Adsorption ; Adult ; Charcoal ; chemistry ; Chlorpyrifos ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Female ; Hemoperfusion ; Humans ; Insecticides ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Organophosphate Poisoning ; blood ; therapy ; Young Adult

Chlorfenapyr is a widely used, moderately hazardous pesticide. Previous reports have indicated that chlorfenapyr intoxication can be fatal in humans. We reported the first non-fatal case of chlorfenapyr-induced toxic leukoencephalopathy in a 44-year-old female with resolution of extensive and abnormal signal intensities in white matter tracts throughout the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord on serial magnetic resonance imaging.
Adult ; Brain/*radiography ; Brain Stem/radiography ; Female ; Humans ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; Leukoencephalopathies/*etiology/radiography ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pyrethrins/*toxicity ; Spinal Cord/*radiography ; White Matter/radiography

OBJECTIVES: A hazard assessment of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a commonly used workplace chemical, was conducted in order to protect the occupational health of workers. A literature review, consisting of both domestic and international references, examined the chemical management system, working environment, level of exposure, and possible associated risks. This information may be utilized in the future to determine appropriate exposure levels in working environments. METHODS: Hazard assessment was performed using chemical hazard information obtained from international agencies, such as Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development-generated Screening Information Data Set and International Program on Chemical Safety. Information was obtained from surveys conducted by the Minister of Employment and Labor (“Survey on the work environment”) and by the Ministry of Environment (“Survey on the circulation amount of chemicals”). Risk was determined according to exposure in workplaces and chemical hazard. RESULTS: In 229 workplaces over the country, 831 tons of DEHP have been used as plasticizers, insecticides, and ink solvent. Calculated 50% lethal dose values ranged from 14.2 to 50 g/kg, as determined via acute toxicity testing in rodents. Chronic carcinogenicity tests revealed cases of lung and liver degeneration, shrinkage of the testes, and liver cancer. The no-observed-adverse-effect level and the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level were determined to be 28.9 g/kg and 146.6 g/kg, respectively. The working environment assessment revealed the maximum exposure level to be 0.990 mg/m³, as compared to the threshold exposure level of 5 mg/m³. The relative risk of chronic toxicity and reproductive toxicity were 0.264 and 0.330, respectively, while the risk of carcinogenicity was 1.3, which is higher than the accepted safety value of one. CONCLUSIONS: DEHP was identified as a carcinogen, and may be dangerous even at concentrations lower than the occupational exposure limit. Therefore, we suggest management of working environments, with exposure levels below 5 mg/m³ and all workers utilizing local exhaust ventilation and respiratory protection when handling DEHP.
Carcinogenicity Tests ; Chemical Safety ; Clergy ; Dataset ; Diethylhexyl Phthalate ; Employment ; Humans ; Ink ; Insecticides ; International Agencies ; Liver ; Liver Neoplasms ; Lung ; Mass Screening ; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level ; Occupational Exposure ; Occupational Health ; Plasticizers ; Plastics ; Risk Assessment* ; Rodentia ; Testis ; Toxicity Tests, Acute ; Ventilation

Humans ; Insecticides ; poisoning ; Organophosphate Poisoning ; diagnosis ; Phorate ; toxicity

The objective of this study is to define the population dynamics of Semiaphis heraclei in the main-producing district of Lonicera japonica in Shandong, and screen for highly efficient, safety control technique. Through fixed field investigation, we tested the toxicity of eight kinds of insecticides by using dipping methods, and carried out the field experiment. The results showed that the aphids' emergence peak appeared in May. The aphids on the Sijihua variety of L. japonica was more susceptible and the peak was also seven days earlier than Damao variety of L. japonica. The aphid populations on Sijihua were 1 fold than those on the Daomao in happened peak. Comparing the eight kinds of insecticides, the LC50 of lambda-cyhaothrin, abamectin, imidacloprid and pyrethrin to wingless aphids were 1.494, 1.690, 2.840, 2.861 mg x L(-1), respectively, whose toxicity were higher, the toxicity of matrine, pymetrozine and azadirachtin were also high. The field efficacy trials indicated that during the period of aphids occurred, 25% imidacloprid wettable powder, 1.8% abamectin missible oil, 2.5% lambda-cyhaothrin missible oil, 25% pymetrozine wettable powder, 5% pyrethrin missible oil, 1% matrine water aqua were sprayed at concentrations of 20,000, 2,000, 2,500, 5,000, 500 and 50 times, respectively,the control effect achieved 91.69%, 98.90%, 96.18%, 95.06%, 99.24%, 90.10%, respectively, after 5 days. During the growing period of L. japonica in spring, application of thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, pymetrozine and imidacloprid, all of the control effect against aphids achieved above 98.88% after 50 days. The result indicated that May was the S. heraclei Takahashi's emergence peak in Pingyi, Shandong. The efficient safety and environmentally friendly insecticides by spraying and systemic insecticide of pymetrozine and imidacloprid by root application were all efficient controlled aphids. These insecticides were long for controlling S. heraclei Takahashi and worthy of being widely applied.
Animals ; Aphids ; drug effects ; physiology ; Insect Control ; Insecticides ; toxicity ; Lonicera ; parasitology ; Plant Diseases ; parasitology ; prevention & control ; Population Dynamics

BACKGROUNDRespiratory failure is the main cause of death in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. In this study, a pulse-induced contour cardiac output monitor was used to evaluate the respiratory status in a pig model of acute dichlorvos poisoning.

METHODSTwenty female pigs were randomly allocated to dichlorvos (n = 7), atropine (n = 7), and control (n = 6) groups. In the dichlorvos group, pigs were administered 80% emulsifiable dichlorvos (100 mg/kg) via a gastric tube. In the atropine group, pigs were similarly administered dichlorvos, and 0.5 hours later, atropine was injected to attain and maintain atropinization. The control group was administered saline solution. Arterial blood gas was measured at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours post-injection. The extravascular lung water index and pulmonary vascular permeability index were recorded by the pulse-induced contour cardiac output monitor. At termination of the study, the animals were euthanized, the lung wet-to-dry weight ratio was determined, and histopathology was observed.

RESULTSIn the dichlorvos group, the extravascular lung water index and pulmonary vascular permeability index were substantially increased from 0.5 hours and were particularly high within 1 hour. In the atropine group, these indices increased initially, but decreased from the 1-hour mark. The control group exhibited no obvious changes. In both the dichlorvos and atropine groups, the extravascular lung water index was negatively correlated with partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspiration oxygen (PO2/FiO2) and positively correlated with the pulmonary vascular permeability index. Compared with the control group, the lung wet-to-dry weight ratio markedly increased and the histopathological findings obviously changed in the dichlorvos group, but only mildly increased and changed, respectively, in the atropine group.

CONCLUSIONThe extravascular lung water index is an appropriate and valuable parameter for assessment of respiratory function in acute dichlorvos poisoning.

Acetylcholinesterase ; blood ; Acute Disease ; Animals ; Dichlorvos ; toxicity ; Extravascular Lung Water ; drug effects ; Female ; Insecticides ; poisoning ; Lung ; pathology ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; chemically induced ; pathology ; Swine

OBJECTIVETo evaluate histopathological alterations of the liver and kidney of female rats exposed to low doses of DM and its potential genotoxic activity.

METHODSFemale Wistar rats were randomly assigned to control (3 groups, 6 rats in each) and treatment groups (3 groups, 6 rats in each). They were subjected to subcutaneous injections of DM (at doses of 0.003, 0.03, and 0.3 mg/kg bw/d) after 30, 45, and 60 d, respectively.

RESULTSSignificant alterations were recorded in liver parenchyma induced by hepatic vacuolization, fragmented chromatin in nuclei, dilatation of sinusoids and congestions. Lesions within proximal and distal tubules were observed in the kidneys. Tissue congestions and severe alterations within glomeruli were visible. DM as a pyrethroid insecticide induced significant increase (P≤0.05) of plasma MDA concentrations after 45 d. A significant increase (P≤0.05) in plasma ALT (after 45 and 60 d) and AST (after 60 d) concentrations was recorded as compared to controls. During the whole experimental period the toxic agent provoked significant DNA damages (P≤0.05), especially in the dominance of classes 3 and 4 of obtained comet.

CONCLUSIONDM even at a very low dose displays harmful effects by disrupting hepatic and renal function and causing DNA damages in puberscent female rats. Low doses of DM are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic.

Animals ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; metabolism ; Behavior, Animal ; drug effects ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ; metabolism ; pathology ; Creatinine ; blood ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Insecticides ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Kidney ; drug effects ; Kidney Diseases ; chemically induced ; pathology ; Liver ; drug effects ; Malondialdehyde ; Molecular Structure ; Nitriles ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Organ Size ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects ; Pyrethrins ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Urea ; blood ; Weight Gain ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo explore the effects of low-dose chlorpyrifos (CPF) exposure on dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain substantia nigra and neural behavioral development in neonatal rats.

METHODSPostnatal 11 day old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into CPF, menstruum dimethysulfoxide (DMSO) and normal saline (NS) groups. The rats in the CPF group were injected with low-dose CPF (5 mg/kg?d) on postnatal days 11-14. The two control groups were injected with DMSO or NS respectively. The rats were sacrificed on postnatal days 15, 20, 30, and 60. Body weight gain, outward appearance of brain tissue, the coefficient of brain and the water content of brain tissue were measured. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in DA neurons in the midbrain substantial nigra was examined by immunohistochemical straining. Immune electron microscopy was used to examine the subcellular structure of DA neurons. Open field test, grip strength test, slope test and Morris water maze test were used to examine the neurobehavioral changes.

RESULTSThe outward appearance of brain tissue was normal in the three groups. There were no significant differences in the absolute value of body weight gain, the coefficient of brain and the water content of brain tissue among the three groups. CPF exposure decreased the level of TH immunoreactivity (P<0.05) in the substantia nigra of CPF group since postnatal day 30 compared with the DMSO and NS groups. The subcellular structures of some DA neurons in the CPF group were impaired. Decreased motor activity and learning and memory impairments were observed in the CPF group compared with those in the DMSO and NS groups (P<0.05) since postnatal day 30.

CONCLUSIONSCPF exposure during the neonatal period can cause long-term motor activity and learning and memory impairments in accompany with DA neurons damage in the midbrain substantia nigra.

Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Behavior, Animal ; drug effects ; Chlorpyrifos ; toxicity ; Dopaminergic Neurons ; drug effects ; Female ; Insecticides ; toxicity ; Learning ; drug effects ; Male ; Motor Activity ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Substantia Nigra ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo study the protective effect of MG-132 on hippocampus cells apoptosis induced by deltamethrin (DM), one kind of pyrethroid pesticide.

METHODS40 Male wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: olive oil control, DM treated alone (12.5 mg/kg), MG-132 (0.5 mg/kg) plus DM group, MG-132 treated 2h plus olive oil. After 24h treatment of DM, the hippocampus was taken out to detect the apoptotic cell rate, the level of bcl-2 and Caspase-3 activity.

RESULTSCompared with DM treated alone group (27.29% +/- 2.41%), the apoptotic cell rate in MG-132 + DM group (19.94% +/- 2.07%) was increased (P < 0.05), bcl-2 expression was enhanced [(0.43 +/- 0.06) vs. (2.01 +/- 0.23)] (P < 0.05) and the activity of Caspase-3 was decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in MG-132 treated 2h plus DM group [(4.55 +/- 0.46) vs.(3.73 +/- 0.35)].

CONCLUSIONMG-132 can protect hippocampus cells against apoptosis induced by deltamethrin.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Hippocampus ; cytology ; drug effects ; Insecticides ; toxicity ; Leupeptins ; pharmacology ; Male ; Neurons ; drug effects ; Nitriles ; toxicity ; Pyrethrins ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

Present study was undertaken to study the effect of cypermethrin on oxidative stress after chronic dermal application. The insecticide was applied dermally at 50 mg/kg body weight in different groups of Wistar rats of either sex weighing 150~200 g. Significant (p < 0.05) increase in catalase activity was observed after 30 days of exposure. However, the superoxide dismutase activity declined significantly after 60 days of exposure. The activity of glutathione peroxidase and blood glutathione levels declined significantly (p < 0.05) after 30 days of cypermethrin dermal application. However, the activity of glutathione S-transferase increased significantly (p < 0.05) in all groups after 60 days of dermal exposure. Significant increase in lipid peroxidation was observed from 30 days onwards and reached a peak after 120 days of application.
Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Female ; Glutathione/blood ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; Lipid Peroxidation/*drug effects ; Male ; Oxidative Stress/*drug effects ; Oxidoreductases/metabolism ; Pyrethrins/*toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar