Lectins are proteins responsible for recognizing the signals of sugar molecules in the body. Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) regulate the innate and adaptive immune responses in the tumor microenvironment by recognizing the glycan structure containing sialic acid and mediating downstream signals through immune receptor tyrosine inhibitory motifs. In recent years, a variety of tumor treatment strategies targeting the sialic acid-Siglecs axis have been introduced, including sialoglycoprotein-mediated drug delivery and antibody mediated inhibition of Siglecs from recognizing tumor surface ligands. In the future, by combining with glycoprotein nanotherapy, antibody therapy and gene therapy, Siglecs can be used to accurately locate tumor targets and release the anti-tumor immunity, so as to achieve the purpose of effective cure of tumors.
Sialic Acid Binding Immunoglobulin-like Lectins/metabolism* ; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid ; Immunoglobulins/metabolism* ; Receptors, Immunologic ; Ligands

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Air Pollutants ; adverse effects ; Blood Chemical Analysis ; Coke ; adverse effects ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ; adverse effects ; Young Adult

Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is an effective orally administered antibody used to protect against various intestinal pathogens, but which cannot tolerate the acidic gastric environment. In this study, IgY was microencapsulated by alginate (ALG) and coated with chitooligosaccharide (COS). A response surface methodology was used to optimize the formulation, and a simulated gastrointestinal (GI) digestion (SGID) system to evaluate the controlled release of microencapsulated IgY. The microcapsule formulation was optimized as an ALG concentration of 1.56% (15.6 g/L), COS level of 0.61% (6.1 g/L), and IgY/ALG ratio of 62.44% (mass ratio). The microcapsules prepared following this formulation had an encapsulation efficiency of 65.19%, a loading capacity of 33.75%, and an average particle size of 588.75 μm. Under this optimum formulation, the coating of COS provided a less porous and more continuous microstructure by filling the cracks on the surface, and thus the GI release rate of encapsulated IgY was significantly reduced. The release of encapsulated IgY during simulated gastric and intestinal digestion well fitted the zero-order and first-order kinetics functions, respectively. The microcapsule also allowed the IgY to retain 84.37% immune-activity after 4 h simulated GI digestion, significantly higher than that for unprotected IgY (5.33%). This approach could provide an efficient way to preserve IgY and improve its performance in the GI tract.
Alginic Acid/chemistry* ; Chitin/chemistry* ; Chitosan ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Digestion ; Drug Compounding ; Drug Liberation ; Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism* ; Immunoglobulins/metabolism* ; Oligosaccharides

Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defect in the immunoglobulin mu binding protein 2 (IGHMBP2) gene, leading to motor neuron degeneration. We identified an infant with SMARD1 by targeted exome sequencing from a consanguineous Syrian family having a history of recurrent infant deaths. The patient initially presented intrauterine growth retardation, poor sucking, failure to thrive, and respiratory failure at the age of two months, and an inborn error of metabolism was suspected at first. Over a period of one month, the infant showed rapid progression of distal muscular weakness with hand and foot contractures, which were suggestive of neuromuscular disease. Using targeted exome sequencing, the mutation in IGHMBP2 was confirmed, although the first report was normal. Targeted exome sequencing enabled identification of the genetic cause of recurrent mysterious deaths in the consanguineous family. Additionally, it is suggested that a detailed phenotypic description and communication between bioinformaticians and clinicians is important to reduce false negative results in exome sequencing.
Carrier Proteins ; Contracture ; Exome ; Failure to Thrive ; Fetal Growth Retardation ; Foot ; Hand ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Infant Death ; Infant ; Metabolism ; Motor Neurons ; Muscle Weakness ; Muscular Atrophy, Spinal ; Neuromuscular Diseases ; Respiratory Insufficiency

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Bronchiectasis ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; etiology ; microbiology ; China ; Ciliary Motility Disorders ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; etiology ; microbiology ; Connective Tissue ; metabolism ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; metabolism ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; drug effects ; pathogenicity

Enterovirus 71 frequently involves the central nervous system and may present with a variety of neurologic manifestations. Here, we aimed to describe the clinical features, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profiles of patients presenting with neurologic complications of enterovirus 71 infection. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 31 pediatric patients hospitalized with acute neurologic manifestations accompanied by confirmed enterovirus 71 infection at Ulsan University Hospital between 2010 and 2014. The patients' mean age was 2.9 ± 5.5 years (range, 18 days to 12 years), and 80.6% of patients were less than 4 years old. Based on their clinical features, the patients were classified into 4 clinical groups: brainstem encephalitis (n = 21), meningitis (n = 7), encephalitis (n = 2), and acute flaccid paralysis (n = 1). The common neurologic symptoms included myoclonus (58.1%), lethargy (54.8%), irritability (54.8%), vomiting (48.4%), ataxia (38.7%), and tremor (35.5%). Twenty-five patients underwent an MRI scan; of these, 14 (56.0%) revealed the characteristic increased T2 signal intensity in the posterior region of the brainstem and bilateral cerebellar dentate nuclei. Twenty-six of 30 patients (86.7%) showed CSF pleocytosis. Thirty patients (96.8%) recovered completely without any neurologic deficits; one patient (3.2%) died due to pulmonary hemorrhage and shock. In the present study, brainstem encephalitis was the most common neurologic manifestation of enterovirus 71 infection. The characteristic clinical symptoms such as myoclonus, ataxia, and tremor in conjunction with CSF pleocytosis and brainstem lesions on MR images are pathognomonic for diagnosis of neurologic involvement by enterovirus 71 infection.
Acute Disease ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Central Nervous System Diseases/etiology/*pathology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Encephalitis/pathology ; Enterovirus A, Human/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Enterovirus Infections/drug therapy/*pathology/virology ; Feces/virology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins/administration & dosage ; Infant ; Injections, Intravenous ; Leukocytes/cytology ; Leukocytosis/cerebrospinal fluid/pathology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; RNA, Viral/genetics/metabolism ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Republic of Korea ; Retrospective Studies ; Seasons

OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to conduct a preliminary study on the possible role and significance of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-27 in the pathogeneses of oral lichen planus (OLP).

METHODSThirty cases of patients with OLP (fifteen cases of reticular OLP and fifteen cases of erosive OLP) were enrolled in this study, and twenty cases of healthy people served as controls. Lymphocyte subsets CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, and CD16+56 [natural killer cell (NK)] were tested using flow cytometry, and humoral immunity [immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, IgM, C3, C4] were examined using nephelometry assays. IL-12 and IL-27 contents in serum of patients with OLP and normal controls were detected through enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The correlations between the levels of IL-12, IL-27, immune status, and clinical characteristics of patients with OLP were analyzed, respectively.

RESULTSCD3+, CD4+, and CD8+in patients with OLP were markedly lower than the normal value, whereas CD 19+ of OLP in patients was significantly higher than the normal value (P<0.05). IgM inpatients with OLP was increased, whereas C4 was declined (P<0.05). IL-12 and IL-27 levels showed significant upregulation or ULF patients compared with control groups (P<0.05). Meanwhile, positive correlations existed between IL-12 andIL-27 levels in the serum of patients with OLP (r=0.912, P<0.01). No significant correlations of IL-12 and IL-27 epressions with clinical characteristics of OLP were found (P>0.05). Negative correlations of IL-12 and IL-27 levels with CD16+56(NK) cells were observed (r1 = -0.416, P1 = 0.022; r2 = -0.392, P2=0.032, respectively), whereas a positive correlation existed for IgG (r1=0.445, P1=0.014; n=0.549, P2=0.002, respectively).

CONCLUSIONA cellular immune dysfunction mainly dominate in patients with OLP, accompanied by some degree of humoral-immunity-function disorder. The abnormally high expressions of IL-12 and IL-27 are possibly synergized and promoted inflammation development in OLP. Its promotion takes place through the negatie feedback regulation of humoral immune responses, which are involved in the regulation of immune mechanisms of OLP.

Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; blood ; Interleukin-12 ; blood ; Interleukin-12 Subunit p35 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-27 ; blood ; Interleukins ; metabolism ; Killer Cells, Natural ; Lichen Planus, Oral ; blood ; immunology

PURPOSE: In addition to regulating calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and bone metabolism, vitamin D is known as an immune modulator. Recently, there has been increased worldwide interest in the association between low levels of vitamin D and allergic diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and allergic/vasomotor rhinitis (AR/VR) in children. METHODS: This study included 164 patients. The sample included 59 patients with AR, 42 patients with VR, and 63 controls. Their ages ranged from 0 to 16 years. We examined the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, Immunoglobulin E, specific IgE, and eosinophil cationic protein; peripheral blood eosinophil count; and the results of a skin prick test. RESULTS: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were 19.0+/-8.5 ng/mL in the AR group, 25.5+/-10.9 ng/mL in the VR group, and 26.9+/-10.7 ng/mL in the control group. After adjustment for body mass index and season at the time of blood sampling, vitamin D levels in the AR group were lower than those of the VR group (P=0.003) and control group (P<0.001). Vitamin D levels were inversely correlated with Immunoglobulin E levels (r=-0.317, P<0.001). AR patients with food allergy or atopic dermatitis did not have lower levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D than AR patients without these diseases. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a possible relationship between vitamin D levels and allergic rhinitis in Korean children.
Body Mass Index ; Calcium ; Child* ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Eosinophil Cationic Protein ; Eosinophils ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins ; Metabolism ; Phosphorus ; Rhinitis ; Rhinitis, Vasomotor* ; Seasons ; Skin ; Vitamin D* ; Vitamins*

Adult ; Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; therapeutic use ; Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic ; drug therapy ; Lymphocytes ; metabolism ; Swine ; Thymocytes ; immunology

BACKGROUNDCommon variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is one of the most common symptomatic primary immunodeficiency syndromes. The purpose of this article was to broaden our knowledge about CVID for better diagnosis and treatment.

METHODSClinical and immunological features of 40 Chinese patients with CVID were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTSThe median age at onset was 11-year-old (range 4-51 years). The median age at diagnosis was 14.5-year-old (range 5-66 years). The average time of delay in diagnosis was 5.3 years (range 1-41 years). The most common main complaint was fever due to infections (35 cases, 87.5%). Pneumonia (28 cases, 70%) was the most common type of infections. Bronchiectasis was present in 6 patients (15%). Autoimmune disease was detected in 6 cases of CVID, and malignancy in 2 cases. The median total serum levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM at diagnosis were 1.07 g/L, 0.07 g/L, and 0.28 g/L, respectively. The percentages of CD3- /CD19 + B-cells were 1%-3.14%.

CONCLUSIONSInfection is the most frequent presentation of CVID. Patients with unexplainable infections should receive further examination including serum immunoglobulin (Ig) and lymphocyte subset analysis. Regular and sufficient substitution with Ig is recommended.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Bronchiectasis ; drug therapy ; immunology ; pathology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Common Variable Immunodeficiency ; drug therapy ; immunology ; pathology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; metabolism ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult