclassified _f_<i>Lachnospiraceaei> was negatively correlated with serum TNF-α level (<i>ri>=-0.39, <i>Pi>=0.03; <i>ri>=-0.24, <i>Pi>=0.04), while relative abundance of norank_f_norank_o_<i>Clostridiai>_UCG-014 and <i>Lactobacillusi> was positively correlated with serum TNF-α level (<i>ri>=0.37, <i>Pi>=0.04; <i>ri>=0.43, <i>Pi>=0.02). The relative abundance of <i>Roseburiai> and <i>Monoglobusi> was negatively correlated with serum IFN-γ level (<i>ri>=-0.40, <i>Pi>=0.02; <i>ri>=-0.44, <i>Pi>=0.01), while relative abundance of <i>Lactobacillusi> was positively correlated with serum IL-10 level (<i>ri>=0.43, <i>Pi>=0.02). CONCLUSION Moxibustion could improve immune function in healthy rats, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of relative abundance of intestinal flora.
Rats ; Animals ; Moxibustion ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Interleukin-10/genetics* ; Interleukin-17 ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism* ; Interleukin-6/genetics* ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Interferon-gamma ; Immunity

The aim of this study was to produce recombinant porcine interferon gamma (rPoIFN-γ) by Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells expression system and to analyze its antiviral activity. Firstly, we constructed the recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3.1-PoIFN-γ and transfected into suspension cultured CHO cells for secretory expression of rPoIFN-γ. The rPoIFN-γ was purified by affinity chromatography and identified with SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity of rPoIFN-γ was analyzed by CCK-8 test, and the antiviral activity of rPoIFN-γ was evaluated using standard procedures in VSV/PK-15 (virus/cell) test system. Finally the anti-Seneca virus A (SVA) of rPoIFN-γ activity and the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and cytokines were also analyzed. The results showed that rPoIFN-γ could successfully expressed in the supernatant of CHO cells. CCK-8 assays indicated that rPoIFN-γ did not show cytotoxicity on IBRS-2 cells. The biological activity of rPoIFN-γ was 5.59×10⁷ U/mg in VSV/PK-15 system. Moreover, rPoIFN-γ could induced the expression of ISGs and cytokines, and significantly inhibited the replication of SVA. In conclusion, the high activity of rPoIFN-γ was successfully prepared by CHO cells expression system, which showed strong antiviral activity on SVA. This study may facilitate the investigation of rPoIFN-γ function and the development of novel genetically engineered antiviral drugs.
Swine ; Animals ; Cricetinae ; Interferon-gamma/pharmacology* ; Cricetulus ; CHO Cells ; Sincalide ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology* ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology*

Objective To investigate the effect of T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) on the function of CD8⁺ T cells in the lungs of Plasmodium infected mice. Methods The lungs of the mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii were isolated, weighed and photographed after 12 days' infection. After dissolution, lung lymphocytes were isolated, counted and stained, and then the contents of CD8⁺ and TIGIT⁺CD8⁺ T cells were detected by flow cytometry. The expressions of L selectin (CD62L), CD69, programmed death 1 (PD-1), CD25, and C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) on TIGIT⁺CD8⁺ T cells were detected by flow cytometry. After stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin, the ability of TIGIT⁺CD8⁺T cells to secrete interferon γ(IFN-γ), interleukin 21 (IL-21), IL-4, IL-17, and IL-10 was detected. Results The body mass of mice with Plasmodium infection was reduced. The lungs became darker, and the ratio of the lung mass to body mass was significantly increased. Compared with the normal mice, the percentages and absolute quantity of CD8⁺ and TIGIT⁺CD8⁺ T cells in the lungs of the infected mice were significantly increased. The percentage of TIGIT⁺CD8⁺ T cells expressing CD62L in the infected group was significantly lower, while the percentage of the CD69, PD-1, and CX3CR1 cells were significantly higher than that of TIGIT⁺CD8⁺ T cells from the normal mice. The percentages of TIGIT⁺CD8⁺ T cells secreting IL-21, IL-4, IL-17 and IL-10 cells in the infected group were significantly lower. Conclusion The lung lesions from mice with Plasmodium infection are obvious, the numbers of TIGIT⁺CD8⁺ T cells increase, and these cells express a variety of activation-related molecules, but the ability to secrete cytokines is reduced.
Animals ; Mice ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; Cytokines/metabolism* ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism* ; Interleukin-10/metabolism* ; Interleukin-17/metabolism* ; Interleukin-4/metabolism* ; Lung/metabolism* ; Malaria/metabolism* ; Plasmodium yoelii/metabolism* ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism*

Natural killer (NK) cells are an important part of the body's innate immune system. As the first line of defense against pathogens, they need to be transformed into a mature state under the control of various cell signaling molecules and transcription factors to play cytotoxic and immune regulatory roles. Under the interaction of activated receptors and inhibitory receptors, NK cells are activated to perform a direct cell killing effect by secreting perforin and granzyme, or indirectly eliminate pathogenic microorganisms in the body by secreting various cytokines, such as type I and type II interferons. These functions of NK cells play a very important role in antiviral and anti-autoimmune diseases, especially in anti-tumor.
Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural ; Interferon-gamma ; Apoptosis ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Cytokines

OBJECTIVES: To explore the mechanism of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) induce renal fibrosis. METHODS: Renal fibroblast NRK-49F cells treated with and without TGF-β1 were subjected to RNA-seq analysis. DESeq2 was used for analysis. Differentially expressed genes were screened with the criteria of false discovery rate<0.05 and l o g 2 F C >1. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed for differentially expressed genes. Genes encoding transcription factors were further screened for differential expression genes. Then, the expression of these genes during renal fibrosis was verified using unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced mouse renal fibrosis model and a public gene expression dataset (GSE104954). RESULTS: After TGF-β1 treatment for 6, 12 and 24 h, 552, 1209 and 1028 differentially expressed genes were identified, respectively. GO analysis indicated that these genes were significantly enriched in development, cell death, and cell migration. KEGG pathway analysis showed that in the early stage of TGF-β1 induction (TGF-β1 treatment for 6 h), the changes in Hippo, TGF-β and Wnt signaling pathways were observed, while in the late stage of TGF-β1 induction (TGF-β1 treatment for 24 h), the changes of extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, focal adhesion and adherens junction were mainly enriched. Among the 291 up-regulated differentially expressed genes treated with TGF-β1 for 6 h, 13 genes (<i>Snai1i>, <i>Irf8i>, <i>Bhlhe40i>, <i>Junbi>, <i>Arid5ai>, <i>Vdri>, <i>Lef1i>, <i>Ahri>, <i>Foxo1i>, <i>Myci>, <i>Tcf7i>, <i>Foxc2i>, <i>Glis1i>) encoded transcription factors. Validation in a cell model showed that TGF-β1 induced expression of 9 transcription factors (encoded by <i>Snai1, Irf8, Bhlhe40, Junb, Arid5a, Vdr, Lef1, Myc, Tcf7i>), while the expression levels of the other 4 genes did not significantly change after TGF-β1 treatment. Validation results in UUO-induced mouse renal fibrosis model showed that <i>Snai1i>, <i>Irf8i>, <i>Bhlhe40i>, <i>Junbi>, <i>Arid5ai>, <i>Myci> and <i>Tcf7i> were up-regulated after UUO, <i>Vdri> was down-regulated and there was no significant change in <i>Lef1i>. Validation based on the GSE104954 dataset showed that <i>IRF8i> was significantly overexpressed in the renal tubulointerstitium of patients with diabetic nephropathy or IgA nephropathy, <i>MYCi> was highly expressed in diabetic nephropathy, and the expressions of the other 7 genes were not significantly different compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β1 induces differentially expressed genes in renal fibroblasts, among which <i>Irf8i> and <i>Myci> were identified as potential targets of chronic kidney disease and renal fibrosis.
Mice ; Animals ; Humans ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism* ; Diabetic Nephropathies/pathology* ; Transcriptome ; Signal Transduction ; Kidney ; Ureteral Obstruction/pathology* ; Fibrosis ; Interferon Regulatory Factors ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism* ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism* ; Transcription Factors/metabolism*

OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression level of cytokines in patients with sepsis and its effect on prognosis. METHODS: The clinical data of sepsis patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2020 to December 2022 were analyzed retrospectively, including gender, age, and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II), blood routine, procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and cytokines levels [interleukins (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)] within 24 hours of admission to ICU. The 28-day prognosis of the patients was followed up. The patients were divided into survival group and death group according to the prognosis. The clinical data between the two groups of sepsis patients with different prognosis were compared. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with sepsis, and the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) was drawn to evaluate the predictive value of each risk factor for the prognosis of patients with sepsis. RESULTS: (1) A total of 227 patients with sepsis were enrolled, including 168 patients in the survival group (survival rate 74.0%) and 59 patients in the death group (mortality 26.0%). There were no significant differences in age (years old: 55.97±2.13 vs. 54.67±1.11) and gender (male: 71.2% vs. 57.1%) between the death group and the survival group (both P > 0.05), indicating that the baseline data of the two groups were comparable. (2) The APACHE II (19.37±0.99 vs. 14.88±0.61, P < 0.001) and PCT (μg/L: 12.39±2.94 vs. 4.14±0.90, P < 0.001) in the death group were significantly higher than those in the survival group, while the platelet count [PLT (×10⁹/L): 144.75±12.50 vs. 215.99±11.26, P = 0.001] and thrombocytocrit [(0.14±0.01)% vs. (0.19±0.01)%, P = 0.001] were significantly lower than those in the survival group. (3) The level of IL-6 in the death group was significantly higher than that in the survival group (ng/L: 577.66±143.16 vs. 99.74±33.84, P < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in other cytokines, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17 between the death group and the survival group [IL-2 (ng/L): 2.44±0.38 vs. 2.63±0.27, P = 0.708; IL-4 (ng/L): 3.26±0.67 vs. 3.18±0.34, P = 0.913; IL-10 (ng/L): 33.22±5.13 vs. 39.43±2.85, P = 0.262; TNF-α (ng/L): 59.33±19.21 vs. 48.79±29.87, P = 0.839; IFN-γ (ng/L): 6.69±5.18 vs. 1.81±0.16, P = 0.100; IL-17 (ng/L): 2.05±0.29 vs. 2.58±0.33, P = 0.369]. (4) Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that APACHE II and IL-6 were independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with sepsis [odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were 1.050 (1.008-1.093) and 1.001 (1.000-1.002), P values were 0.019 and 0.026, respectively]. (5) ROC curve analysis showed that APACHE II and IL-6 had certain predictive value for the prognosis of patients with sepsis, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.754 (95%CI was 0.681-0.827) and 0.592 (95%CI was 0.511-0.673), P values were < 0.001 and 0.035, respectively. When the optimal cut-off value of APACHE II was 16.50 score, the sensitivity was 72.6% and the specificity was 69.9%. When the optimal cut-off value of IL-6 was 27.87 ng/L, the sensitivity was 67.2% and the specificity was 52.8%. CONCLUSIONS APACHE II score and IL-6 level have certain predictive value for the prognosis of patients with sepsis, the higher APACHE II score and IL-6 level, the greater the probability of death in patients with sepsis.
Humans ; Male ; Interleukin-10 ; Interleukin-17 ; Cytokines ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Interleukin-6 ; Retrospective Studies ; Interleukin-2 ; Interleukin-4 ; ROC Curve ; Sepsis/diagnosis* ; Prognosis ; Procalcitonin ; Interferon-gamma ; Intensive Care Units

OBJECTIVE: This work explores the impact of electroacupuncture (EA) on acute postoperative pain (APP) and the role of stimulator of interferon genes/type-1 interferon (STING/IFN-1) signaling pathway modulation in the analgesic effect of EA in APP rats. METHODS: The APP rat model was initiated through abdominal surgery and the animals received two 30 min sessions of EA at bilateral ST36 (Zusanli) and SP6 (Sanyinjiao) acupoints. Mechanical, thermal and cold sensitivity tests were performed to measure the pain threshold, and electroencephalograms were recorded in the primary somatosensory cortex to identify the effects of EA treatment on APP. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to examine the expression and distribution of proteins in the STING/IFN-1 pathway as well as neuroinflammation. A STING inhibitor (C-176) was administered intrathecally to verify its role in EA. RESULTS: APP rats displayed mechanical and thermal hypersensitivities compared to the control group (P < 0.05). APP significantly reduced the amplitude of θ, α and γ oscillations compared to their baseline values (P < 0.05). Interestingly, expression levels of proteins in the STING/IFN-1 pathway were downregulated after inducing APP (P < 0.05). Further, APP increased pro-inflammatory factors, including interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and downregulated anti-inflammatory factors, including interleukin-10 and arginase-1 (P < 0.05). EA effectively attenuated APP-induced painful hypersensitivities (P < 0.05) and restored the θ, α and γ power in APP rats (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, EA distinctly activated the STING/IFN-1 pathway and mitigated the neuroinflammatory response (P < 0.05). Furthermore, STING/IFN-1 was predominantly expressed in isolectin-B4- or calcitonin-gene-related-peptide-labeled dorsal root ganglion neurons and superficial laminae of the spinal dorsal horn. Inhibition of the STING/IFN-1 pathway by intrathecal injection of C-176 weakened the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of EA on APP (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION EA can generate robust analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects on APP, and these effects may be linked to activating the STING/IFN-1 pathway, suggesting that STING/IFN-1 may be a target for relieving APP. Please cite this article as: Ding YY, Xu F, Wang YF, Han LL, Huang SQ, Zhao S, Ma LL, Zhang TH, Zhao WJ, Chen XD. Electroacupuncture alleviates postoperative pain through inhibiting neuroinflammation via stimulator of interferon genes/type-1 interferon pathway. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(5): 496-508.
Rats ; Animals ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases ; Electroacupuncture ; Pain, Postoperative ; Interferons

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether the ethanol extract of Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall (EHC), a Xizang medicinal plant traditionally used for treating liver diseases, can improve imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were used to determine the effects of topical EHC use in vivo on the skin pathology of imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice. The protein levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in mouse skin samples were examined using immunohistochemical staining. In vitro, IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells with or without EHC treatment were used to evaluate the expression of keratinocyte-derived intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and chemokine CXC ligand 9 (CXCL9) using Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and proteasome inhibitor MG132 were utilized to validate the EHC-mediated mechanism underlying degradation of ICAM-1 and CXCL9. RESULTS: EHC improved inflammation in the imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model and reduced the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17A in psoriatic lesions. Treatment with EHC also suppressed ICAM-1 and CXCL9 in epidermal keratinocytes. Further mechanistic studies revealed that EHC suppressed keratinocyte-derived ICAM-1 and CXCL9 by promoting ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated protein degradation rather than transcriptional repression. Seven primary compounds including ehletianol C, dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, herpetrione, herpetin, herpetotriol, herpetetrone and herpetetrol were identified from the EHC using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION Topical application of EHC ameliorates psoriasis-like skin symptoms and improves the inflammation at the lesion sites. Please cite this article as: Zhong Y, Zhang BW, Li JT, Zeng X, Pei JX, Zhang YM, Yang YX, Li FL, Deng Y, Zhao Q. Ethanol extract of Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall ameliorates psoriasis-like skin inflammation and promotes degradation of keratinocyte-derived ICAM-1 and CXCL9. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(6): 584-592.
Animals ; Mice ; Interleukin-17/metabolism* ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; Imiquimod/adverse effects* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism* ; Ligands ; Psoriasis/chemically induced* ; Keratinocytes ; Inflammation/drug therapy* ; Chemokines/metabolism* ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mice, Inbred BALB C

Children's fever is often accompanied by food accumulation. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that removing food stagnation while clearing heat of children can effectively avoid heat damage. To systematically evaluate the efficacy of Xiaoer Chiqiao Qingre Granules(XRCQ) in clearing heat and removing food accumulation and explore its potential mechanism, this study combined suckling SD rats fed with high-sugar and high-fat diet with injection of carrageenan to induce rat model of fever and food accumulation. This study provided references for the study on the pharmacodynamics and mechanism of XRCQ. The results showed that XRCQ effectively reduced the rectal temperature of suckling rats, improved the inflammatory environment such as the content of interleukin-1β(IL-1β), interleukin-2(IL-2), interferon-γ(IFN-γ), white blood cells, and monocytes. XRCQ also effectively repaired intestinal injury and enhanced intestinal propulsion function. According to the confirmation of its efficacy of clearing heat, the thermolytic mechanism of XRCQ was further explored by non-targeted and targeted metabolomics methods based on LTQ-Orbitrap MS/MS and UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS. Non-target metabolomics analysis of brain tissue samples was performed by QI software combined with SIMCA-P software, and 22 endogenous metabolites that could be significantly regulated were screened out. MetaboAnalyst pathway enrichment results showed that the intervention mechanism was mainly focused on tyrosine metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, inositol phosphate metabolism, and other pathways. At the same time, the results of targeted metabolomics of brain tissue samples showed that XRCQ changed the vitality of digestive system, and inhibited abnormal energy metabolism and inflammatory response, playing a role in clearing heat and removing food stagnation from multiple levels.
Animals ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Hot Temperature ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Metabolomics ; Food ; Fever ; Interferon-gamma