Objective: To study the mechanisms of cold exposure mediated ileum mechanical barrier injury in mice. Methods: Twenty mice were randomly divided into the control and cold exposure groups. Both the control and cold exposure groups were placed in the climate room with (24±2)℃ and 40% humidity. The mice in the cold exposure group were moved to the climate room at (4±2)℃ every day for 3 hours for three consecutive weeks. Three weeks later, the ileum tissues of mice were collected. Changes in ileum tissue structure were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining. The related protein expression levels of the tight junction, inflammatory cytokines, and the NF-κB pathway were detected by Western blot. Results: Compared with the control group, the circular muscle layer of the ileum in cold exposed mice became thin, a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated, the length of villi became short, the depth of recess was increased, and tissue fibrosis appeared. The expression levels of ideal tight junction-associated proteins in cold exposed mice were decreased significantly (P＜0.05), while the protein expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and phosphorescent p65 were increased significantly (P＜0.05). Conclusion: Cold exposure can damage the tight junction of the mouse ileum, destroy the integrity of the mechanical barrier and activate the NF-κB signaling pathway to promote the occurrence of the inflammatory response.
Animals ; Cytokines/metabolism* ; Ileum/metabolism* ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Mice ; NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Tight Junctions/metabolism*

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of capsaicin in regulating permeation of P-gp substrate rhodamine 123 (R123) across the jejunum, ileum and colon membranes of rats.

METHODSThe permeability of R123 or fluorescein sodium (CF) across the jejunum, ileum and colon membranes of male SD rats was evaluated using a Ussing chamber. The concentration of R123 or CF in the receptor was determined using fluorospectrophotometry to calculate the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp).

RESULTSCompared with the blank control group, capsaicin increased the permeability of R123 across jejunal membranes in the mucosal-to-serosal (M-S) direction and decreased its permeability in the serosal-to-mucosal (S-M) direction, but produced no obvious effect on R123 transport across the ileum or colon membranes. Capsaicin caused a regional increase in the permeability of CF across the jejunal membranes compared with the control group, but CF transport across the ileum and colon membranes was not affected.

CONCLUSIONCapsaicin can affect the transport of R123 and CF across rat jejunal membranes, and this effect is shows an obvious intestine segment-related difference probably because of the different distribution of P-gp or tight junction in the intestines. This finding suggests that capsaicin is a weak P-gp inhibitor and an improver of mucous membrane channels.

ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 ; metabolism ; Animals ; Capsaicin ; pharmacology ; Colon ; metabolism ; Fluorescein ; pharmacokinetics ; Ileum ; metabolism ; Intestinal Absorption ; Jejunum ; metabolism ; Male ; Permeability ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rhodamine 123 ; pharmacokinetics

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Several disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are associated with abnormal serotonin (5-HT) signaling or metabolism where the 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors are clinically relevant. The aim was to examine the distribution of 5-HT3, 5-HT4, and 5-HT7 receptors in the normal human colon and how this is associated with receptor interacting chaperone 3, G protein coupled receptor kinases, and protein LIN-7 homologs to extend previous observations limited to the sigmoid colon or the upper intestine. METHODS: Samples from ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid human colon were dissected into 3 separate layers (mucosa, longitudinal, and circular muscles) and ileum samples were dissected into mucosa and muscle layers (n = 20). Complementary DNA was synthesized by reverse transcription from extracted RNA and expression was determined by quantitative or end point polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The 5-HT3 receptor subunits were found in all tissues throughout the colon and ileum. The A subunit was detected in all samples and the C subunit was expressed at similar levels while the B subunit was expressed at lower levels and less frequently. The 5-HT3 receptor E subunit was mainly found in the mucosa layers. All splice variants of the 5-HT4 and 5-HT7 receptors were expressed throughout the colon although the 5-HT4 receptor d, g, and i variants were expressed less often. CONCLUSIONS: The major differences in 5-HT receptor distribution within the human colon are in relation to the mucosa and muscular tissue layers where the 5-HT3 receptor E subunit is predominantly found in the mucosal layer which may be of therapeutic relevance.
Colon* ; Colon, Sigmoid ; DNA, Complementary ; G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Ileum ; Intestines ; Metabolism ; Mucous Membrane ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, Serotonin ; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3 ; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4 ; Reverse Transcription ; RNA ; Serotonin

Radiation therapy is an important treatment modality for abdominal or pelvic cancer, but there is a common and serious complication such as radiation-induced enteritis. Probiotics is reported to have positive effects against radiation-induced enteropathy. In this study, morphological changes of bowel mucosa were analyzed in rats to presume the effect of probiotics on radiation-induced enteritis and its correlation with radiation dose. A total of 48 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to two groups and received a solution containing 1.0x108 colony-forming units of Lactiobacillus acidophilus or water once daily for 10 days. Each of two groups was divided into three subgroups and abdomino-pelvic area of each subgroup was irradiated with 10, 15, and 20 Gy, respectively on the seventh day of feeding the solutions. All rats were sacrificed 3 days after irradiation and the mucosal thickness and villus height of jejunum, ileum and colon were measured. The morphological parameters of the small intestine represented significant differences between two solution groups irradiated 10 or 15 Gy, except for villus height of jejunum in 15 Gy-subgroup (P=0.065). There was no significant morphometric difference between two groups irradiated with 20 Gy of radiation. Probiotics appear to be effective for the morphological shortening of small intestinal mucosa damaged by radiation less than or equal to 15 Gy.
Animals ; Colon/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Enteritis/pathology/prevention & control ; Ileum/pathology ; Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology/*radiation effects ; Intestine, Small ; Jejunum/pathology ; Lactobacillus acidophilus/*metabolism ; Male ; Probiotics/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Radiation Injuries, Experimental/*prevention & control/therapy ; Radiation Protection/*methods ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

This study tested the effects of the gastrointestinal pulse train electrical stimulation with different parameters and at different locations on the neuronal activities of the lateral hypothalamus area (LHA) in obese rats in order to find the optimal stimulation parameter and location. Eight gastric electrical stimulations (GES) with different parameters were performed and the neuronal activities of gastric-distension responsive (GD-R) neurons in LHA were observed. The effects of stimulations with 8 parameters were compared to find the optimal parameter. Then the optimal parameter was used to perform electrical stimulation at duodenum and ileum, and the effects of the duodenal and ileac stimulation on the GD-R neurons in LHA were compared with the gastric stimulation of optimal parameter. The results showed that GES with the lowest energy parameter (0.3 ms, 3 mA, 20 Hz, 2 s on, 3 s off) activated the least neurons. The effects of GES with other parameters whose pulse width was 0.3 ms were not significantly different from those of the lowest energy parameter. Most gastric stimulations whose pulse width was 3 ms activated more LHA neurons than the smallest energy parameter stimulation, and the effects of those 3 ms gastric stimulations were similar. Accordingly, the lowest energy parameter was recognized as the optimal parameter. The effects of stimulations with the optimal parameter at stomach, duodenum and ileum on the LHA neuronal activities were not different. Collectively, gastrointestinal electrical stimulation (GIES) with relatively large pulse width might have stronger effects to the neuronal activities of GD-R neurons in LHA of obese rats. The effects of the GIES at different locations (stomach, duodenum and ileum) on those neurons are similar, and GES is preferential because of its easy clinical performance and safety.
Animals ; Duodenum ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Electric Stimulation ; Hypothalamus ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Ileum ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Male ; Neurons ; metabolism ; pathology ; Obesity ; chemically induced ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stomach ; pathology ; physiopathology

To study the in situ intestinal absorption kinetics of flrubiprofen in rats, the absorption of flurbiprofen in small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and colon of rats was investigated using in situ single-pass perfusion method and the drug content was measured by HPLC. The effects of drug concentration on the intestinal absorption were investigated. The K(a) and P(app) values of flurbiprofen in the small intestine and colon had no significant difference (P > 0.05). Drug concentration (4.0, 10.0 and 16.0 mg x L(-1)) had no significant influence on the K(a) values (P > 0.05). However, when concentration was 4.0 mg x L(-1) and 10.0 mg x L(-1), significant effect on the P(app) values (P < 0.05) was found, but significant effect on the P(app) values was not shown between 10.0 mg x L(-1) and 16.0 mg x L(-1) (P > 0.05). The K(a) and P(app) values of flurbiprofen on the perfusion flow rate had significant difference (P < 0.05). Flurbiprofen could be absorbed at all segments of the intestine in rats and had no special absorption window. The absorption of flurbiprofen complies with the facilitated diffusion in the general intestinal segments, and accompany with the cytopsistransport mechanism probably. The perfusion flow rate had significant effect on the K(a) and P(app).
Analgesics ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Colon ; metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Duodenum ; metabolism ; Female ; Flurbiprofen ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Ileum ; metabolism ; Intestinal Absorption ; Jejunum ; metabolism ; Male ; Perfusion ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo investigate the protective effect of baicalin on the intestinal mucosal injury caused by endotoxin-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the anti-oxidative injury in colonic and ileal mucosa of rats with septicopyemia.

METHODFifty healthy male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: the normal control group, the model group, and baicalin high-dose, medium-dose and low-dose groups. They were orally administered with double distilled water, 100 mg x kg(-1) of baicalin, 50 mg x kg(-1) of baicalin, and 25 mg x kg(-1) of baicalin respectively for three days, once a day. 1 h after the oral administration on 3 d, they were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline or LPS (17 mg x kg(-1)). At 20 h after the injection of LPS, all of the mice were sacrificed, and their colonic and ileal tissues were collected. The mental status, life state and death rate of mice in each group were observed, and the lengths of colonic were measured. Chiu's scoring method was used to assess the intestinal mucosal injury. Histopathological changes of intestinal tissues were tested by HE staining. The ultraviolet spectrophotometry was used to detect total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) of intestinal homogenate. The immunohistochemical method was used to analyze the expression of PCNA in intestinal tissues of each group.

RESULTThe death of mice was observed after the intraperitoneal injection of LPS. The death rates of baicalin groups were remarkably lower than the death rate of the model group. The colons in the medium-dose baicalin group were much longer than that in the model group (P < 0.05), with a much lower intestinal mucosa injury degree than the model group. Colonic and ileal injuries in the high-dose baicalin group significantly (P < 0.05). Colonic and ileal injuries in the medium-dose baicalin group and the low-dose baicalin group significantly reduced compare with the model group (P < 0.000 1). The medium-dose baicalin group showed no significant increase in homogenate's T-AOC, T-SOD and GSH-PX compare with the model group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between baicalin groups and the model group in PCNA.

CONCLUSIONBaicalin can protect intestinal epithelial cells suffering from injury from oxygen radicals, and relieve the intestinal injury caused by LPS by improving the intestinal mucosa structure and functions.

Animals ; Antioxidants ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Flavonoids ; pharmacology ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Humans ; Ileum ; drug effects ; enzymology ; injuries ; Intestinal Mucosa ; drug effects ; enzymology ; injuries ; Lipopolysaccharides ; adverse effects ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Protective Agents ; pharmacology ; Sepsis ; drug therapy ; prevention & control ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

OBJECTIVEBased on proteomics technology, Pi-yang deficiency syndrome (PYDS) correlated differential proteins were screened, thus providing powerful experiment reliance for exploring the essence of PYDS.

METHODSTotally 36 SD rats of SPF grade were randomly divided into the normal control group (n = 16) and the PYDS group (n = 20). The PYDS model rats were induced by improper diet, overstrain, and administration of yang impairing bitter cold herbs. The total proteins of the ileum were separated and extracted from rats in the PYDS group and the normal control group. The differential protein dots were identified using Delyder 2D 6.5 image analysis software by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) technology. The finger print map of corresponding peptide qualities was obtained by applying MALDI TOF/TOF. The differential proteins were identified using Mascot search library.

RESULTSJudged by statistics and fuzzy mathematics, Pi-yang deficiency rat model was successfully established. Eight proteins with differential expressions involving cell skeleton, energy metabolism, and signal transduction, and so on were obtained. Of them, there were 4 up-regulated proteins, i.e., desmin, cytokeratin8 (CK8), pyruvate kinase (PK), and ezrin. Four down-regulated proteins were glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), cytokeratin19 (CK19), cytokeratin1 (CK1), and actin.

CONCLUSIONThe pathogenesis of PYDS might be slowed energy metabolism rate, reduced energy production, changed structure of ileal villin, and weakened absorbing and digestive functions.

Animals ; Female ; Ileum ; metabolism ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Proteome ; metabolism ; Proteomics ; Rats ; Yang Deficiency ; diagnosis ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo identify the ileum tissue proteins differentially expressed in Pi-qi deficiency syndrome rats using proteomic approach.

METHODSThirty-seven rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, i. e., the normal control group (Group 1), the Pi-qi deficiency syndrome model group (Group 2), and the reserpine group (Group 3). The Pi-qi deficiency syndrome model was established using excessive exerting combined with irregular diet, and peritoneally injecting Reserpine Injection (1 mg/mL) respectively. The ileum tissues were separated after identified fuzzy method. The differentially expressed proteins were separated with two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), analyzed by Mass Spectrometry, and identified by MASCOT Software.

RESULTSThree proteins were differentially expressed in Group 2 and nine proteins were differentially expressed in Group 3 (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONPi-qi deficiency syndrome was closely related with decreased expression of albumin as well as increased expressions of trypsin and glucose-regulated protein 78.

Albumins ; metabolism ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; metabolism ; Ileum ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Proteome ; analysis ; Proteomics ; Qi ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Syndrome ; Trypsin ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo establish a method for quickly investigating the absorption ingredients which could be used as the index of quality control of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma.

METHODThe absorption ingredients of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma were investigated by using the model of in vitro everted intestinal sac (VEIS). The intestinal sac liquors of jejunum and ileum were collected at 6 intervals (15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 min) and gentiopicroside, loganin acid, swertiamarin and sweroside were detected by HPLC as the representative marker. The accumulative absorption quantity of gentiopicroside, loganin acid, swertiamarin and sweroside were calculated, respectively.

RESULTSix components could be detected in intestinal sac. In different concentrations of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma, gentiopicroside and swertiamarin in various intestinal sections were the linear absorption (R2 > 0.9), conformed to zero order absorption rate. In jejunum the constant of absorption rate (Ka) of gentiopicroside and swertiamarin increased with the raised dosage of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma (P < 0.05), which indicated a passive absorption manner, and the value of Ka of high and middle dosage of those in ileum were higher than that of low dosage, and the difference of Ka between high and middle dosage were not significant, which indicated a positive absorption manner. The Ka of high and middle dosage of sweroside in ileum and jejunum were higher than that of low dosage (P < 0.05), and the difference of Ka between high and middle dosage were not significant, which indicated a positive absorption manner. The Ka of loganin acid in jejunum and ileum increased along with the raised dosage of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma (P < 0.05), which indicated a passive absorption manner.

CONCLUSIONSEMAC could be used as a tool to investigate the absorption ingredients of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma. Drug in intestine sac was selective, and the absorption part of intestine was also different.

Absorption ; Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacokinetics ; Gentiana ; chemistry ; Ileum ; metabolism ; Iridoid Glucosides ; pharmacokinetics ; Jejunum ; metabolism ; Male ; Pyrones ; pharmacokinetics ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar